Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children with chronic granulomatous disease

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by fever, cytopenias, splenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis by macrophages activated by high cytokine levels. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by recurrent infections, hyperinflammation, and excessive cytokine release. This may predispose patients with CGD to developing HLH during an infection. We conducted a retrospective review of patients with CGD, treated at our institution between 1999 and 2008. Three out of 17 patients developed HLH. Patients with CGD may be at increased risk for developing HLH. Remission of HLH was achieved after treatment with antimicrobials, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin This approach to treatment appears to be effective.     

Amantadine in chronic granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetically determined immunodeficiency. Neutrophils from CGD patients show a defective killing of phagocytosed fungi and bacteria, due not only to an impairment in oxidative burst, but also to absence of normal pH value within phagocytic vacuole following phagocytosis. Because a weak base such as amantadine could potentially reverse these pH abnormalities, the authors used this drug to treat 2 CGD patients. They observed modifications of both phagosomal pH and killing activity on their neutrophils compared to those of healthy controls. Since the drug has been employed, the patients have not developed new infections, suggesting a role of amantadine as a part of CGD prophylactic regimen. These results suggest the opportunity of testing the drug in larger studies.     

Aspergillus endocarditis in chronic granulomatous disease

We report the first case, to our knowledge, of Aspergillus endocarditis in chronic granulomatous disease in a patient who also had an atrial septal defect. A diagnosis was made on culture of the organism from the mass despite extensive prior investigation. The presence of distinctive skin lesions as a diagnostic clue of fungaemia is highlighted. Possible advances in diagnosis by detection of fungal cell wall components and in prophylaxis by use of itraconazole are referred to. We conclude that fungal endocarditis should be considered in this condition, especially in the presence of a structural heart defect.     

Decreased neutrophil chemotaxis and chronic granulomatous disease

Abstract A case of chronic granulomatous disease associated with decreased neutrophil chemotaxis is described. It is suggested that defective neutrophil motility may be more common than previously recognized in chronic granulomatous disease. However, the presence of a chemotactic defect does not necessarily imply a more severe clinical course.     

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目的总结分析感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的X连锁慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床特点。方法回顾分析2010年1-2月于北京儿童医院住院治疗的2例感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的X连锁慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床资料。结果 2例男性患儿,分别为0.5岁和1.7岁,均经CYBB基因突变分析明确诊断为X连锁慢性肉芽肿病。1例经反复血培养、1例经反复尿培养诊断为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染。药敏试验结果提示均为敏感菌株。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌是人类机会性病原,常表现为慢性肉芽肿病。常规抗生素治疗可根除感染。预防应用复方磺胺药物对此类患儿具有保护意义。     

Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for a case with X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease

CGD is a rare primary immunodeficiency with high mortality rates when treated conventionally, especially for the X‐chromosome‐linked form. HSCT is the only curative therapy for CGD; however, haploidentical transplantation in CGD is rare. Here, we report a case of X‐linked CGD treated successfully by haploidentical HSCT. The patient showed a positive result with full donor chimerism, good quality of life, and the absence of recurrent infectious diseases at follow‐up (68 months). Thus, haploidentical HSCT may serve as an acceptable treatment approach for patients who have CGD, but no HLA‐matched related or unrelated donor.     

Successful polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of fungal meningitis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease

Abstract Meningitis is not a common complication of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Here, we present details of a 3-year-old boy with X-linked CGD, who suffered from fungal meningitis. While 19 samplings using conventional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures failed to detect any organisms, fungal DNA was identified in the CSF by a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. The patient recovered without any sequelae after treatment with a combination of antifungal agents, interferon-φ and granulocyte infusions. This case report demonstrates that fungal meningitis must be included in the differential diagnosis of infections in CGD patients and that the PCR-based detection of fungal DNA is a powerful tool for diagnosis.     

X连锁慢性肉芽肿病12例临床分析

目的探讨X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)患儿的临床表现及实验室检查特点。方法总结12例经CYBB基因序列分析诊断为X-CGD患儿的临床资料,检测X-CGD患儿及家系成员中性粒细胞氧化功能。结果 12例患儿均为男性,平均起病年龄4.08个月,平均诊断年龄2岁。12例患儿均有反复肺炎,结核感染7例,淋巴结炎6例,反复腹泻6例,溃疡性口腔炎5例,肛周脓肿3例。均有生长发育延迟。血清IgG、IgA及IgM均升高9例。四唑氮蓝试验(NBT)和中性粒细胞氧化功能均显著下降。6例(50%)患儿死亡。大多患儿影像学检查提示有肺部、肝内肉芽肿形成;3例患儿有家族史。结论 X-CGD起病早,诊断较晚,病死率高;以肺部感染为主要表现,结核感染率高。中性粒细胞呼吸暴发试验有助于X-CGD临床诊断,CYBB基因序列分析可提高诊断准确性。     

Clinical and laboratory aspects of chronic granulomatous disease in description of eighteen patients

To describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and evolution characteristics of 18 patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In this retrospective study, clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data were obtained from the medical records of all patients with CGD seen at the Allergy and Immunology Unit of the Pediatrics Department (School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo) from January 1979 to December 2001. Medical history and physical examination data, personal and family history, presence of consanguinity, weight and height data, presence of hepatosplenomegaly, adenomegaly, or other relevant alterations at the time of admission were obtained for all patients. We reviewed 18 patients (male:female, 8:1) with a median duration of symptoms of 1.25 months and with a median time since diagnosis of 13 months. A family history of death as a result of infection was reported by three patients and five other patients had a common relative with CGD who was included in the series. The clinical manifestations observed were: failure to thrive, adenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, pneumonia, and abscesses. Relevant laboratory data were hypergammaglobulinemia and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test of 0% in 14 patients. Seven patients received IFN-gamma and 11 sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Six patients died of suppurative pulmonary infections. Age at the onset of symptoms was early, although diagnosis was late in some patients. Pulmonary involvement was the most prevalent clinical manifestation in the different phases of the disease and the major cause of death. Hypergammaglobulinemia, anemia, and leukocytosis were relevant laboratory data.     

Anterior chest wall protrusion as initial presentation of chronic granulomatous disease: a case report

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. We report a 4-month-old girl with CGD, was firstly presented with an anterior chest wall protrusion because of an aspergillosis mass.     

Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in chronic granulomatous disease

Melioidosis is a severe illness caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a sepsis-causing bacterial pathogen that is common in East Asia. We reexamined the underlying diagnosis in a 12-year-old boy who was diagnosed in the French West Indies with melioidosis when he was 4 years old. Our investigations led to the determination of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited condition characterized by phagocytic cell dysfunction. This is the third reported case of melioidosis associated with CGD to be reported, lending support to an association between the two. The molecular determinants of the susceptibility of CGD patients to B. pseudomallei are still unknown. Our report suggests that CGD should be suspected in children with melioidosis, both in the Americas and probably in other regions world-wide.     

儿童慢性肉芽肿病1例临床特征及基因突变分析

目的探讨慢性肉芽肿病的致病机制以及诊断。方法回顾性分析1例慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床特征及实验室检查;提取患儿及父母外周血基因组DNA,用Agilent Sure Select方法外显子捕获,Illumina测序平台进行高通量测序。结果患儿有反复感染史,伴肝脏肿大和肝功能异常,抗感染及对症治疗效果不佳。二代测序显示患儿CYBA基因存在c.7C??T(p.Gln3*)纯合突变,其母为该位点杂合,父亲可能存在大片段杂合缺失,其他候选基因测序分析未发现明显异常。结论确诊患儿为慢性肉芽肿病,CYBA基因突变是其致病原因。     

儿童X连锁慢性肉芽肿病临床特点和CYBB基因突变分析

目的了解X连锁慢性肉芽肿病患儿的临床特点及基因突变类型。方法观察X连锁慢性肉芽肿病(X-CGD)患儿起病方式、感染部位、病原谱和炎症并发症等临床特点,总结基因突变类型。结果 22例男童被诊断为X连锁慢性肉芽肿病,平均起病年龄为0.7岁,平均诊断年龄为2.7岁,6例有家族史。首发症状发热18例,咳嗽9例,皮肤/黏膜/淋巴结炎症6例,腹泻4例。首次诊断前3位依次为肺炎14例,败血症4例,脓疱疹及腹泻病各3例。感染前3位依次为至少1次肺部感染22例,败血症12例,肛周脓肿6例。肺组织及血培养曲霉菌2例、伤寒杆菌1例。BCG接种同侧腋下淋巴结钙化12例、肿大1例,远距离淋巴结钙化4例,播散性卡介苗病(BCG-osis)1例,高度怀疑肺结核4例,骨结核1例。CYBB基因突变分析示缺失/插入2例,拼接区突变6例,无义突变6例,错义突变8例。新发现的突变为8例。结论对于反复肺炎的患儿,尤其伴有败血症、皮肤过度疤痕/肛周脓肿者,若常规体液和细胞免疫功能正常,应考虑慢性肉芽肿病可能,曲霉菌肺炎需尤其关注。重症BCG淋巴结炎具有提示诊断的意义。CYBB基因突变分布广泛,异质性明显。基因突变分析是开展遗传咨询和产前诊断的重要工具。     

Increased nitric oxide production by neutrophils in early stage of Kawasaki disease

Recent observations suggested that nitric oxide (NO) has a role in triggering the early endothelial dysfunction in Kawasaki disease (KD). We investigated the amount of NO in conjunction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils in children with acute KD by a newly developed flow cytometric analysis. Forty children with acute KD (n = 14), non-KD febrile disease (n = 14), and afebrile control (n = 12) were enrolled (age, 3 to 88 months). Neutrophils in KD produced significantly higher amount of NO compared to others (p < 0.05). With regard to ROS, significant increase was not only found in KD but also in non-KD febrile children (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In KD patients, the amount of NO produced by neutrophils decreased after immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment, while there was no significant change in ROS production. The amount of NO in KD patients also correlated well with the days from the onset. One patient who developed coronary arterial lesion showed the highest value of NO. In conclusion, neutrophils in acute KD generate both NO and ROS considerably, while NO production is exclusive in the early stage of KD before IVIG treatment. Abnormal immune system in KD might be characterized by an overproduction of NO, whereas the role of NO in endothelial damage remains to be elucidated.     

Treatment of seven cases of chronic granulomatous disease with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP)

Seven male Japanese children with chronic granulomatous disease were given sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) for recurrent pyogenic infections, most of which had proved difficult to control with other antibiotics. With continuous treatment the children remained free of infections severe enough to necessitate hospitalization, except on one occasion. Serious complications, including hematological disorders, never occurred during therapy and there were no changes in leukocyte function during therapy. These results indicate that SMX-TMP should be considered in the treatment of bacterial infections associated with chronic granulomatous disease.