2098名学龄前儿童结核菌素试验结果分析

目的:通过对1～6岁托幼机构和社区儿童进行卡介苗瘢痕检查与结核菌素(PPD)试验结果分析,了解彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核病自然感染情况及卡介苗接种质量,提高结核患者发现率。方法:调查彭阳县城区5所托儿所、幼儿园和2个社区的2 098名儿童,查验卡介苗接种后瘢痕形成,同时对调查对象注射结核菌素,观察硬结反应,分析与卡痕的关系。结果彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核菌素反应阳性率72.55%,有卡痕者结核菌素试验阳性率明显高于无卡痕者(χ2=864.86,P<0.005);有卡介苗接种史者结核菌素试验阳性率明显高于无接种史者(χ2=118.74,P<0.005);各年龄组结核菌素试验阳性率,小年龄组高于大年龄组(χ2=355.19,P<0.01)。结论:彭阳县城区学龄前儿童结核菌的自然感染率为7.84%,接种卡介苗者PPD阳性率为75.82%,采用PPD试验有助于早期发现学龄前儿童结核病。     

驻京新学员结核感染情况调查

目的调查驻京新学员结核感染状况,为部队院校结核病防治提供参考。方法对2010年驻京新学员进行结核菌素试验,并进行相关分析。结果共调查新学员1 189名,有卡痕率62.83%,结核菌素试验阳性率、强阳性率、有卡痕阳性率、无卡痕阳性率分别为52.06%、2.10%、70.55%、20.81%。结核菌素试验有卡痕阳性率明显高于无卡痕阳性率。结核菌素试验阳性率、有卡痕强阳性率、无卡痕阳性率在城市与农村之间差异无统计学意义。结论新学员结核感染状况更接近于入伍新兵结核感染情况,新学员在结核控制方面应采取新兵结核控制措施。     

5963名新兵结核感染情况调查

目的调查入伍新兵结核感染状况,为部队结核病防治提供决策依据。方法对2006年5963名入伍新兵进行结核菌素（PPD）试验,采用国产PPD0．1mL,5IU皮内注射,72h查验反应,以双上臂无卡介苗接种疤痕而结核菌素试验阳性作为结核自然感染判断标准。结果调查的5963名新兵中,卡痕率为32．47％;结核菌素试验阳性率为51．23％,强阳性率为2．99％;其中有卡痕者PPD阳性率（74．22％）与无卡痕者PPD阳性率（40．18％）比较,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;有卡痕者结核菌素反应性的各标准均明显高于无卡痕者;城市新兵结核菌素试验阳性率与强阳性率均显著高于农村新兵。结论在新兵中进行结核菌素试验调查,可以监测新兵结核感染情况,筛选卡介苗接种对象;对结核菌素试验强阳性者可采取预防性治疗措施。     

东营市部分6岁儿童结核感染情况调查

目的了解东营地区6岁儿童结核感染情况,评价卡介苗接种效果。方法对1 824名6岁儿童进行PPD测试,并检查卡痕,接种后72 h观测局部反应。对PPD试验强阳性的学生拍摄胸部平片。结果1 824名小学生结核菌素试验阴性、阳性、强阳性分别占受试人数的69.85%、30.15%、3.78%;有卡痕者占调查人数的66.34%,女生的阳性率、强阳性率均显著性高于男生,有卡痕者结素试验阳性率显著性高于无卡痕者,无卡痕者结素试验强阳性率显著高于有卡痕者。结论加强对学生群体的结核病防治工作,摸清疫情,早期发现传染源并给予合理治疗,有效控制结核病在学生中的传播,是降低结核病发病率的重要措施。     

2009～2010年某部入伍新兵结核菌感染情况分析

[目的]了解部队入伍新兵结核菌感染的情况,为部队结核病的预防提供依据。[方法]对2009～2010年新入伍集训期间的新兵进行结核菌素（PPD）试验。[结果]合计调查入伍新兵823人,PPD试验阳性者485人,阳性率为58.93%,强阳性率为1.94%,有卡痕者占53.71%,结核感染率为17.06%。PPD试验阳性率,来自农村的为56.78%,来自城镇的为62.54%（P〉0.05）;有卡痕者所占比例,来自农村的为51.74%,来自城镇的为57.00%（P〉0.05）;无卡痕者PPD试验阳性率,来自农村的为14.86%,来自城镇的为21.21%（P〉0.05）。[结论]某部入伍新兵结核菌感染率较高,仍有结核病高危人群的存在,应加强监测及采取必要的预防措施。     

广州市某中学高一学生结核病感染调查

[目的]调查广州市某中学学生结核病感染情况。[方法]对高中一年级856名学生进行结核菌素（PPD）试验,发放调查问卷了解相关情况,分析调查结果。[结果]学生结素试验反应≥15 mm占35.05%,这部分学生中有无卡痕以及有多少个卡痕之间无统计学差异,但女生比例高于男生（P﹤0.01）。[结论]学生结核感染率较高,应重视并加强学校结核病防治工作。     

绍兴县1999-2001年小学生潜在性结核病监测结果分析

结核感染严重是我国儿童结核病的首要问题。第 4次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告 :0～ 14岁儿童结核感染率为9 0 % [1] ,推算 2 0 0 0年感染率为 0 72 % ,说明儿童结核病仍然是常见病 ,及时发现感染者并控制发病迫切需要研究和实践。我们在筛查儿童结核感染方面作了 10多年探索。近年来着重研究如何对结核感染儿童处理。现将结果报告如下 :1对象与方法1 1　对象全县小学一、六年级学生。1 2　方法用结核菌素纯蛋白衍化物 (PPD)作试验 ,每人 0 1ml ,皮内注射 ,48～ 72h观察反应。反应判断以硬结为准 ,>10mm者判为疑似感染者[2 ] 。对疑…     

5 226名苗族中小学生结核菌素试验结果分析

目的 了解苗族中小学生对结核病的感染情况及免疫状况,为进一步做好学校结核病防治工作提供科学依据.方法 对幼儿园、中小学的5 226名苗族学生进行结核菌素试验(PPD),皮肤硬结≥5 mm为阳性,≥20 mm或局部发生水泡、坏死者为强阳性.结果 5 226名苗族学生PPD试验阳性率为19.36%,其中强阳性率为3.62%;有卡痕者阳性率高于无卡痕者;幼儿园儿童阳性率明显高于小学生和中学生,但不同性别PPD阳性率差异无统计学意义.结论 学校学生和幼儿园儿童对结核杆菌易感性较高,故应加强对学校结核病健康教育及健康促进策略,重视学生的结核菌素(PPD)试验在学生结核病管理工作中的应用和实施,是控制学生结核病工作的关键.     

军队停止卡介苗接种策略的综合性评价

[目的]了解部队卡介苗接种现况及效果，评价停止卡介苗接种策略的可行性。[方法]采用卡痕检查、抗体测定、病例对照研究和发病率比较等综合分析。[结果]老兵卡痕率和结核菌素阳性率均高于新兵（P＜0．01），新兵入伍前卡介苗未初种未自然感染者约占20％；病例组卡痕率小于对照组，比数比（OR）为0．42，95％CI为0．23－0．76；卡介苗接种后抗－PPD阳性率高于接种前（P＜0．01），但接种后结核菌素试验阴性与阳性者抗体水平无明显差异；停止卡介苗接种3年，肺结核发病率下降约50％。[结论]卡介苗预防成人结核病仍具有一定效果，但以每年对新兵普查普种作为预防和控制结核病的主要措施已不适用。     

军队停止卡介苗接种策略的综合性评价

[目的]了解部队卡介苗接种现况及效果,评价停止卡介苗接种策略的可行性.[方法]采用卡痕检查、抗体测定、病例对照研究和发病率比较等综合分析.[结果]老兵卡痕率和结核菌素阳性率均高于新兵(P＜0.01),新兵入伍前卡介苗未初种亦未自然感染者约占20%;病例组卡痕率小于对照组,比数比(OR)为0.42,95%CI为0.23～0.76;卡介苗接种后抗-PPD阳性率高于接种前(P＜0.01),但接种后结核菌素试验阴性与阳性者抗体水平无明显差异;停止卡介苗接种3年,肺结核发病率下降约50%.[结论]卡介苗预防成人结核病仍具有一定效果,但以每年对新兵普查普种作为预防和控制结核病的主要措施已不适用.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.