选择性剖宫产与新生儿呼吸系统疾病相关性分析

目的 评估不同胎龄足月儿选择性剖宫产（ECD）分娩后呼吸系统疾病的发生风险,探讨减少新生儿呼吸系统疾病发生的ECD时机.方法 对2008年6月至2013年6月在郑州人民医院行ECD分娩的新生儿进行回顾性分析.入选标准：胎龄37 ～ 39周,单胎,母亲无妊娠期合并症和并发症,剖宫产前无胎膜早破及临产征象.分析胎龄37、38、39周三组新生儿的一般情况及呼吸系统疾病发生情况.结果 共有1152例胎龄37～39周的ECD新生儿纳入研究,37周组136例,38周组401例,39周组615例,因发生呼吸系统疾病转入新生儿科的病例94例,其中37周组20例,呼吸系统疾病发生率14.7％;38周组38例,呼吸系统疾病发生率9.5％;39周组36例,呼吸系统疾病发生率5.8％.胎龄越大,ECD新生儿呼吸系统疾病发生率越低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.胎龄37 ～ 39周ECD新生儿中,发生的呼吸系统疾病以湿肺、窒息及肺炎为主,湿肺共51例,占54.2％;窒息共9例,占9.6％;肺炎共17例,占18.1％.胎龄37周和38周进行ECD的新生儿呼吸系统疾病发生率均较胎龄39周增高（OR分别为2.5和1.8,P均＜0.05）.结论 胎龄37 ～ 38周进行ECD可增加新生儿呼吸系统疾病的发生率,ECD尽可能在妊娠39周后进行.     

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目的 探讨延迟钳夹脐带对剖宫产新生儿早期血液灌输的影响.方法 2007年7月至2009年9月东莞石龙博爱医院产科经剖宫产分娩的137例新生儿随机分成两组,即常规钳夹脐带组(71例)和延迟钳夹脐带组(66例).比较分析两组剖宫产新生儿的钳夹脐带时间、生后48 h血常规及生后3d内静脉血胆红素值和贫血的发生率.结果 两组剖宫产新生儿钳夹脐带时间、生后48 h内血常规指标及贫血发生率的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).延迟钳夹脐带组贫血发生率减少.结论 延迟钳夹脐带对剖宫产新生儿早期血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)有显著影响,可减少剖宫产新生儿早期贫血的发生率.     

Neurological adaptation of infants delivered by emergency or elective cesarean section

The effects of intrapartal asphyxia on neonatal neurological condition have been studied in 17 full-term infants delivered by emergency cesarean section and in 30 full-term infants delivered by elective cesarean section used as controls. A neurological examination consisting of 31 items was performed on days 1, 2 and 5 after birth. A tonus score, an excitability score as well as the number of optimal responses were calculated. A follow-up examination was done at six months of age with a standardized neurological and developmental examination. The results showed that infants born after emergency cesarean section were significantly more hypotone the first two days after delivery than the infants in the elective cesarean section group. In regard to individual neurological items, significant differences were found between the emergency and elective cesarean section in reaction to sound, rooting, patellar, Moro and stepping reflexes with weaker reactions in the elective cesarean section group. Growth, psychomotor development and neurological status at six months did not differ significantly between the groups. Our findings indicate that full-term infants born after emergency cesarean section due to mild intrapartal asphyxia have a delayed neurological adaptation as expressed by poor muscular tonus during their first days of life compared with infants born after elective cesarean section.     

剖宫产与新生儿高胆红素血症病例对照研究

目的探讨剖宫产分娩与新生儿高胆红素血症(简称,高胆)的关系。方法对我院2003年1月至2004年12月期间在产科出生的新生儿进行病例对照研究,通过监测经皮胆红素、血清胆红素,比较剖宫产与非剖宫产娩出新生儿发生高胆的情况。结果多因素分析结果显示影响新生儿高胆红素血症的因素包括:剖宫产、母乳缺乏、生后头3天体重下降明显、高龄初产、胎龄、宫内窘迫等,剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为36.9%,非剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为21.8%,两者差异有显著性(P<0.01)。剖宫产组中母亲有妊高征者新生儿高胆发生率略高于母亲无妊高征者,两者间差异无显著性(P>0.05);两组患儿合并窒息、缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)、吸入综合征、感染等疾病对高胆的影响差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论剖宫产可能是引起新生儿高胆的原因之一。     

剖宫产与新生儿高胆红素血症病例对照研究

目的探讨剖宫产分娩与新生儿高胆红素血症（简称，高胆）的关系。方法对我院2003年1月至2004年12月期间在产科出生的新生儿进行病例对照研究，通过监测经皮胆红素、血清胆红素，比较剖宫产与非剖宫产娩出新生儿发生高胆的情况。结果多因素分析结果显示影响新生儿高胆红素血症的因素包括：剖宫产、母乳缺乏、生后头3天体重下降明显、高龄初产、胎龄、宫内窘迫等，剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为36．9％，非剖宫产组新生儿高胆发生率为21．8％，两者差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。剖宫产组中母亲有妊高征者新生儿高胆发生率略高于母亲无妊高征者，两者间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；两组患儿合并窒息、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、吸入综合征、感染等疾病对高胆的影响差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产可能是引起新生儿高胆的原因之一。     

Maternal brain response to own baby-cry is affected by cesarean section delivery

A range of early circumstances surrounding the birth of a child affects peripartum hormones, parental behavior and infant wellbeing. One of these factors, which may lead to postpartum depression, is the mode of delivery: vaginal delivery (VD) or cesarean section delivery (CSD). To test the hypothesis that CSD mothers would be less responsive to own baby-cry stimuli than VD mothers in the immediate postpartum period, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging, 2-4 weeks after delivery, of the brains of six mothers who delivered vaginally and six who had an elective CSD. VD mothers' brains were significantly more responsive than CSD mothers' brains to their own baby-cry in the superior and middle temporal gyri, superior frontal gyrus, medial fusiform gyrus, superior parietal lobe, as well as regions of the caudate, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and pons. Also, within preferentially active regions of VD brains, there were correlations across all 12 mothers with out-of-magnet variables. These include correlations between own baby-cry responses in the left and right lenticular nuclei and parental preoccupations (r = .64, p < .05 and .67, p < .05 respectively), as well as in the superior frontal cortex and Beck depression inventory (r = .78, p < .01). First this suggests that VD mothers are more sensitive to own baby-cry than CSD mothers in the early postpartum in sensory processing, empathy, arousal, motivation, reward and habit-regulation circuits. Second, independent of mode of delivery, parental worries and mood are related to specific brain activations in response to own baby-cry.     

选择性剖宫产对新生儿近远期的影响

剖宫产手术技术的日臻完善、临床上对剖宫产手术指征的放宽以及对剖宫产术对新生儿不利影响的认识不足,都在一定程度上促使了剖宫产率的大幅上升.该文围绕选择性剖宫产手术对新生儿近期及远期的影响,分析其与新生儿呼吸系统疾病、医源性早产、免疫系统建立以及特异反应性疾病等之间的联系.目前认为,剖宫产手术虽不能作为独立危险因素存在,但可与其他因素产生协同作用,增加新生儿的病死率.所以,临床上应严格掌握手术指征,降低无手术指征的选择性剖宫产率.     

Difference in TcB Readings between Full Term Newborn Infants Born Vaginally and by Cesarean Section

ABSTRACT. We studied the influence of method of delivery on TcB readings at the forehead and sternum in full term neonates in the first week of life. Our present study demonstrated that TcB readings at the forehead and sternum of the infants delivered by cesarean section were significantly lower than readings from infants delivered vaginally without complications, from day 1 to day 7 of life (p<0.05). This is probably due to the decreased placental transfusion at cesarean section. The present study suggests that the degree of placental transfusion or time of cord clamping may be more influential than meconium passage or weight loss on serum bilirubin levels in the first week of life.     

Effect of cesarean section on relapse of childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

In parallel with the increase in the prevalence of childhood chronic diseases, the rate of cesarean delivery has risen during the past decades. This study tested the hypothesis that children delivered by cesarean section (CS) have a higher risk of relapse of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Fifty‐six children with INS were categorized into three groups. Group A consisted of patients with INS who had no relapses after the onset of INS; group B consisted of patients with INS who had infrequent relapse; and group C consisted of patients with INS who had frequent relapse. The number of enrolled patients in groups A, B, and C was 10, 14, and 32, respectively. The ratio of neonates delivered via CS was significantly higher in group C (37.5%, P < 0.001) than in groups A (0%) and B (7.1%). This study shows that CS is associated with an increased risk of relapse of childhood INS.     

Transient neonatal hypothyroidism is associated with elevated serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody levels in newborns and their mothers

Transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH) was detected in 6 of 35,067 newborns (1:5845 births) screened in Iran. Antithyroglobulin antibodies positivity was present in 4 of 6 (66.7%) of those with TCH and in 6 of 106 (5.7%) of those with "transient hyperthyrotropinemia and normal" diagnoses (P = .0005), but positivity was similar in newborns with transient hyperthyrotropinemia versus normal neonates (P = .397).     

Advanced intrauterine growth restriction is associated with reduced excretion of asymmetric dimethylarginine

Background

High blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are associated with future development of adverse cardiovascular events. The ADMA/symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) ratio is a marker of ADMA catabolism, with a high ADMA/SDMA ratio being suggestive of reduced ADMA excretion.

Aims

This study aimed a) to verify the presence of a statistically significant difference between ADMA/SDMA ratio levels in a group of young adult subjects who were born preterm with an extremely low birth weight (ex-ELBW) and a group of healthy adults born at term and b) to seek correlations between ADMA/SDMA ratio levels in ex-ELBW and anthropometric and clinical parameters (gender, chronological age, gestational age, birth weight, and length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit).

Subjects, study design, outcome measures

Thirty-seven ex-ELBW subjects (11 males [M] and 26 females [F], aged 17–28 years, mean age: 22.2 ± 1.8 years) were compared with 37 controls (11 M and 26 F). ADMA/SDMA ratio levels were assessed for each patient included in the study.

Results

ADMA/SDMA ratio in ex-ELBW subjects was higher compared to controls (1.42 ± 0.31 vs 0.95 ± 0.14, p < 0.002) and inversely correlated with birth weight (r = − 0.68, p < 0.0001) and gestational age (r = − 0.54, p < 0.0005).

Conclusions

ADMA catabolism is significantly decreased in ex-ELBW subjects compared to controls, underlining a probable correlation with restriction of intrauterine growth. These results suggest the onset of early circulatory dysfunction predictive of increased cardiovascular risk in ex-ELBW.     

Microbiological factors associated with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: protective effect of early antibiotic treatment

AIM: The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) strongly increased in an neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 1997 and 1998 compared with previous years, which coincided with increased incidence of nosocomial sepsis. Specific risk factors related to this NICU and a possible relationship between NEC and nosocomial sepsis were studied retrospectively, including all patients with NEC since 1990 and matched controls. METHODS: Clinical and bacteriological data from the period before the development of NEC and a similar period for the controls were collected retrospectively and corrected for birthweight and gestational age. Statistical analysis was performed by a stepwise regression model. RESULTS: Data of 104 neonates with NEC and matched controls were analysed. The median day of onset of NEC was 12 d (range 1-63 d). Significant risk factors for NEC were: insertion of a peripheral artery catheter [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-3.9] and a central venous catheter (OR 5.6, 95% CI 3.1-10.1), colonization with Klebsiella sp. (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5-7.5) and Escherichia coli (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.5), and the occurrence of sepsis, in particular due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-5.1). The risk for NEC was decreased after the early use (< 48 h after birth) of amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.6). CONCLUSION: Insertion of central venous and peripheral arterial catheters is positively associated with NEC, as is colonization with the Gram-negative bacilli Klebsiella and E. coli and the occurrence of sepsis, particularly due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Early treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate and gentamicin is negatively associated with NEC and may be protective against NEC.     

The impact of cesarean section on neonatal outcome of infants born at 23 weeks of gestation

Objective

Determine the impact of cesarean section (CS) on neonatal outcome of infants born at 23 weeks of gestation.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed involving 34 infants born at 23 weeks and 91 infants born at 24–26 weeks. Indications necessitating delivery were severe pregnancy induced hypertension, non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns (NRFHRs), or intrauterine infection (IUI). Obstetrical indication for CS included NRFHR and breech presentation. Poor outcome included neonatal death or cerebral palsy. Univariate and multiple logistic analyses were performed to determine the effect of CS for obstetrical indications on poor outcome.

Results

The incidence of poor outcome was significantly higher at 23 weeks (number of poor outcomes/total number: 22/34) compared to that (31/91) at 24–26 weeks (p < 0.01). The incidence of a poor outcome was significantly higher at 23 weeks for infants having NRFHR (11/16) compared to those at 24–26 weeks (15/43, p = 0.02). However, the incidence of a poor outcome was similar in infants with IUI (6/10 at 23 weeks versus 5/11 at 24–26 weeks, p = 0.41). Vaginal birth in cases of obstetrical indication for CS at 23 weeks was associated with higher risk of a poor outcome (odds ratio: 8.2). In contrast, the risk at 24–26 weeks was not higher (OR, 0.8). After adjustment using variables of vaginal birth and IUI, vaginal birth significantly affected poor outcome (OR, 13.0).

Conclusion

Poor neonatal outcome was closely related to the mode of delivery, suggesting that CS for obstetrical indication at 23 weeks may improve neonatal outcome.     

Maternal plasma level of antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a major determinant factor of neonatal plasma LL37 level

Aim: To determine cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL37subcellular distribution in cord neutrophils and normal plasma LL37 levels in mothers and neonates, relate them to delivery mode and relevant biochemical markers, including 25‐OHvitamin D [25(OH)D] as this molecules increases cathelicidin gene expression. Methods: A total of 115 infants were included, n = 68 with normal delivery and n = 47 with elective Caesarean section (C‐section), a subset of these being 50 mother–infant pairs. Biomarkers were determined in maternal and cord blood. Subcellular peptide LL37 distribution was analysed with immunoelectron microscopy. Results: Cord plasma LL37 levels were three‐times higher after normal delivery compared with C‐section. A highly significant correlation was observed between maternal and cord plasma LL37 levels, regardless of delivery mode. No relationship was found between LL37 and 25(OH)D levels. Neutrophils from cord blood after normal delivery contained 10‐times more cytoplasmatic cathelicidin peptide compared with corresponding cells after C‐section where a strict granular localization was found. Conclusion: These data are consistent with a placental transfer of LL37 and identifies maternal stores as the critical factor determining neonatal plasma LL37 level. An additional enhancement of neonatal cathelicidin mobilization and release is connected to normal delivery stress.     

The neonatal respiratory outcome in relation to timing of elective cesarean section at 38 versus 39 week gestation: A single center based study

BackgroundCesarean delivery per se is a risk factor of respiratory morbidity in term neonates and its timing is an adding factor of increased rates of respiratory complications.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the association between elective cesarean delivery at 38 versus 39 week gestation and neonatal respiratory morbidity.Materials and methodsWe selected 200 pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean delivery at 38 or 39 week gestation at the Kasr El-Aini hospital. Mothers were subjected to ultrasound examination. Neonates with respiratory distress were subjected to laboratory investigations and chest X-ray.ResultsWe found no association between the development of any type of respiratory distress and maternal age or parity. The prevalence of respiratory morbidity was 25% in group A compared to 11% in group B (p = 0.01) and risk estimation showed that delivery at 38 weeks carries 2.7 time risk of having a newborn suffering from respiratory morbidity (95% CI: 1.2–5.8). TTN was observed in 11% of group A compared to 7% of newborns of group B (p = 0.6). RDS developed in 3 cases of group A, while none of group B developed RDS (p = 0.1). The rate of NICU admission, mechanical ventilation in the 1st 24 h and long hospital stay were insignificantly higher in group A (p>0.05). There were no neonatal deaths in both groups.ConclusionElective cesarean delivery at 39 week gestation is associated with a better neonatal respiratory outcome. Further studies are recommended to identify the best time of elective cesarean delivery associated with the least neonatal and maternal morbidity.     

Factors associated with delayed onset of regular respiration

In a population of 16 333 singleton births born in one week of April, 1970, 4.4% failed to establish regular respiration within 3 min of birth. A follow-up at 5 years of age collected medical, educational and sociological information on 79.6% of the survivors of the cohort identified by the birth survey. Data have been analysed to investigate the relationships between the delay in the onset of regular respiration and possible risk factors identifiable prior to or at the time of birth.Complex statistical analysis employing linear modelling techniques showed that the delay in the onset of respiration was primarily related to: null and high parity; antepartum haemorrhage (especially placenta praevia); pre-eclampsia; breech delivery; Caesarian section and low birthweight. There was no association with maternal smoking during pregnancy or with social class. These conclusions are reasonably consistent with those drawn from other studies using alternative measures of asphyxia.