Accessory hepatic duct associated with a choledochal cyst

This case report describes an accessory hepatic duct (AHD) identified by intraoperative cholangiography during excisional surgery of a choledochal cyst (CC). The accessory duct was divided and reconstructed successfully to the Roux-en-Y jejunal loop. The postoperative course was uneventful, and follow-up abdominal sonography revealed neither evidence of biliary tract obstruction nor atrophic changes of the liver. It is advocated that an AHD should be meticulously reconstructed if it is divided during excisional surgery of a CC.     

经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿肝门部狭窄肝管扩大成形术

目的 经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux—Y吻合术在国内外已经开始应用，但是肝门部肝管狭窄一直被视为腹腔镜手术的禁忌，本次报道是对腹腔镜下行肝门部狭窄肝管扩大成形术可行性进行探讨。方法 从2001年7月至2003年1月，我院共经腹腔镜行胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux—Y吻合术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿患儿35例，其中8例合并肝门部肝管狭窄，患儿年龄9个月至3．5岁(平均23岁)。肝总管近端狭窄7例，均合并左右肝管扩张；右肝管开口狭窄1例，合并右肝管扩张。手术中在腹腔镜监视下，从狭窄部的正中劈开狭窄环的前壁至扩张部，解除梗阻；然后将5mm直径的腹腔镜头导入肝内胆管，检查肝内胆管情况，明确有无肝内胆管狭窄及异物，指导冲洗胆道。最后用5—0可吸收缝线将空肠与扩大的肝管相吻合。结果 8例患儿均在腹腔镜监视下顺利完成肝门部狭窄肝管扩大成形肝管空肠Roux—Y吻合术，无须中转开腹手术者。狭窄部均为膜状，直径0．2～0．3cm，劈开狭窄环即见扩张的肝管。腹腔镜头导入肝内胆管发现球状蛋白栓1例，颗粒状蛋白栓2例，冲洗清除。整个手术花费时间3.8～5．6h，平均4．3h；出血量极少(约5～10m1)，无须输血者；术后无切口感染，胆漏和肠梗阻发生，均3d拔除腹腔引流管。术后住院时间4～6d。目前本组患儿随访3个月至18个月，无胆管炎和结石发生者，肝功能检查指标均在正常范围内。结论 本研究结果显示腹腔镜下行肝门部狭窄肝管扩大成形肝管空肠Roux—Y吻合术是安全可靠的途径，扩大了该技术应用于根治先天性胆总管囊肿手术的适应证。特别是术中腹腔镜替代胆道镜探查肝内胆管方便易行，可有效地术中同时处理肝内胆管并存的病变。     

先天性胆总管囊肿胰管发育与十二指肠乳头异位的关系

目的十二指肠乳头的开口代表胚胎发育时期肝憩室的发生部位,而胰腺、胆总管和肝脏均起源于肝憩室。前续研究显示先天性胆总管囊肿、胰胆合流异常和十二指肠乳头异位密切相关。本文探讨胰管发育异常和十二指肠乳头异位之间的关系。方法先天性胆总管囊肿患儿118例,胰胆管造影了解其胰胆合流异常、十二指肠乳头异位及胰管发育异常情况,以11例年龄相仿球形红细胞增多症合并胆结石患儿的胆道造影结果为对照组。结果对照组中,11例患儿的十二指肠乳头均位于十二指肠降部。118例先天性胆总管囊肿患儿中,十二指肠乳头开口于降部38例,占32.2%,其余80例患儿,十二指肠乳头开口于降部以远,占67.8%。对于乳头开口于十二指肠降部以远的患儿,合并胰管发育异常者明显高于乳头开口位置正常者(十二指肠降部)(P<0.01)。乳头开口位置正常的先天性胆总管囊肿患儿,合并胰管发育异常仅占23.7%;乳头开口于十二指肠降部以远的患儿合并胰管发育异常仅占49.5%。乳头开口位置正常和开口于十二指肠降部以远的先天性胆总管囊肿患儿,合并胰管扩张的发生率分别为7.9%和28.7%,P<0.05。结论本研究结果表明胰管发育异常是先天性胆总管囊肿的重要病理改变,提示胚胎发育早期肝憩室的发育异常,可能是引起胆道扩张、胰管发育异常和乳头异位的原因。     

Children presenting with hydatid cysts in common bile duct and choledochal cyst

Hydatid cysts developing primarily in the common bile duct are extremely rare. Occasionally, hydatid cysts rupture into the extrahepatic biliary ducts and cause obstruction [1–7]. Two children with intact hydatid cysts in the common bile duct and choledochal cysts were seen during a 2-year period in the Paediatric Surgery Division of the Children's Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The details of their presentation and operative management are reported.     

达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗儿童胆总管囊肿

目的总结达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗胆总管囊肿患儿的临床经验。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院小儿外科自2015年12月至2020年1月运用达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术治疗的15例胆总管囊肿患儿。其中,男3例,女12例;患儿年龄为(62.40±34.64)个月,体重为(19.67±11.84)kg;Ⅰ型10例,Ⅳa型5例。患儿就诊的主要症状是腹痛和呕吐,术前行B型超声、CT或者磁共振胰胆管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)检查,发现胰胆管合流异常7例,诊断明确后采用达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗。结果1例因肝右动脉解剖变异中转开放手术,其余14例均顺利完成达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术,手术时间为(341.40±65.54)min,范围为240~460 min;机器人操作时间为(170.71±41.97)min,范围为95~243 min;胆肠吻合时间为(40.18±15.39)min,范围为25~67 min;胆肠吻合口直径为(14.57±9.94)mm,范围为4~35 mm。2例患儿术中输血;2例术中发现右副肝管,予行达芬奇机器人辅助下肝总管副肝管侧侧吻合术后再行肝管空肠吻合术。所有患儿随访至今,无近期或远期并发症出现。结论达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治术可顺利完成对直径较细肝总管和合并副肝管患儿的胆肠吻合,是一种安全有效的方法。     

Intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy for intrahepatic bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision

An 18-year-old girl who had undergone excision of a choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy at another hospital when 23 months old was referred to our department because of recurrent cholangitis. Radiological investigations showed stones lying in minimally dilated, right posterior intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD). At laparotomy, the hepatico-jejunostomy site was incised, and a flexible endoscope inserted into the IHBD. Multiple stones packed in the IHBD were easily fragmented using an electro-hydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) device inserted through the endoscope, and removed. There were no EHL-related complications, and her postoperative progress was uneventful. She is currently well with no episodes of cholangitis after a follow-up period of 3 years. EHL is a simple, effective alternative method for removing IHBD stones after choledochal cyst excision. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of EHL being used to remove stones that developed in the IHBD after choledochal cyst excision.     

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the common bile duct imitating choledochal cyst

A child with rhabdomyosarcoma of the choledochus is described. Because the clinical and radiological presentation was that of a choledochal cyst, cholecystectomy, resection of the choledochus, and hepaticoduodenostomy was performed. Unfortunately, the pathological examination was misdiagnosed and radio- and chemotherapy were administered only after a second operation 2 months later. Offprint requests to: J. A. Bar-Maor     

Spontaneous infantile choledochal cyst perforation

Spontaneous perforation is a rare complication of infantile choledochal cysts. A 23-weeks female with acute biliary peritonitis is described and differentiation from a spontaneous perforation of the extrahepatic bile duct highlighted.     

Piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision

We report a case of bile duct stones in which piezoelectric extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) was highly effective for the clearance of stones. A 16-year-old girl, who had undergone excision of a choledochal cyst when she was 3 years old, presented a spiking fever and colic abdominal pain. Radiological investigations showed two large stones incarcerating to the proximal end of hepatico-jejunostomy anastomosis. Massive debris was also present in intrahepatic bile duct proximal to the anastomosis. She underwent piezoelectric ESWL with an EDAP LT02 lithotripter. An average of 40 min ESWL session was repeated at intervals of 2 or 3 days. Neither anesthetic nor sedative treatment was required. By the end of the sixth session, the stones incarcerated were fragmented and the debris in the intrahepatic bile duct was completely eliminated. We conclude that piezoelectric ESWL is a less invasive, effective and repeatable method, therefore, it could be a treatment of choice for bile duct stone formation after choledochal cyst excision.     

囊肿型先天性胆总管扩张术中不结扎远端残端的探讨

目的 胆总管囊肿切除术中,远端胆总管残端需要游离和结扎,但游离和结扎存胰管有损伤的风险,甚至导致胰漏的发生.本研究旨在探讨囊肿型胆总管囊肿切除术中不结扎远端残端的可行性,从而减少术中胰腺实质损伤的风险.方法 将我院2001年10月至2010年10月实施胆总管囊肿切除术和Roux-en-Y肝管空肠吻合术的270例患儿,根据胆总管囊肿不同的影像学和形态学特点分成两组:①不结扎组(n=207),即远端残端狭窄,选择不结扎远端残端术式;②结扎组(n=63),即远端残端无狭窄,选择结扎远端残端术式.对比分析两组术后胰漏发生率.结果 不结扎组和结扎组分别随访36个月和33个月,两组均未发现胰漏.结论 在远端胆总管狭窄类型(囊肿型)的胆总管囊肿切除术中不结扎远端残端是可行的,减少了胰管受损的可能,对避免胰漏发生起到了一定的作用,同时简化了手术步骤,值得在临床中推广应用.     

Ductoplasty for an aberrant hepatic duct in a choledochal cyst

The confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts at the hepatic hilum frequently shows normal anatomic variations. Choledochal cysts (CC) are also accompanied by similar variations, and devices for free drainage of bile are occasionally required in biliary reconstruction. We present a CC that had an aberrant posterior branch of the right hepatic duct draining into the distal common hepatic duct. A capacious hepaticoduodenostomy at the hilum was performed after joining the hilar and aberrant ducts.     

Wide hilar hepatico-jejunostomy: the optimum method of reconstruction after choledochal cyst excision

Standard reconstruction after choledochal cyst excision is by Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to the common hepatic duct. Long-term follow up studies have shown a 10% incidence of late complications, including anastomotic stricture. By extending the bilio-enteric anastomosis along the left hepatic duct, a wide hilar bilio-enteric anastomosis is created which may help to minimize late anastomotic complications. Forty-one consecutive patients (24 girls, 18 infants) with a median age of 2.3 years (range 44 days to 15.6 years) and median weight 11.5 kg (range 2.1–59 kg) underwent radical choledochal cyst excision with a wide hilar hepticojejunostomy. Thirty-eight were followed-up both clinically and by ultrasound scan and biochemical liver function tests for a median of 2.7 years (range 0.1–12.5 years). The median width of the hilar hepaticojejunostomy was 8 mm (range 6–25 mm) in 18 infants, and 15 mm (range 10–25 mm) in 22 older children. In one patient it was not measured. Only one surgical complication occurred—a self-limiting bile leak which settled spontaneously. Median postoperative stay was 6 days (range 5–21 days). No patient has had an episode of cholangitis or adhesive small bowel obstruction to date. Postoperative biochemical liver function tests have remained normal in all but one child (with pre-existing biliary cirrhosis). After radical resection of a choledochal cyst, a wide hilar hepaticojejunostomy is a, safe, effective and durable reconstructive technique that can be performed at any age and may help to minimize the long-term risk of complications.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术总结

目的 本研究对腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术6年经验进行总结,探讨该技术的近期和远期疗效.方法 从2001年4月至2007年3月,本课题组采用腹腔镜技术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿患儿102例,平均年龄3.2岁.其中13～28d9例,29d～6个月23例,7个月～3岁28例,4～18岁42例.采用四trocars技术完成胆道造影、胆囊和胆总管囊肿壁全层切除;同时利用腹腔镜头对扩张的肝内胆管进行探查;从脐部切口提出空肠,直视下行Roux-en-Y空肠吻合,然后还纳肠管;经结肠后上提空肠的肝支,镜下将肝管与空肠连续吻合.结果 102例全部在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开放手术者,平均手术时间224min(155～456min),手术中出血5～10ml,无手术中需要输血者.21例患儿合并肝门部肝管狭窄,行肝管扩大成形术;其中1例患儿手术后并发胆漏,持续腹腔引流26d,自然愈合.2例患儿分别于手术后第二天至第五天和第七天并发消化道出血.1例5岁女孩手术后7.5h突发心跳骤停,高血钾(K+10.85mmol/L),死亡.其他98例患儿手术后恢复顺利,手术后3～6d出院.1例患儿于手术后6个月发生空肠肝支梗阻坏死,行坏死肠管切除,二次肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合手术.患儿手术后经3～72个月的随访肝功能正常,无结石和胰腺炎发生.结论 腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合手术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿可靠的手段,镜下放大的手术视野有利于精确的手术操作,近期和远期疗效良好.手术后早期有必要密切观察血钾的变化.     

Excision of a choledochal cyst and simultaneous hepatic lateral segmentectomy

We treated a 4-year-old girl with a choledochal cyst (CC) with bilateral intrahepatic involvement. A severe stricture between the enormously dilated left intrahepatic bile duct and the dilated common hepatic duct was found; this necessitated prophylactic hepatic lateral segmentectomy together with excision of the CC to avoid possible stone formation in the cystically dilated left intrahepatic duct. The choice of the combined procedures was based upon long-term results of other patients in our experience. This is the first such procedure to be reported.     

胆总管囊肿形态与囊内压力及胆总管远端病变关系探讨

目的　了解胆总管囊肿的扩张形态与囊内压力及胆总管远端病变的关系。方法　先天性胆总管囊肿患儿 32例 ,年龄 3个月～ 13岁 ,平均 5 .6岁。术中行胆总管穿刺测囊内静息压力和灌注压力 (灌流速度 0 .5ml/min) ,同时行胆道造影和囊内胆汁胰淀粉酶浓度测定。结果　本组患儿囊状扩张型 19例 ,直径平均为 (8.1± 4.6 )cm ,梭形扩张型 13例 ,平均直径 (2 .8± 0 .5 )cm。囊状扩张型静息压力 (2 9.3± 12 .6 )mmHg(14～ 47mmHg) ,梭状扩张型 (9.5± 7.2 )mmHg ,前者较后者明显增高 ,P <0 .0 0 1。囊肿型灌流压力 (6 5 .6± 2 7.9)mmHg ,梭型 (4 2 .7± 18.4)mmHg ,有显著性差异 ,P <0 .0 5。从胆总管远端狭窄的直径上看 ,囊状扩张型较梭状扩张型明显减少 ,前者为 (0 .2± 0 .1)cm ,后者为 (0 .4± 0 .2 )cm ,P <0 .0 1;另外囊状扩张型胰胆合流共同管的长度较梭形扩张型长 ,P <0 .0 5。还有胆总管内胆汁中胰淀粉酶的浓度囊状扩张型较梭形扩张型低 ,前者 (2 430 .1± 3 0 96 .3)U ,后者(79387.1± 5 40 0 3.1)U ,P <0 .0 0 1。结论　胆总管囊肿扩张的形态与囊内压力和胆总管远端的梗阻有直接关系 ,囊状扩张型较梭形扩张型囊内压力高 ,胆总管远端狭窄直径小 ,共同管长 ,而胆汁淀粉酶浓度低 ,应及早手术治疗 ,避免     

胆总管囊肿切除术中胰管损伤的防治

目的探讨胆总管囊肿切除术中胰管损伤的处理及预防。方法 分析手术处理５例胰管损伤的临床资料。结果 ５例胰管损伤中行胰管修补３例、胰管十二指肠吻合１例及副胰管结扎１例;术后４例效果满意,１例胰漏经保守引流治愈。结论 术中造影可清楚显示胆胰管连接系统,指导胆总管囊肿根治切除术离断 胆胰管连接部水平,避免损伤胰管。对胰管损伤者应行胰管修复或重建术。     

改良肝总管空肠Roux-Y型吻合术治疗小儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的 探讨小儿先天性胆总管囊肿的治疗方法。方法 本组２８例,男９例,女１９例,年龄１０ｄ￣１４岁,均采用改良的肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ型吻合术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿。结果 ２８例均痊愈出院。随访６个月￣８年,全组患儿未见出现腹痛、黄疸、发热。其中２０例患儿,经Ｂ超检查,未见胆管狭窄及扩张。Ｘ线钡餐检查,未见有钡剂反流入胆道。结论 改良肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ型吻合术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的较好方法。     

Colonic atresia secondary to a choledochal cyst

Colonic atresia and choledochal cyst are both uncommon congenital abnormalities. We report a case in which the two conditions coexisted and propose an aetiological link. Accepted: 10 April 1997     

Choledochal cyst associated with an accessory hepatic duct identified by intra-operative endoscopy: case report and literature review

We report a case of a choledochal cyst (CC) associated with accessory hepatic duct (AHD) and review the literature, focusing on biliary reconstruction. CC is only rarely associated with AHD. Intra-operative endoscopy is invaluable for confirming anatomical relations and highly recommended for routine use. Reconstructive surgery is feasible for AHD in CC cases.     

45例腹腔镜辅助胆总管囊肿根治术

目的本研究对腹腔镜先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术进行探讨。方法从2001年6月至2003年9月，共收治先天性胆总管囊肿患儿45例，年龄2个月到12岩。其中42例为囊肿型，平均囊肿直径3.8cm（2-18cm）；其余3例为梭形，直径分别为1．5、2．0和2．2cm。本组45例患儿均经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术。结果本组45例患儿手术全部成功，手术时间平均为4.3h（3．5～7．6h），术中出血量约5～10ml。本组8例患儿合并肝管狭窄，术中同时行腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除及肝管成形；6例患儿合并共同管内蛋白栓，术中通过腹腔镜导入肠道或插管冲洗清除。其中1例患儿于术后第1d发生胆漏，术后第26d时自愈；其余44例患儿术后恢复顺利，住院时间3～6d。术后随访3～30个月，无肠粘连梗阻和吻合口狭窄等术后并发症发生。结论经腹腔镜先天性胆总管囊肿切除，肝管空肠吻合术是一种安全可靠的方法，术中胆道造影全面了解胆道的结构，清晰的肝门暴露，准确的囊肿分离和熟练的缝合技术是手术成功的关键。