Incidence,Predictors and Outcomes of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is considered one of the most common causes of hospital acquired renal failure and severely affects morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to investigate incidence, predictors and outcomes of CIN in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).Methods:The study was conducted on 550 patients with STEMI subjected to PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to the occurrence of CIN; group I (Patients without CIN) and group II (Patients with CIN). The two groups were assessed for the clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Results:Incidence of CIN was 10.6%, multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of CIN including; age > 60 years OR 6.083 (CI95% 3.143–11.77, P = 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus OR 2.491 (CI95% 1.327–4.675, P = 0.005), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use OR 2.708 (CI95% 1.393–5.263, P = 0.003), the volume of contrast agent >200 ml OR 6.543 (CI95% 3.382–12.65, P = 0.001) and cardiogenic shock OR 4.514 (CI95% 1.738–11.72, P = 0.002). Mortality was higher in group II than group I (11.9% vs. 4.4% respectively, P = 0.015). The incidence of MACE were higher in group II than group I (heart failure; 18.6% vs. 7.3%, cardiac arrest; 8.5% vs. 2.8% and cardiogenic shock; 16.9% vs. 6.9% with P. value = 0.003, 0.024, 0.007 respectively).Conclusion:Contrast induced nephropathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The independent predictors of CIN were advanced age, diabetes mellitus, NSAIDs use, the volume of contrast agent >200 ml and cardiogenic shock.     

ST‐Segment Resolution Prior to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Is a Poor Indicator of Coronary Artery Patency in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The prognostic value of ST‐segment resolution (STR) after initiation of reperfusion therapy has been established by various studies conducted in both the thrombolytic and mechanic reperfusion era. However, data regarding the value of STR immediately prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to predict infarct‐related artery (IRA) patency remain limited. We investigated whether STR prior to primary PCI is a reliable, noninvasive indicator of IRA patency in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: The study population consisted of STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI at our institution between 2000 and 2007. STR was analyzed in 12‐lead electrocardiograms recorded at first medical contact and immediately prior to primary PCI and defined as complete (≥70%), partial (70%? 30%), or absent (<30%). Results: In 1253 patients with a complete data set, STR was inversely related to the probability of impaired preprocedural flow (P_{for trend} < 0.001). Although the sensitivity of incomplete (<70%) STR to predict a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow of <3 was 96%, the specificity was 23%, and the negative predictive value of incomplete STR to predict normal coronary flow was only 44%. Conclusions: This study establishes the correlation between STR prior to primary PCI and preprocedural TIMI flow in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. However, the negative predictive value of incomplete STR for detection of TIMI‐3 flow is only 44% and therefore should not be a criterion to refrain from immediate coronary angiography in STEMI patients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2010;15(2):107–115     

Impact of Stress Hyperglycemia on No-Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Stress hyperglycemia is a common finding during acute myocardial infarction and associated with poor prognosis. To reduce the occurrence of no-reflow, prognostic factors must be identified before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Our objective was to investigate the impact of stress hyperglycemia in non-diabetic and diabetic patients on no-reflow phenomenon after PPCI.Methods:The study comprised 480 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were managed by PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade: Group I (Patients with normal flow, TIMI 3 flow) and Group II (Patients with no-reflow, TIMI 0-2 flow). Patients were analyzed for clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events.Results:Incidence of stress hyperglycemia was 14.8% in non-diabetic patients and 22.2% in diabetic patients; the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon was 13.5% and no-reflow was significantly higher in patients with stress hyperglycemia. Multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of no-reflow phenomenon: stress hyperglycemia OR 3.247 (CI95% 1.656–6.368, P = 0.001), Killip class >1 OR 1.893 (CI95% 1.004–3.570, P = 0.049) and cardiogenic shock OR 3.778 (CI95% 1.458–9.790, P = 0.006).Conclusion:Stress hyperglycemia was associated with higher incidence of no-reflow phenomenon. The independent predictors of no-reflow were stress hyperglycemia, Killip class >1 and cardiogenic shock.     

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Young Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background

There are few published studies of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in younger individuals. The differences between these “younger” and “older” individuals may not be fully appreciated by clinicians. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for the earlier presentation and help to identify strategies for prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) in younger patients.

Acute Myocardial Infarction with Severe ST Segment Elevation Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention More than Two Days after Onset: A Case with Remarkable Recovery

The patient was a 65-year-old man with marked ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization revealed an occluded middle portion of the left anterior descending artery and no collateral circulation. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed, and ST elevation improved 5 days after PCI. Almost all electrocardiogram (ECG) findings were normal 6 months later. Echocardiographic findings were also normal. This case was very successful and unusual in that no ventricular aneurysm formed despite ST elevation continuing for a few days and that ECG and left ventricular function were nearly normal after PCI performed days after the onset in a case without collateral circulation.     

Blood Transfusion and In‐hospital Outcomes in Anemic Patients with Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Studies have shown poor prognostic implications of anemia in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The impact of blood transfusion in these populations remains controversial. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of transfusion on in‐hospital mortality in anemic patients undergoing PCI for MI. Data from 67,051 PCIs (June 1, 1997 to January 31, 2004) were prospectively collected in a multicenter registry (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium). Of these, 4,623 patients who were classified as anemic according to the World Health Organization criteria underwent PCI within 7 days of presentation with acute MI. A propensity score for being transfused was estimated for each patient, and propensity matching and a prediction model for in‐hospital death were developed. The average age was 67.8 years, 57.7% of patients were men, and 22.3% of patients received a transfusion during hospitalization. Transfused patients, compared to nontransfused patients, were more likely to be older, female, have lower preprocedure hemoglobin levels, more comorbidities, and a higher unadjusted in‐hospital mortality rate (14.52% vs. 3.01%, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for comorbidities and propensity for transfusion, blood transfusion was associated with a higher risk of in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.47–2.79, p < 0.0001). In anemic patients undergoing PCI for MI, transfusion was associated with an increased crude and adjusted rate of in‐hospital mortality. A randomized controlled trial is needed to determine the value of transfusion and the ideal transfusion criteria. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术中血栓病变的处理策略

冠状动脉内血栓形成是急性心肌梗死的主要发病机制,高负荷血栓病变增加经皮冠状动脉介入术后慢复流或无复流的发生。如何处理血栓病变,有效改善心肌灌注是直接经皮冠状动脉介入术需要解决的问题,现对包括药物、器械在内的处理策略进行综述。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗相关性心肌梗死研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）目前在全世界普遍开展,已成为冠心病治疗过程中的一个重要手段,PCI相关的心肌梗死是PCI术后影响患者预后的一个并发症。对PCI相关性心肌梗死的研究是当前冠状动脉介入研究的热点,其定义、发生机制、以及与自发性心肌梗死的区别等仍存在许多争议。现综合近几年围手术期心肌梗死的研究结果,总结了围手术期心肌梗死研究的最新进展。     

Effect of Ramipril on Nonculprit Lesions Progression in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction after Primary Pertaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective To investigate the effect of ramipril on progression of nonculprit lesions in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods A total of 200 patients (60.1 ± 11.3 years) with STEMI who underwent successful PPCI from January 2010 to December 2013 were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent PPCI as treatment for culprit lesions. Patients were divided into two groups according to the dosage of ramipril used at hospital discharge as follows: high dosage group (2.5–10 mg, q.d.) and low dosage group (1.25–2.5 mg, q.d.). Clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed for 12 months. The primary endpoint was clinically-driven percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for nonculprit lesions. The clinical and angiographic features were analyzed. Results Clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed with 87 patients in the high dosage group and 113 patients in the low dosage group. The numbers of patients who underwent additional PCI were six and 20 in the high and low dosage groups, respectively. The rate of having additional PCI performed was lower in the high dosage group than in the low dosage group (6.90% vs. 17.70%, P = 0.03). Conclusions A high dosage of ramipril may prevent progression of nonculprit lesions, which could be the major cause of recurrent PCI in patients with STEMI after PPCI.     

Patients with Tombstoning Pattern on the Admission Electrocardiography Who Have Undergone Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Anterior Wall ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: In‐Hospital and Midterm Clinical Outcomes

Background: A tombstoning pattern (T‐pattern) is associated with in‐hospital poor outcomes patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but no data are available for midterm follow‐up. We sought to determine the prognostic value of a T‐pattern on admission electrocardiography (ECG) for in‐hospital and midterm mortality in patients with anterior wall STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: After exclusion, 169 consecutive patients with anterior wall STEMI (mean age: 55 ± 12.9 years; 145 men) undergoing primary PCI were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were classified as a T‐pattern (n = 32) or non–T‐pattern (n = 137) based upon the admission ECG. Follow‐up to 6 months was performed. Results: In‐hospital mortality tended to be higher in the T‐pattern group compared with non–T‐pattern group (9.3% vs 2.1% respectively, P = 0.05). All‐cause mortality was higher in the T‐pattern group than non–T‐pattern group for 6 month (P = 0.004). After adjusting the baseline characteristics, the T‐pattern remained an independent predictor of 6‐month all‐cause mortality (odds ratio: 5.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.25–21.47, P = 0.02). Conclusion: A T‐pattern is a strong independent predictor of 6‐month all‐cause mortality in anterior STEMI treated with primary PCI. Therefore, it may be an indicator of high risk among patients with anterior wall STEMI.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入术中再灌注心律失常的临床特点分析

目的分析急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术中（PCI）再灌注心律失常的临床特点。方法回顾性分析我院收治的经急诊PCI治疗的STEMI患者112例,分析再灌注心律失常的种类、再灌注心律失常与梗死相关动脉的关系以及与发病至冠脉再通时间之间的关系。结果STEMI急诊PCI中再灌注心律失常发生率为48．21％。前降支闭塞引起的再灌注心律失常以快速型心律失常为主,右冠状动脉及回旋支闭塞以缓慢型心律失常为主。梗死后6h内开通冠状动脉者再灌注心律失常发生率高于6h以上开通者（P〈0．05）。结论再灌注心律失常是STEMI患者行急诊PCI的常见并发症,其类型与梗死相关动脉及冠脉再通时间有关。     

Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock

Background

Recent trials demonstrated a benefit of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for noninfarct-related artery (non-IRA) stenosis over IRA-only PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) multivessel disease. However, evidence is limited in patients with cardiogenic shock.

替罗非班在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用

血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂可以提供最有效的抗血小板作用,将会减少血栓负荷和继发的远端微循环栓塞,有助于真正恢复冠状动脉介入治疗术后的血流和心肌组织水平灌注。目前国际上GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用以阿昔单抗居多,而替罗非班在这方面的应用研究少见,其应用价值尚不肯定。现将专门对替罗非班在ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的应用现状作一综述。