孕烷受体的研究进展

孕烷受体(PXR)是核受体亚家族的成员之一，PXR在机体适应外界环境、抵抗有毒物质侵袭中起重要作用，PXR能被多种处方药、中草药等亲脂性物质激活，调节下游靶基因的表达，PXR在药物代谢酶和转运体的调节中起重要作用，PXR在维持胆汁酸内环境的稳态、保护机体免受毒性胆汁酸的损害起关键作用。由于许多种处方药均可激活PXR，因此在多药联用时，可能产生药物相互作用。已建立测定PXR活性的方法，这对预测和防止药物相互作用有重要意义。     

孕烷X受体对细胞色素P4503A调控机制的研究进展

细胞色素P4503A（CYP3A）是参与临床药物代谢的主要CYP同工酶之一。孕烷X受体（PXR）属于核受体超家族（NR）的NR1 Ⅰ亚家族。该受体作为药物代谢的关键转录调控因子,参与CYP3A的诱导表达。药物可通过多种途径激活PXR受体调控cyp3a基因的表达,其中包括PXR与其他核受体、转录因子及细胞信号转导通路间的相互作用等多种途径。目前,基于PXR的筛选方法已广泛应用于早期新药研发。     

孕烷X受体的研究进展及其在药物代谢中的作用

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)是机体对有毒物质适应性防卫机制的一个重要组成部分,PXR被大量的外源性和内源性化学物质激活,这些物质包括类固醇、抗生素、抗真菌的物质和胆汁酸等.PXR配体结合区域三维结构显示它具有一个特殊球形配体结合腔,这种结构允许PXR与广泛的疏水性化学物质结合.PXR与9-顺式维甲酸受体(9-cis retinoic aid receptor,RXR)以异型二聚体的形式与细胞色素氧化酶P450 3A家族和其他参与药物代谢的Ⅱ相药物代谢酶以及药物转运蛋白的DNA响应元件结合,通过外源物刺激诱导多个基因的表达.分析PXR的结构与功能对药物设计和筛选具有重要的应用价值.     

孕烷X受体对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用及其在药物代谢中的意义

细胞色素P450 3A(cytochrom e P4503As,CYP3As)在药物代谢过程中起重要作用,外源性化学物对肝脏CYP3A基因表达有明显的诱导作用。孕烷X受体(pregnane X recep-tor,PXR)是新发现的孤儿核受体(系统名:NR1 I2)。PXR与另一重要核受体RXR结合形成二聚体结合于CYP3A基因顺式反应元件,参与对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用。大量临床处方药物通过激活PXR而诱导CYP3A基因表达,构成了临床药物间相互作用的分子基础。     

银杏内酯B通过激活孕烷X受体诱导CYP3A4的表达

目的研究银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B)对CYP3A4的诱导作用,进一步验证是否通过激活孕烷X受体实现对CYP3A4 mRNA和蛋白水平的诱导表达。方法用不同浓度银杏内酯B处理LS174T细胞,通过Q-PCR法检测CYP3A4 mRNA表达变化,进一步利用本实验室构建的PXRCYP3A4稳定转染HepG2工程细胞株,结合荧光素酶报告基因技术,显示检测银杏内酯B对PXR的转录激活活性的影响。蛋白质免疫印迹法检测CYP3A4蛋白水平表达的变化;利用siRNA技术敲低PXR的mRNA表达,检测在PXR低表达的条件下银杏内酯B对CYP3A4 mRNA和蛋白水平表达影响。结果银杏内酯B可以浓度依赖性的使CYP3A4基因及蛋白表达水平上调,报告基因结果显示,银杏内酯B能够浓度依赖性的增强PXR的转录激活活性,在PXR低表达的条件下,银杏内酯B对CYP3A4诱导作用明显低于正常表达组PXR。结论以上表明银杏内酯B通过激活PXR受体,促进其转录激活活性进而诱导CYP3A4表达上调,同时对PXR自身的表达无明显影响。     

染料木黄酮、拟雌内酯及槲皮素对孕烷X受体介导的CYP3A4转录的调节作用

目的　研究植物雌激素中的染料木黄酮(GST)、拟雌内酯 (COM)及槲皮素 (QU)能否通过活化人孕烷X受体 (PXR)诱导CYP3A4的转录表达。方法用PXR依赖的瞬时转染报告基因试验检测 3种植物雌激素的诱导作用。结果　GST ,COM和QU均能通过活化PXR诱导HepG2 细胞CYP3A4基因的转录表达 ,最大诱导倍数 (相对于用浓度为 0 .1%的DMSO处理的细胞 )在本实验中分别为 11.97(P <0 .0 1) ,2 .98(P <0 .0 1)和 3.2 8(P <0 .0 1)。结论　GST ,COM和QU均能诱导CYP3A4的转录表达 ,其作用机制通过活化PXR。GST ,COM和QU的摄入可能影响其他CYP3A4底物尤其是药物在体内的代谢。     

外源化合物对孕烷X受体和组成型雄烷受体介导的细胞色素P4503A4和2B6转录调节共转染体系的优化

目的优化孕烷X受体(hPXR)和组成型雄烷受体(hCAR)介导的细胞色素P450(CPY)3A4和CYP2B6诱导共转染体系,提高检测系统的灵敏度。方法利用invitrogen脂质体2000共同转染表达质粒hPXR/hCAR、报告基因质粒CPY3A4/CYP2B6和内参质粒pRL-TK到HepG-2细胞中。系统以hPXR的激动剂利福平,hCAR的激动剂CITCO为阳性对照组,以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂阴性对照组。通过调整3种质粒的转染比例,以利福平/DMSO和CITCO/DMSO的比活值,即阳性药物的诱导倍数作为优化系统灵敏度的指标,分别获得最大比值以表示系统具有最佳灵敏度。结果当共转染体系比例为hPXR/hCAR表达质粒150ng、CPY3A4/CYP2B6报告基因质粒600ng、PLR-TK内参质50ng时,转染体系的检测灵敏度最高。结论针对所使用的转染细胞系和共转染质粒,通过优化质粒的转染比例可提高系统的灵敏度,优化的共转染系统可用于药物代谢酶诱导机制的研究。     

PXR受体调控的CYP3A诱导及其在药物代谢中的重要意义

机体每日都要接触大量外源性化合物（xenobiotics），包括环境、饮食、药物中的各种成分，其中亲脂性化合物如果不能被及时代谢为极性化合物，就会在肝脏蓄积并影响机体正常生理功能，产生毒性甚至致癌。细胞色素P450（CYPS）属于血红素蛋白基因超家族，编码一系列代谢酶系统，参与各类不同结构亲脂性化合物的生物转化，增强代谢物水溶性，利于排出体外，     

孕烷X受体对细胞色素P450 CYP3A基因表达的调控在中药配伍禁忌及中药毒性早期预测中的应用

中药配伍禁忌是药物与机体相互作用本质的具体体现,是中药配伍理论的重要组成内容。毒性早期预测是药物安全性评价的重要组成部分。快速、早期获得药物可能的毒性反应数据,建立一种简单、可靠地中药配伍禁忌和中药毒性早期预测方法,是当今毒理学领域研究的重点之一。孕烷X受体(PXR)是一种配体依赖性转录因子,大量临床药物作为其配体或激活剂通过激活PXR而诱导细胞色素P450 CYP3A(CYP3A)基因表达。联合用药过程中,PXR的激活可能会增加药物发生相互作用和不良反应的风险,导致药效降低甚至产生毒性。本文从PXR-CYP3A途径为药物相互作用研究提供分子学机制,以及为中药配伍禁忌的研究和药物毒性早期预测提供了新思路。     

双环醇对组成型雄甾烷受体和孕烷X受体介导的CYP3A4和CYP286转录的调控

目的：构建pGL4．17-CYP3A4启动子嵌合报告基因表达载体,研究双环醇是否通过活化组成型雄甾烷受体（Constitutive Androstane Receptor,CAR）和孕烷X受体（pregnane Xreceptor．PXR）影响CYP3A4及CYP286的转录。方法：以提取的人肝组织基因组DNA为模板,应用RT-PCR技术,扩增获得CYP3A4启动子的近端启动序列（-362／＋53）和远端调控序列（-7836／-7208）,并连接到pGEM-T载体,测序正确后将目的基因片段先后插入至pGL4．17报告基因表达载体。将hPXR、hCAR表达载体分别与CYP3A4及CYP286报告载体共转染HepG2细胞,利用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测CYP3A4及CYP286均具有启动活性后,双环醇分别与转染hPXR和CYP3A4、hCAR和CYP3A4、hCAR和CYP286的HepG2细胞温孵24h后,收获细胞并裂解,检测活性以分析双环醇对CYP3A4及CYP286的转录调节途径。结果：获得pGL4．17-CYP3A4启动子嵌合报告基因表达载体,经酶切鉴定及核酸序列测定证实该报告基因表达载体构建成功。双环醇主要通过活化CAR受体途径,调控CYP3A4和CYP286的转录,而PXR受体途径较少参与。     

Indirect activation of pregnane X receptor in the induction of hepatic CYP3A11 by high-dose rifampicin in mice

Rifampicin (RIF), a typical ligand of human pregnane X receptor (PXR), powerfully induces the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in humans. Although it is thought that RIF is not a ligand of rodent PXR, treatment with high-dose RIF (e.g. more than 20?mg/kg) increases the expression of CYP3A in the mouse liver. In this study, we investigated whether the induction of CYP3A by high-dose RIF in the mouse liver is mediated via indirect activation of mouse PXR (mPXR). The results showed that high-dose RIF increased the expression of CYP3A11 and other PXR-target genes in the liver of wild-type mice but not PXR-knockout mice. However, the results of reporter gene and ligand-dependent assembly assays showed that RIF does not activate mPXR in a ligand-dependent manner. In addition, high-dose RIF stimulated nuclear accumulation of mPXR in the mouse liver, and geldanamycin and okadaic acid attenuated the induction of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes in primary hepatocytes, suggesting that high-dose RIF triggers nuclear translocation of mPXR. In conclusion, the present study suggests that high-dose RIF stimulates nuclear translocation of mPXR in the liver of mice by indirect activation, resulting in the transactivation of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes.     

Metformin suppresses pregnane X receptor (PXR)-regulated transactivation of CYP3A4 gene

Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. The pleotropic effects of metformin on glucose and lipid metabolism have been proposed to be mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the subsequent up-regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP). SHP suppresses the functions of several nuclear receptors involved in the regulation of hepatic metabolism, including pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is referred to as a “master regulator” of drug/xenobiotic metabolism.In this study, we hypothesize that metformin suppresses the expression of CYP3A4, a main detoxification enzyme and a target gene of PXR, due to SHP up-regulation.We employed various gene reporter assays in cell lines and qRT-PCR in human hepatocytes and in Pxr^−/− mice.We show that metformin dramatically suppresses PXR-mediated expression of CYP3A4 in hepatocytes. Consistently, metformin significantly suppressed the up-regulation of Cyp3a11 mRNA in the liver and intestine of wild-type mice, but not in Pxr^−/− mice. A mechanistic investigation of the phenomenon showed that metformin does not significantly up-regulate SHP in human hepatocytes. We further demonstrate that AMPK activation is not involved in this process. We show that metformin disrupts PXR's interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC1) in a two-hybrid assay independently of the PXR ligand binding pocket. Metformin also inhibited vitamin D receptor-, glucocorticoid receptor- and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated induction of CYP3A4 mRNA in human hepatocytes.We show, therefore, a suppressive effect of metformin on PXR and other ligand-activated nuclear receptors in transactivation of the main detoxification enzyme CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes.     

Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized by side chain degradation via initial omega-oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidation. omega-Oxidation is performed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes which are often regulated by their substrates themselves. Results presented here show that all forms of Vitamin E are able to activate gene expression via the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor regulating a variety of drug metabolizing enzymes. In HepG2 cells transfected with the human PXR and the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene linked to two PXR responsive elements, CAT activity was most strongly induced by alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol followed by rifampicin, delta-, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. The inductive efficacy was concentration-dependent; its specificity was underscored by a lower response when cotransfection with PXR was omitted. Up-regulation of endogenous CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA was obtained by gamma-tocotrienol, the most potent activator of PXR, with the same efficacy as with rifampicin. This points to a potential interference of individual forms of Vitamin E with the metabolism and efficacy of drugs.