2004～2005年冬春季急性下呼吸道感染患儿RSV亚型的检测及分析

目的分析2004～2005年冬春季呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)流行季节的亚型分布情况。方法采用直接免疫荧光法检测2004年10月～2005年4月间因急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童1040例鼻咽部分泌物中的常见病毒病原,随机选择RSV阳性标本174例,采用间接免疫荧光检测RSVA、B亚型,分析检测结果。结果1040例中,RSV阳性497例(47.8%),其中174例标本中,检测出RSVA亚型23例(13.2%),B亚型105型(60.4%),A、B亚型混合感染36例(20.7%),无法确定亚型的10例(5.7%)。检测期间各月份间、不同的年龄组间和临床诊断间的RSV亚型分布差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05),都以B亚型为主。结论2004～2005年冬春季RSV仍是儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原,以B亚型为主;并有两种亚型同时感染的情况。     

急性呼吸道感染儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒检测分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染特点及流行规律.方法 收集2006年4月至2007年3月全年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿的鼻咽深部吸取物390份,针对RSV G基因保守区序列设计分型引物,采用RT-PCR方法检测标本中RSV的基因组RNA.结果 390例标本中RSV阳性例数为133例(133/390,阳性率为34.10%).阳性标本中A亚型阳性129例,B亚型阳性4例.RSV阳性患儿中,84.9%为2岁以下小儿.2006年11月～2007年1月为RSV高发季节,RSV检测阳性率为55.6%～62.3%,2006年12月RSV检测阳性率最高.B亚型出现于本地区RSV感染低发季节(4、5、6月).RSV感染的临床表现主要为发热(56.4%)、咳嗽(98.5%)、喘息(63.9%)、气促(76.7%)、紫绀(84.9%).临床诊断依次为毛细支气管炎(33.1%),支气管肺炎(27.8%),间质性肺炎(18.1%),重症肺炎伴呼吸衰竭(10.5%),喘息性支气管炎(5.3%),支气管哮喘(4.5%).结论 本研究初步阐明了重庆地区两亚型RSV感染的流行病学特点,证实RSV是重庆地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的重要病原,2006-2007年度以A亚型RSV流行为主.今后的研究将纳入门诊及社区惠儿并进行多年度连续监测以进一步阐明重庆地区两亚型RSV流行规律及病毒进化特点.     

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目的了解冬春季呼吸道感染住院患儿中7种常见呼吸道病毒的感染状况。方法采集2006年11月至2007年5月及2007年11月至2008年5月于新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院儿科住院的共479例呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽分泌物,用直接免疫荧光方法,检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、甲型流感病毒(IfuA)、乙型流感病毒及副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(ParaⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)型7种常见呼吸道病毒抗原。结果 2006—2007年冬春季7种病毒阳性检出率为24.3%,2007—2008年冬春季阳性检出率为41.8%。2年冬春季7种病毒中RSV检出率均占首位,分别为20.1%及32.3%。结论 RSV感染是新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院冬春季呼吸道感染住院患儿的最主要呼吸道病毒病原。ADV及ParaⅢ型感染位居第二、三位,而其他4种病毒感染少见。     

2000年冬-2006年春北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿中呼吸道合胞病毒的监测

目的 对北京急性呼吸道感染患儿进行呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的监测并进行亚型分析,探讨其流行规律。方法 2000年11月-2006年3月,于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院采集因急性呼吸道感染就诊的门诊及住院的患儿咽拭子或鼻咽分泌物标本10048份,接种于Hep-2细胞进行病毒分离,同时用免疫荧光法对鼻咽分泌物标本进行呼吸道病毒抗原的快速检测,对部分RSV阳性的标本用RT-PCR进行了亚型鉴定。结果 （1）在10048份标本中,有2286份为RSV阳性,阳性检出率为22．8％。其中病房标本7176份,RSV阳性2153份,阳性检出率为30．0％;门诊标本2872份,RSV阳性133份,阳性检出率为4．6％。（2）2000～2001年冬春、2002-2003年冬春、2004-2005年冬春RSV的阳性检出率分别为14．0％、18．2％和20．4％,而2001—2002年冬春、2003—2004年冬春和2005-2006年冬春RSV的阳性检出率分别为42．3％、41．0％和40．5％。（3）对938份RSV阳性标本的亚型监测结果：A亚型691份,占73．7％,B亚型247份,占26．3％,2000-2001、2004-2005年冬春季RSV感染以B亚型为主;而2001-2002、2002-2003、2003-2004年冬春季以A亚型为主;2005—2006年为A、B亚型同时流行。结论 RSV是冬春季婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,RSV呈现出隔年高峰的流行趋势,RSVA、B亚型是交替出现的,并且有时以相近的比例同时出现。     

Eleven consecutive years of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in Croatia

Background:  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants. The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of RSV outbreaks in Croatian children.
Methods:  Over a period of 11 consecutive years (1994–2005), 3435 inpatients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) aged from birth to 10 years and were residing in Zagreb County were tested for infection with RSV and other respiratory viruses at the Virology Department, Croatian National Institute of Public Health. RSV was identified in nasopharyngeal secretions by isolation on cell culture and/or detection with monoclonal antibodies using a direct fluorescence assay.
Results:  RSV was the most common causative agent of ARI (42.2%; 658/1559) for the infants 0–6 months of age. It was also the etiologic agent of LRTI in 49% (495/1010) of infants of similar age. RSV was demonstrated in 56.5% (382/676) of infants with bronchiolitis, and in 36.5% (49/134) of those with pneumonia in this age group.
Conclusion:  The overall prevalence of RSV infection in Croatian children with acute respiratory illness, and its occurrence in various age groups, has remained stable over the past decade. RSV was found to be the most common cause of bronchiolitis occurring throughout childhood (52.7%; 482/913).     

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目的 了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)病毒病原学特点.方法 2007年3月至2008年2月,在北京儿童医院内科就诊及住院治疗的临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿共572例.对每例患儿在就诊当日或次日采集鼻咽吸取物1份,采用逆转录(RT)-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(RV)、副流感病毒(PIV)1～4型、甲型及乙型流感病毒(IFA、IFB)、腺病毒(AdV)、肠道病毒(EV)、冠状病毒(HCoV)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)及博卡病毒(HBoV).结果 572例患儿标本中,444例检出至少1种病毒,总检出率77.6%.各种病毒中,RSV检出率最高,占48.3%,其次是RV(27.1%)和PIV(13.3%).不同年龄组病毒的总检出率差异有统计学意义,<3岁组检出率较高,≥5岁组病毒检出率明显降低.不同年龄组JLRTI病原谱有所不同,<5岁各组主要是RSV、RV、PIV,而≥5岁组则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.572例中,158例(27.6%)检出2种或2种以上病毒,<1岁惠儿混合感染率最高,为40.2%,随年龄增长混合感染率逐渐下降,≥5岁患儿混合感染率仅为14.0%.结论 就诊于北京儿童医院的ALRTI患儿中,5岁以下者ALRTI的主要病毒病原是RSV、RV、PIV;≥5岁则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.     

The clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus: Lower respiratory tract infection after upper respiratory tract infection due to influenza virus

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus are the primary pathogens of respiratory tract infection. However, epidemics of influenza virus infection have been observed to interrupt RSV epidemics (termed an epidemiological interference effect). METHODS: At a clinic in Tsuna county, Hyogo prefecture, Japan, a total of 1262 outpatients under 6 years of age with lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV (RSV-LRTI) and upper respiratory tract infection due to influenza virus (FLU-URTI) in three successive winter seasons (1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002) were analyzed. RESULTS: The RSV-LRTI epidemic and FLU-URTI epidemic overlapped in each season, but the RSV-LRTI epidemic peak preceded that of the FLU-URTI epidemic. Epidemiological interference between RSV and influenza virus was observed in the second and third season; the number of patients with RSV-LRTI began to decrease after the start of the FLU-URTI epidemic and recovered to some extent after the FLU-URTI epidemic passed its peak. There were no differences in onset age, male-to-female ratio and severity of RSV-LRTI in outpatients before and after the start of the FLU-URTI epidemic in all the three seasons. CONCLUSION: An epidemiological interference between RSV and influenza virus was observed in Tsuna county in two of the three winter seasons. However, there was no difference between the clinical features of the patients with RSV-LRTI before and after the start of the influenza virus infection epidemic. The data suggest that the clinical severity of RSV infection is not changed by the epidemiological interference effect of influenza virus infection epidemics.     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of multiple viral infections in children with acute lower respiratory disease. Methods A total of 1722 children with clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection ??ALRTI?? during the period of October 2007 to September 2011 were involved in our study. One nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was collected from each patient. ??RT?? PCRs were performed to detect common respiratory tract viruses including respiratory syncytial virus ??RSV?? ?? rhinovirus ??RV?? ?? influenza virus type A and B?? parainfluenza virus ??PIV?? type 1-4?? adenovirus ??enterovirus?? human coronavirus?? human metapneumonia virus and human bocavirus. Results Totally 206 children had single RSV infection?? 124 children had dual infections ??RSV co-infected with an additional virus?? and 40 children had multiple infections along with a RSV infection. Out of the 124 patients?? 68??54.8%?? were co-infected with RV?? 24 with PIV. There was a statistically significant difference between the dual viral infections group and the RSV-infected group in hospital stay??P??0.001??. Compared to patients in the single RSV infected group?? patients in the multiple viral infection group had significantly more frequency in fever ??P??0.017???? duration of fever longer??P??0.015???? hospital stay also longer??P??0.001????and they received more intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization??P??0.005??. There was no significant difference in oxygen therapy?? respiratory support and use of bronchodilators. Conclusion Multiple viral infections are linked to more frequency in fever?? longer fever days?? longer hospital stay?? and more frequent use of intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization. Mixed respiratory virus infection may affect the patient's disease severity and prognosis.     

Coincidental outbreaks of rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus in Paris: a survey from 1993 to 1998]

PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a pediatric hospital of Paris, from 1993 to 1998, respiratory secretions were positive for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 26.3% of 4,738 children (0-5 years) examined or hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections. Rotavirus detection was positive in stools of 23.7% of the 8,537 children of the same age with acute diarrhea. RESULTS: The RSV epidemic peak occurred annually in Paris in December and the rotavirus outbreak peaks were observed in December/January. The winter seasonal peaks remained constant for both pathogens and the temporal appearance of these peaks was constant from 1993 to 1998. Fifty to sixty-one percent of rotavirus and 77 to 92% of RSV infections were observed in November, December or January. These simultaneous outbreaks provoked important problems in hospital organization and prevention of nosocomial infections. CONCLUSION: The coincidence of RSV and rotavirus peaks is not found in all countries. The epidemic patterns have to be checked in other parts of France and Europe because this could be important when active immunization programs will be available for these two pathogens.     

儿童急性下呼吸道合胞病毒单一感染与混合感染对照研究

目的 了解呼吸道病毒混合感染所致急性下呼吸道感染（ALRTI）患儿的临床特征。方法 2007年10月至2011年9月,在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院治疗的临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿1722例,在就诊当日或次日采集鼻咽吸取物1份,采用逆转录（RT）-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、鼻病毒（RV）、副流感病毒（PIV）1～4型、甲型及乙型流感病毒、腺病毒、肠道病毒、冠状病毒、偏肺病毒及博卡病毒。将单一RSV感染与RSV混合多种病毒感染患儿临床资料进行比较。结果 1722例患儿标本中,370例检出RSV病毒,总检出率21.5%。单一RSV感染206例,RSV与一种病毒混合感染124例,RSV与2种以上病毒混合感染40例。RSV与一种病毒混合感染的124例标本中,RSV/RV感染68例（54.8%）,其次为RSV/PIV感染24例（19.3%）。双重病毒混合感染组与RSV单一病毒感染组比较,双重病毒混合感染组患儿住院时间更长（P＜0.001）。多重病毒感染组与RSV单一病毒感染组相比,患儿发热比例更高（P＝0.017）、发热持续时间更长（P＝0.015）、住院天数延长（P＜0.001）、并且在住院期间接受了更多的静脉激素治疗（P＝0.005）。而在喘息症状、出现合并症（心力衰竭、呼吸衰竭、肝功损害、心肌损害、腹泻）方面差异无统计学意义。在氧疗、呼吸支持治疗及使用支气管扩张剂方面差异亦无统计学意义。结论 与单一RSV感染组相比,RSV合并多重病毒感染患儿发热比例更高、发热持续时间及住院天数更长,且住院期间接受了更多的静脉激素治疗。提示多病毒混合感染可能影响患儿临床进程, RSV感染时应重视混合感染。     

Relationship between clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection and subtype

The relationship between clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and distribution of subtype A or B was investigated. The data of 232 children, who were admitted with RSV infection or diagnosed in the outpatient department of the Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam between 1992 and 1995, were studied. The diagnosis of RSV was confirmed by a direct immunofluorescence assay. Subtyping was performed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay using specific monoclonal antibodies. Gender, age at diagnosis, gestational age and birth weight, the presence of underlying diseases, feeding difficulties, the presence of wheezing and retractions, respiratory rate, temperature, clinical diagnosis at presentation, oxygen saturation (SaO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), and pH, characteristics of hospitalisation, and the need for mechanical ventilation were observed. Analysis was performed on data from all patients diagnosed with RSV infection in the period between 1992 and 1995 spanning three RSV seasons, and separately on the RSV season 1993-4. The outcome of the three year analysis (150 (64.7%) subtype A v 82 (35.3%) subtype B) was compared with the outcome of the season 1993-4, a mixed epidemic with 37 (60.7%) subtype A and 24 (39.3%) subtype B isolates. None of the variables observed in the season 1993-4 differed significantly between RSV subtype A and B. Similar results were obtained from the analysis in the period 1992 until 1995, with the exception of PCO2 (a higher PCO2 was found in subtype A, p < 0.001) and retractions (more retractions were noted in patients with subtype A, p = 0.03). After correcting for possible confounders using regression analysis, these differences were not significant anymore. The data indicate that there is no relationship between clinical severity of RSV infection and subtype.     

WU多瘤病毒与呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿临床特征比较

目的探讨和比较WU多瘤病毒(WUPyV)以及呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)所致呼吸道感染患儿的临床特征。方法应用多重PCR技术,检测呼吸道感染住院患儿WUPyV、RSV等病毒感染情况,并收集WUPyV和RSV感染患儿的临床资料。结果 2008年1月至2010年9月,在1 701例呼吸道感染住院患儿的咽拭子标本中检测出WUPyV阳性46例(2.7%),RSV阳性365例(21.5%);单纯WUPyV感染为22例(47.8%),单纯RSV感染为88例(24.1%)。RSV感染患儿的合并感染率高于WUPyV感染患儿,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.723,P=0.001)。WUPyV阳性检测率在春季呈现高峰,RSV则在冬季。WUPyV感染患儿的中位年龄为26.2个月,RSV感染患儿为14.9个月,两者差异有统计学意义(U=669.5,P<0.05)。WUPyV感染患儿的临床表现和体征与RSV感染相似,咳嗽(χ2=13.34,P<0.001)和喘息(χ2=10.53,P<0.001)在RSV感染的患儿中更为多见。WUPyV感染后主要被诊断为支气管肺炎,而RSV感染后主要为毛细支气管炎。单纯RSV感染患儿更多需要激素治疗(χ2=9.321 P=0.002)。结论部分患儿呼吸道感染与WUPyV感染有关,WUPyV感染的临床特征与RSV感染类似。     

Bacterial coinfection in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infections

Clinical and bacterial findings were prospectively studied in 90 children hospitalized because of middle or lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during a surveillance period of 12 months. The results were compared with those of RSV-negative children hospitalized with identical indications during the 3 peak months of the RSV epidemic (N = 91) or for the 3 months after the outbreak (N = 99). A high frequency of pneumonia and acute otitis media were found in both RSV-positive and RSV-negative children during the epidemic, but not in control patients after the epidemic. Bacterial infection, based on a significant rise of antibody titer and/or on detection of pneumococcal antigen in serum or urine, was observed in 39% of the children with RSV infection. The respective figures were 24% in RSV-negative children hospitalized during the epidemic and 8% after the epidemic. Our observations stress the role of RSV as a predisposing agent for secondary bacterial infection in the airways of children. The most common bacteria involved in the mixed RSV-bacterial infections were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, the latter being found only in pneumonic patients. The presence or absence of pneumonia or acute otitis media was not significantly correlated with evidence of pneumococcal infection. We conclude that a bacterial pathogen should be actively sought when managing patients with lower respiratory tract syndromes, especially in those who have evidence of RSV infection.     

Clinical findings and unusual epidemiologic characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) worldwide causes respiratory tract infections with features similar to those of RSV infection. We describe features of hMPV infections in children and compare some of the characteristics with those of RSV infections. From October 2004 to February 2006, 75 patients, 34 hospitalized and 41 outpatients, were diagnosed with hMPV infections by multiplex PCR applied to nasopharyngeal specimens. While hMPV was found rarely in the early phase of the study, a significant increase occurred in the second winter of the study period. Patients with hMPV infections were older than those with RSV infection; clinical characteristics were similar as was the rate of serious disease among hospitalized patients (intensive care treatment: 18% versus 8%). In conclusion, hMPV leads to endemic and epidemic respiratory disease with features similar to those of RSV and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract disease.     

新生儿社区与医院内呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的临床特点

目的了解新生儿社区与医院内呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）肺炎的临床特点,以指导临床对新生儿RSV感染尤其是院内RSV感染肺炎进行有效防治。方法2005年11月-2006年4月新生儿科共收治RSV肺炎65例,所有患儿均有下呼吸道感染的临床表现,经X线、下呼吸道分泌物病毒检测确诊,其中社区感染56例,院内感染9例,分析两组的临床特点,并将9例院内感染患儿与国外2005年报道的9例院内暴发感染RSV的新生儿临床特点等进行比较。结果院内感染RSV患儿平均出生体重（中位数2625.0g）低于社区感染者（3342.5g）,临床表现较严重,需进行重症监护治疗者较社区感染者多（P〈0.05）。院内感染RSV患儿均存在基础疾病,同时合并细菌感染8例。9例院内感染RSV肺炎患儿与国外报道的院内感染暴发的患儿比较,平均胎龄（35＋5周、30＋3周）及出生体重（2625.0g、1757.0g）较大（P〈0.05）;需要吸氧的人数、机械通气人数两组差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）,疾病严重程度相仿。结论新生儿院内RSV感染与社区感染相比病情更为严重。新生儿RSV感染常合并细菌感染。要重视RSV院内感染的防治。     

A concurrent epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus and echovirus 7 infections in an intensive care nursery

We describe concurrent outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Echovirus 7 (Echo 7) infections in a neonatal intensive care unit, including infants who had dual infections. Seventy-three infants were identified as having RSV from January through June, 1984. During the same surveillance period Echo 7 was cultured from 20 infants, and 6 infants had concurrent RSV and Echo 7 and RSV were isolated, but not concurrently. This dual outbreak of RSV and Echo 7 infections persisted for months despite infection control measures. Control procedures were complicated by: (1) cases of RSV infection at less than 72 hours of age, which had not previously been reported and which led to the reintroduction of RSV into "clean" areas; (2) the lack of a rapid diagnostic test for enterovirus infection; (3) the number of infants who were asymptomatic with each infection; and (4) the logistical problems of handling a dual pathogen outbreak in a confined setting. These problems were compounded by the many risk factors associated with nosocomial infections found in neonatal intensive care settings such as prolonged hospitalizations, endotracheal or nasogastric tubes and contact with many ancillary care personnel.     

Maturation of gastric electrical activity, gastric emptying and intestinal permeability in preterm newborns during the first month of life

Objectives

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children worldwide. We evaluate the epidemiological and clinical patterns of RSV infection in infants hospitalized for LRTI in in Palermo, South Italy, Sicily.

Methods

We collected the demographic details of infants hospitalized to G. Di Cristina Children's Hospital in Palermo for LRTI between November 2005 and May 2006. We also included all cases occurred in newborns hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Of Palermo.

Results

During the studied period, 335/705 hospitalized infants for LRTI were enrolled in the study. The trend of hospitalization started in late winter and lasting until May 2006 with an epidemic peak in spring. 178/335 infants tested for viral infection showed RSV disease. Three cases occurred in preterm newborns hospitalized from birth in NICU. The likelihood to be RSV+, rather than RSV negative (RSV-) was higher for infants < 6 months and lower for infants with history of breast feeding (P < 0.05). RSV infection was associated with a higher likelihood to be admitted to intensive care unit and to a longer hospitalization and oxygen therapy.

Conclusion

The study shows that, in Sicily, RSV is an important cause of LRTI in infants. The seasonal distribution shows that both LRTI and RSV infections peak in late spring, in contrast to Northern Italy. Our data could help to define the regional appropriate start of prophylactic interventions.     

2007—2013���Ϻ�����ҽԺ���Ժ�������Ⱦ�������ò����׼���������������

??Objective To analyze the seasonal variation of viral spectrum detected by throat swab in children with respiratory infections. Methods Totally 4389 throat swab samples were collected weekly at the Pediatric Outpatient Department between 2007 and 2013 in Shanghai Jiading Nanxiang Hospital. Totally 325 cases of influenza A and 128 cases of influenza B viruses??FLU-A??B????67 human metapneumoviruses??HMPV????320 respiratory syncytial viruses??RSV????274 parainfluenza viruses??PIV?? 1-4??105 human enteroviruses??EV????72 human rhinoviruses??HRV????105 coronaviruses??Cov????118 human Boca virus??HBOV?? and 146 human adenoviruses??ADV?? were identified by RT-PCR. Results Viruses were detected in 1526??34.8%?? throat swab samples. FLU-A was detected mostly?? in 7.4%??325/4389?? samples??followed by RSV 7.3%??320/4389???? ADV 3.3%??146/4389????and PIV-1 2.9%??128/4389??. Between 2007 and 2012??the rate of FLU-A detection peaked between August and February-March??and PIV-1 was the most frequently detected PIV??peaking in summer. Conclusion In Shanghai winter is the peak season for viruses such as RSV??FLU-B and HBOV. FLU-A is frequently detected between late summer and winter??peaking in summer. Epidemics of PIV-1 also peak in summer. RSV incidence increases in autumn and peaks in winter??presenting an epidemic phenomena of peaking every other year.     

组合抗体检测法诊断急性呼吸道感染

目的了解住院急性呼吸道感染患儿病原情况。方法对住院诊断急性呼吸道感染159例患儿，留取其血清标本，采用间接免疫荧光法，一次性同步进行呼吸道合胞病毒，腺病毒，流感病毒A型、B型，副流感病毒（1～4型），柯萨奇病毒B1型、A7型，埃可病毒7型和流感嗜血杆菌，肺炎克雷伯杆菌，百日咳杆菌，副百日咳杆菌及嗜肺军团菌血清1型、12型共18种病原血清IgM抗体检测。结果159例中18种常见呼吸道病原总阳性例数为103例（64．78％），检出频率由高到低依次为流感病毒A型66例（64．08％）、流感病毒B型49例（47.57％）、肠道病毒26例（25．24％）、呼吸道合胞病毒18例（17．48％）、副流感病毒11例（10.68％）；混合感染66例（64．08％），其中1／3为流感病毒A型和B型混合感染。结论病毒依然是儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原，其中流感病毒居首位。