急性肾损伤定义及分期系统评估心脏手术患者预后的临床价值

目的了解心脏手术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的发病及预后情况,探讨急性肾损伤网络(AKIN)会议推荐的AKI分期预测患者院内死亡的应用价值。方法将2004年1月至2007年6月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的所有成年心脏手术患者1 056例纳入研究,采用AKIN推荐的AKI定义及分期标准评估心脏手术后AKI的发病率及住院病死率,并采用单因素和logistic多因素回归分析法对术前、术中、术后与AKI发生可能相关的危险因素进行分析。结果在1 056例行心脏手术的患者中,328例发生AKI,发生率为31.06%;AKI患者的住院病死率显著高于非AKI患者(11.59%vs.0.69%,P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示:年龄每增加10岁(OR=1.40)、术前高尿酸血症(OR=1.97)、术前左心功能不全(OR=2.53)、冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)加心瓣膜手术(OR=2.79)、手术时间每增加1 h(OR=1.43)和术后循环血容量不足(OR=11.08)是心脏手术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。AKIN分期预测患者院内死亡的ROC曲线下面积为0.865,95%可信区间为0.801-0.929。结论随着AKIN分期的上升,心脏手术患者住院病死率逐步升高。年龄高、术前高尿酸血症、术前左心功能不全、CABG加心瓣膜手术、手术时间延长和术后循环血容量不足是心脏手术后并发AKI的独立危险因素。AKIN分期可以有效预测心脏手术患者发生院内死亡的风险,为及早对高危人群采取有效的预防干预措施提供依据。     

心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析

目的探讨成人心肺转流(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下心脏瓣膜手术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析心脏瓣膜术后AKI的危险因素。结果 1 349例心脏瓣膜手术患者AKI发生率为28.4%,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,每增加1岁(OR=1.05,95%CI 1.03~1.06,P0.001)、糖尿病史(OR=2.11,95%CI 1.22~3.68,P=0.008)、贫血(OR=1.50,95%CI1.05~2.21,P=0.026)、术前血清肌酐(Scr)值每增加1mg/dl(OR=1.01,95%CI 1.01~1.02,P=0.001)、手术时间每增加1h(OR=1.28,95%CI 1.15~1.41,P0.001)、术中输注血浆(OR=1.50,95%CI 1.14~1.97,P=0.004)是心脏瓣膜术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论心肺转流下心脏瓣膜术后急性肾损伤的独立危险因素是高龄、糖尿病史、贫血、术前肌酐高、手术时间长以及术中输注血浆。     

1113例心脏瓣膜置换手术后急性肾损伤的临床分析

目的 研究不同类型心脏瓣膜置换手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病情况及其危险因素。 方法 采用前瞻性队列研究。收集本院心外科2009年4月1日至2010年3月31日期间进行心脏瓣膜置换手术患者的临床资料,采用多因素回归方法筛选出各类心脏瓣膜置换患者术后发生AKI的危险因素。AKI诊断标准为48 h内Scr上升≥26.4 μmol/L或较基础值增加≥50%;和（或）尿量<0.5 ml?kg-1?h-1达6 h。结果 1113例瓣膜置换手术患者术后AKI发病率为33.24%,AKI患者住院病死率为6.49%,其死亡风险较非AKI患者增加5.373倍 （P < 0.01）。心脏瓣膜置换伴冠脉搭桥手术术后AKI发病率为75.00%,显著高于其它瓣膜置换手术类型（P < 0.01）。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析表明,年龄（每增加10岁）、男性、术中体外循环时间≥120 min以及心脏瓣膜置换合并冠脉搭桥手术是术后发生AKI的独立危险因素,OR值分别为1.455、2.110、1.768和2.994。 结论 AKI是心脏瓣膜置换手术后常见的严重并发症。心脏瓣膜置换合并冠脉搭桥手术术后更容易发生AKI。高龄、男性、术中体外循环时间≥120 min以及心脏瓣膜置换合并冠脉搭桥手术是心脏瓣膜置换术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。     

再次心脏瓣膜手术325例临床分析

目的总结再次心脏瓣膜手术患者的外科治疗经验,探讨其危险因素。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年12月第二军医大学长海医院共施行再次或多次心脏瓣膜手术325例的临床资料,其中男149例,女176例;年龄(47.1±11.8)岁。收集患者术前合并症、术前心功能状态、再次手术原因及手术方式、术后早期死亡及并发症发生情况等相关临床资料,并与同期首次心脏瓣膜手术患者相关临床资料进行对比;通过多因素logisitic回归分析导致再次心脏瓣膜手术围术期死亡的相关危险因素。结果全组患者再次手术的主要原因为二尖瓣闭式扩张术后失败及新发其他瓣膜病变;全组术后早期在院死亡28例,总病死率为8.6%(28/325),主要死亡原因为低心排血量综合征(LCOS)和急性肾功能衰竭;与首次心脏瓣膜手术相比,再次心脏瓣膜手术患者术前合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、心功能分级(NHYA)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级及心房颤动者较多,体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间较长,术后发生LCOS、急性肾功能衰竭、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)等并发症也较多。多因素logistic分析结果显示:术前危重状态(OR=2.82,P=0.002)、体外循环时间>120 min(OR=1.13,P=0.008)、同期行CABG(OR=1.64,P=0.005)、术后发生LCOS(OR=4.52,P<0.001)、ARDS(OR=3.11,P<0.001)、急性肾功能衰竭(OR=4.13,P<0.001)为再次心脏瓣膜手术围术期死亡的相关独立危险因素。结论再次心脏瓣膜手术是难度较大、风险较高的一类手术,但只要术前充分了解瓣膜病变情况、准确把握手术时机及加强围术期监护,仍可降低手术死亡率和并发症发生率。     

老年患者胃肠道肿瘤术后急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的 分析老年患者胃肠道肿瘤术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的危险因素。
方法 回顾性收集2018年9月至2021年12月行胃肠道肿瘤手术的老年患者343例，男251例，女92例，年龄65～85岁，ASA Ⅰ—Ⅲ级。根据术后是否发生AKI分为两组：AKI组（n=63）和非AKI组（n=280）。查阅电子病历系统收集年龄、心功能分级、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、低蛋白血症、术前1周贫血程度，手术类型、术前肌酐、肾小球滤过率、尿酸和尿素氮水平、术中和术后转归等情况。单因素分析后将P<0.1的变量纳入二元逻辑回归进行多因素分析，筛选AKI的独立预测因素并建立风险预测模型，通过Medcalr软件绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线。
结果 有63例（18.4%）患者发生术后AKI。单因素分析结果显示，与非AKI组比较，AKI组年龄明显增大，心功能分级明显升高，术前高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、低蛋白血症、轻中度贫血比例明显升高（P<0.1）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，术前高血压（OR=2.119，95%CI 1.181～3.800，P=0.012）、冠心病（OR=2.931，95%CI 1.024～8.386，P=0.045）、低蛋白血症（OR=2.640，95%CI 1.107～6.295，P=0.029）、轻度贫血（OR=3.890，95%CI 1.922～7.875，P<0.001）、中度贫血（OR=3.089，95%CI 1.437～6.637，P=0.004）为术后AKI的独立危险因素，最后根据各独立预测因素建立术后AKI的风险预测模型ROC曲线下面积为0.740（95%CI 0.690～0.785，P<0.001），敏感性为79.4%，特异性为56.1%。
结论 术前存在高血压、冠心病、低蛋白血症、轻中度贫血为胃肠道肿瘤手术老年患者术后AKI的独立危险因素。     

新生儿开胸心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤的危险因素

目的 分析新生儿开胸心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤（AKI）的危险因素。
方法 本研究为回顾性病例-对照研究。收集2017年3月至2018年6月在本院行开胸心脏手术的新生儿112例,男78例,女34例,手术日龄1～28 d,出生体重1.70～4.13 kg,手术日体重1.85～4.30 kg,ASA Ⅲ—Ⅴ级。本研究采用单因素分析和二元逐步Logistic回归分析术后AKI的危险因素。
结果 术后有42例（37.5%）患儿发生AKI。与非AKI患儿比较,术后合并AKI的患儿术后机械通气时间以及住院时间明显延长（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：出生胎龄、术前乳酸浓度、术前NICU住院时间、更高的STAT手术难度分级、深低温停循环、术中最低温度、术后延迟关胸、术后非计划再次手术与AKI发生有关（P<0.05）。二元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,STAT手术难度4～5级（OR=5.805,95% CI 1.985～16.981,P=0.001）和深低温停循环（OR=4.475,95%CI 1.249～16.029,P=0.021）是新生儿开胸心脏术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。
结论 STAT手术难度4～5级和深低温停循环是开胸心脏手术患儿术后AKI的独立危险因素。     

活体肝移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素分析及其与预后的关系

目的 观察活体肝移植术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发生情况及预后,探讨活体肝移植术后发生AKI的危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析首次行活体肝移植手术的成人患者术前、术中及术后临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络（AKIN）标准诊断AKI。应用Logistic回归分析活体肝移植患者术后AKI发生的危险因素。应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析患者术后1年的预后,观察AKI对患者预后的影响。 结果 同期220例肝移植患者中,94例为活体肝移植,术后56例出现AKI,发生率为59.6％,其中AKI 1期占31.9%,AKI 2期占12.8%,AKI 3期占14.9%;另其中2例接受肾替代治疗（2/56,3.6％）。AKI患者的1年存活率显著低于非AKI患者（65.0%比96.7%,P < 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前APACHE II评分（优势比OR=5.126）、术中胶体用量（OR=1.650）、无肝期平均动脉压差值（△MAP）（OR=5.564）是活体肝移植术后发生1期AKI的独立危险因素;术前凝血酶原国际标准化比值（INR）水平（OR=4.940）、术前蛋白尿（OR=3.385）和术中输RBC量（OR=1.752）是活体肝移植术后发生2~3期AKI的独立危险因素。 结论 活体肝移植患者术后AKI发生率高,AKI患者预后较差。关注AKI发生的危险因素可能有助于预防活体肝移植术后AKI的发生,改善患者预后。     

心脏瓣膜手术术后心律失常的危险因素与短期预后分析

目的了解心脏瓣膜手术术后心律失常的发生情况,探讨其发生的危险因素及短期预后。方法回顾2015年7月至2016年11月在本院择期行心脏瓣膜手术的患者206例,男100例,女106例,年龄18～70岁,BMI 15～32 kg/m~2,NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ—Ⅳ级,ASAⅡ—Ⅳ级。根据患者手术后是否发生心律失常分为两组:心律失常组和非心律失常组。分析比较两组患者术前、术中及术后的临床资料,评估术后心律失常的发生情况及预后情况,采用多元Logistic回归分析术后发生心律失常的相关危险因素。结果心脏瓣膜手术术后共有124例(60.2%)患者发生心律失常,其中房颤发生率(48.5%)最高。与非心律失常组比较,心律失常组术后血管活性药物使用时间、ICU停留时间及住院时间明显延长,术后心衰发生率明显增高(P0.05)。术后发生心律失常的独立危险因素有术前心律失常(OR=9.62,95%CI 4.79～19.30)、术后疼痛(OR=3.90,95%CI 1.85～8.22)及术后低氧血症(OR=2.55,95%CI 1.04～6.22)。结论术前重视心律失常的控制,术后予以足够的镇痛,及时纠正低氧血症,可以减少术后心律失常的发生,缩短患者ICU停留时间及住院时间,减少其他并发症,从而改善患者预后。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG）后发生急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年2月我院156例择期OPCABG的临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络小组（acute kidney injury network,AKIN）的AKI诊断标准,将患者分成2组：AKI组（n=54）及非AKI组（n=102）,对2组患者术前、术中及术后可能与发生AKI有关的变量进行单因素分析,有差异的变量进行logistic回归分析,筛选出OPCABG后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 OPCABG术后AKI发生率为34.6%（54/156）,其中2例行透析治疗,后均因急性心功能衰竭死亡。单因素分析显示：年龄〉70岁、高血压病史、糖尿病史、糖化血清蛋白值、术前BNP、术后BNP、术前血肌酐、术前LVEF（左室射血分数）〈40%、室间隔厚度、术中输注悬浮红细胞及血浆量、ICU停留时间、机械通气时间、术后住院时间差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。logistics回归分析显示：年龄〉70岁（OR=4.988,95%CI：1.098~22.649,P=0.043）,高血压病史（OR=3.323,95%CI：2.718~8.582,P=0.026）,糖尿病史（OR=2.004,95%CI：1.277~3.145,P=0.019）,糖化血清蛋白（OR=1.716,95%CI：0.646~4.710,P=0.016）,术前血肌酐（OR=7.149,95%CI：6.969~7.334,P=0.023）,术前LVEF〈40%（OR=12.138,95%CI：7.448~19.846,P=0.008）,术中输注悬浮红细胞（OR=1.891,95%CI：1.283~2.787,P=0.007）,术中输注血浆量（OR=1.491,95%CI：1.374~1.652,P=0.039）,机械通气时间（OR=2.665,95%CI：2.608~2.723,P=0.008）为OPCABG术后发生AKI的危险因素。结论 AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素有关,应充分重视这些危险因素的评估。     

体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后肾损害的危险因素分析

目的 探讨非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump CABG)或体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump CABG)患者术后肾损害的危险因素,旨在为术后提供较好的肾保护措施.方法 对自1990年1月至2006年8月收治的849例单纯行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.采用单因素和logistic多因素分析术后急性肾损害(AKI)的风险因素.结果 off-pump CABG患者中发生AKI 61例(11.8%,61/518),on-pump CABG患者中发生AKI 63例(19.0%,63/331).行off-pump CABG患者的血清肌酐(Scr)峰值时间为术后12h,on-pump CABG患者为术后24h;off-pump CABG术后有AKI患者Scr快速恢复期为24～48h, on-pump CABG术后有AKI患者为48～72h.logistic回归多因素分析结果显示:大体重指数(OR=1.190,1.179)、急诊手术(OR=2.737,3.678)、合并糖尿病(OR=1.705,2.042)、外周血管疾病(OR=2.002,2.559)、射血分数≤30%(OR=2.267,4.606)和心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级(OR=1.861,1.957)为off-pump CABG和on-pump CABG患者术后发生AKI的独立风险因素;脉压差≥60mmHg、冠状动脉3支病变为off-pump CABG患者术后发生AKI的独立风险因素;而术中和术后使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)对行on-pump CABG患者术后肾功能具有保护作用(OR=0.146),可减少AKI发生的可能.结论 对AKI预防和治疗的关键期为麻醉至off-pump CABG术后48h和on-pump CABG术后72h.AKI是病情发展的重要阶段,肾功能检测阳性结果提示可能有肾损害存在,并通过有效的措施和治疗方法阻止肾功能进一步恶化,使肾功能逆转.     

Anemia-associated acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the incidence and to evaluate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at general hospitals. Methods A retrospective cohort database study was conducted, involving 233 patients who were scheduled to heart valve surgery or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with CPB technique. Logistic regression was used to screen out the risk factors of AKI after the surgery. Results The study population, with an average age of 57±12 years (age 21 to 83) were investigated, there were 54(23.2%) diabetes patients, 105 (45.1%) hypertension patients, 21 (9%) chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and 51 (21.9%) anemia patients. Overall incidence of AKI was 32.2%. The Analysis Result indicates that preoperative CKD, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, left ventricular ejection fraction, intraoperative aortic block time, minimum mean arterial pressure, perioperative infection, and application of vancomycin are risk factors associated with postoperative AKI. Multiariable Logistic regression suggests that basic CKD (OR=9.498, P=0.001), anemia (OR=3.150, P=0.021), the LVEF before surgery (OR=1.733, P=0.045), intraoperative aortic block time (OR=2.227, P=0.026), and white blood cell (OR=3.357, P=0.032) were the independent risk factors of AKI. Conclusions AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery with CPB. The patients with preoperative renal insufficiency, anemia, long intraoperative aortic block time and higher perioperative white blood cell count are subjected to a higher incidence of AKI. Alleviating patients’ anemia and reducing artery block of extracorporeal circulation time therefore might be potential means to mitigate the risks of AKI after cardiac surgery.     

The effects of acute kidney injury in a multicenter cohort of high-risk surgical patients

Background and objectivesPatients who develop post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI) have a poor prognosis, especially when undergoing high-risk surgery. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with AKI acquired after non-cardiac surgery and the possible risk factors for this complication.MethodsA multicenter, prospective cohort study with patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) after non-cardiac surgery was conducted to assess whether they developed AKI. The patients who developed AKI were then compared to non-AKI patients.ResultsA total of 29 ICUs participated, of which 904 high-risk surgical patients were involved in the study. The occurrence of AKI in the post-operative period was 15.8%, and the mortality rate of post-operative AKI patients at 28 days was 27.6%. AKI was strongly associated with 28-day mortality (OR = 2.91; 95% CI 1.51–5.62; p = 0.001), and a higher length of ICU and hospital stay (p < 0.001). Independent factors for the risk of developing AKI were pre-operative anemia (OR = 7.01; 95% CI 1.69–29.07), elective surgery (OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.21–0.97), SAPS 3 (OR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.06), post-operative vasopressor use (OR = 2.47; 95% CI 1.34–4.55), post-operative infection (OR = 8.82; 95% CI 2.43–32.05) and the need for reoperation (OR= 7.15; 95% CI 2.58–19.79).ConclusionAKI was associated with the risk of death in surgical patients and those with anemia before surgery, who had a higher SAPS 3, needed a post-operative vasopressor, or had a post-operative infection or needed reoperation were more likely to develop AKI post-operatively.     

Impact of mild acute kidney injury (AKI) on outcome after open repair of aortic aneurysms

Recently, mild AKI has been considered as a risk factor for mortality in different scenarios. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the risk factors for two distinct definitions of AKI after elective repair of aortic aneurysms. Logistic regression was carried out to identify independent risk factors for AKI (defined as $25% or $50% increase in baseline SCr within 48 h after surgery, AKI 25% and AKI 50%, respectively) and for mortality. Of 77 patients studied (mean age 68 +/- 10, 83% male), 57% developed AKI 25% and 33.7% AKI 50%. There were no differences between AKI and control groups regarding comorbidities and diameter of aneurysms. However, AKI patients needed a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping more frequently and were more severely ill. Overall in-hospital mortality was 27.3%, which was markedly higher in those requiring a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping. The risk factors for AKI 25% were supra-renal aortic cross-clamping (odds ratio 5.51, 95% CI 1.05-36.12, p = 0.04) and duration of operation for AKI 25% (OR 6.67, 95% CI 2.23-19.9, p < 0.001). For AKI 50%, in addition to those factors, post-operative use of vasoactive drugs remained as an independent factor (OR 6.13, 95% CI 1.64-22.8, p = 0.005). The risk factors associated with mortality were need of supra-renal aortic cross-clamping (OR 9.6, 95% CI 1.37-67.88, p = 0.02), development of AKI 50% (OR 8.84, 95% CI 1.31-59.39, p = 0.02), baseline GFR lower than 49 mL/min (OR 17.07, 95% CI 2.00-145.23, p = 0.009), and serum glucose > 118 mg/dL in the post-operative period (OR 19.99, 95% CI 2.32-172.28, p = 0.006). An increase of at least 50% in baseline SCr is a common event after surgical repair of aortic aneurysms, particularly when a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping is needed. Along with baseline moderate chronic renal failure, AKI is an independent factor contributing to the high mortality found in this scenario.     

Independent association of preoperative hyperuricemia with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the impact of preoperative hyperuricemia on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods A total of 567 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled to conduct a retrospective cohort database analysis. The patients were divided into hyperuricemia group and non-hyperuricemia group according to preoperative serum uric acid, and the incidence of AKI in two groups were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between preoperative hyperuricemia and AKI. Results Among 567 patients after cardiac surgery with CPB, hyperuricemia occurred in 303 cases (53.4%), and AKI occurred in 217 cases (38.3%). There was significant difference in the incidence of AKI between hyperuricemia group and non-hyperuricemia group (44.6% vs 31.1%, χ2=10.874, P=0.001). The duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and the length of stay were longer in hyperuricemia group than those in non-hyperuricemia group (both P＜0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease), preoperative renal function, preoperative heart function, CPB time, intraoperative aortic block time, type of cardiac surgery and postoperative hypotension, binary logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative hyperuricemia was an independent risk factor of AKI after cardiac surgery with CPB (OR=1.912, 95%CI 1.270-2.879, P=0.002). Conclusion AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery with CPB, and hyperuricemia is independently associated with CPB-associated AKI. Hyperuricemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of AKI, and intervention before cardiac surgery may be beneficial to prevent postoperative AKI.     

Impact of Mild Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) on Outcome after Open Repair of Aortic Aneurysms

Recently, mild AKI has been considered as a risk factor for mortality in different scenarios. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the risk factors for two distinct definitions of AKI after elective repair of aortic aneurysms. Logistic regression was carried out to identify independent risk factors for AKI (defined as $25% or $50% increase in baseline SCr within 48 h after surgery, AKI 25% and AKI 50%, respectively) and for mortality. Of 77 patients studied (mean age 68 ± 10, 83% male), 57% developed AKI 25% and 33.7% AKI 50%. There were no differences between AKI and control groups regarding comorbidities and diameter of aneurysms. However, AKI patients needed a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping more frequently and were more severely ill. Overall in-hospital mortality was 27.3%, which was markedly higher in those requiring a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping. The risk factors for AKI 25% were supra-renal aortic cross-clamping (odds ratio 5.51, 95% CI 1.05–36.12, p?=?0.04) and duration of operation for AKI 25% (OR 6.67, 95% CI 2.23–19.9, p < 0.001). For AKI 50%, in addition to those factors, post-operative use of vasoactive drugs remained as an independent factor (OR 6.13, 95% CI 1.64–22.8, p?=?0.005). The risk factors associated with mortality were need of supra-renal aortic cross-clamping (OR 9.6, 95% CI 1.37–67.88, p?=?0.02), development of AKI 50% (OR 8.84, 95% CI 1.31–59.39, p?=?0.02), baseline GFR lower than 49 mL/min (OR 17.07, 95% CI 2.00–145.23, p?=?0.009), and serum glucose > 118 mg/dL in the post-operative period (OR 19.99, 95% CI 2.32–172.28, p?=?0.006). An increase of at least 50% in baseline SCr is a common event after surgical repair of aortic aneurysms, particularly when a supra-renal aortic cross-clamping is needed. Along with baseline moderate chronic renal failure, AKI is an independent factor contributing to the high mortality found in this scenario.     

Postoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative hypoalbuminemia on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods The clinical data of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB were retrospectively analyzed. The difference between preoperative and postoperative serum albumin level was compared. The patients were divided into hypoalbuminemia group (≤35 g/L) and non-hypoalbuminemia group (＞35 g/L) according to the lowest serum albumin concentration within 48 hours after surgery. The incidence and severity of postoperative AKI were compared between the two groups. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect of postoperative hypoalbuminemia on the incidence of postoperative AKI. Results Among the 749 patients, the serum albumin level after cardiac surgery was significantly lower than that before surgery (Z=-15.739, P＜0.001), and the proportion of patients with hypoalbuminemia increased from 9.6% to 27.6%( χ2=83.516, P＜0.001). Postoperative AKI occurred in 273 patients, including 109 cases (52.7%) in hypoalbuminemia group and 164 cases (30.3%) in non-hypoalbuminemia group. The incidence of AKI in hypoalbuminemia group was significantly higher than that in non-hypoalbuminemia group ( χ2=32.443, P＜0.001), and the severity of AKI in hypoalbuminemia group increased than that in non-hypoalbuminemia group (Z=-2.098, P=0.036), and the time of hospital stay extended (Z=-2.442, P=0.015). After adjusted by gender, age, preoperative hypoalbuminemia, comorbidities (hypertension, hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease), renal insufficiency, preoperative heart function, coronary angiography, CPB time, aorta blocking time, type of heart surgery and postoperative hypotension, binary logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative hypoalbuminemia was an independent risk factor for CPB-associated AKI (OR=2.319, 95%CI 1.586-3.392, P＜0.001). Conclusions AKI is a common complication following cardiac surgery under CPB. Serum albumin after CBP is significantly lower than that before CBP, and postoperative hypoalbuminemia within 48 hours after surgery is an independent risk factor for AKI.     

Clinical analysis of 1 371 patients with acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods A total of 1 371 adult patients diagnosed AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. AKI was defined according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria. Based on the occurrence of AKI, the patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group. According to the AKI timing, the patients were divided into subgroups including conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography(CAG) groups and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Of the 1 371 patients,410(29.9%) developed AKI. Compared to the non-AKI group, in-hospital mortality increased significantly in the AKI group (17.1% vs 3.9%, χ2=68.0, P＜0.001). Multifactor retrospective analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.049, 95%CI: 1.246-3.370), increased fasting plasma glucose(FPG) (OR=1.070, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.220-2.856) and Killip class 4 status (OR=1.362, 95%CI: 1.059-3.170) were all independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor (OR=0.986, 95%CI: 0.974-0.998) for the conservative management group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.371, 95%CI: 1.500-3.747), increased FPG(OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.005-1.012), diuretics (OR=1.674, 95%CI: 1.042-2.690), intraoperative hypotension (OR=2.276, 95%CI: 1.324-3.575) and acute infection (OR=1.678, 95%CI: 1.023-2.754) were independent risk factors of AKI for the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.246, 95%CI:1.340-3.981), increased FPG (OR=1.059, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.723, 95%CI: 1.122-2.650), and low cardiac output syndrome after operation (OR=2.331, 95%CI: 1.277-3.286) were independent risk factors of AKI for CABG group. Conclusions AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.