美国EPA吸入风险评估模型在荧光灯制造企业汞职业健康风险中的应用

目的评估荧光灯制造企业中汞的职业健康风险。方法采用美国EPA吸入风险评估模型对绍兴市上虞区2家荧光灯制造企业汞暴露岗位的职业健康风险进行评估。结果排气注汞岗位的职业病危害因素是汞,该岗位汞的时间加权平均浓度为0.010~0.015 mg/m~3,汞的危害系数(HQ)为9.0~13.7,为高风险水平;排气注汞岗位的汞浓度均未超过职业接触限值,工作场所职业病危害作业分级为0级。结论采用美国EPA吸入风险评估模型对荧光灯制造企业汞危害的职业健康风险控制有指导意义,但也存在高估的可能。     

龙岗区铬作业工人职业暴露情况调查

目的 通过开展铬职业暴露现状调查与铬职业暴露人群呼吸系统健康损害检查,有助于详细掌握辖区内铬职业暴露人群的铬暴露量、健康状况和职业危害现状,为开展铬职业暴露人群的健康效应评估、健康监护和基本职业卫生服务提供翔实的基础数据.方法 调查辖区全部五金电镀厂基本情况,对作业场所空气、作业工人血进行采样和检测,同时对铬作业工人进行职业健康检查.结果 作业场所空气铬时间加权平均浓度为0.012 mg/m3(浓度范围:0.01 ～0.24 mg/m3),低于国家容许卫生标准(0.15 mg/m3),未发现铬酸盐超标.对372名工人鼻部进行检查,发现鼻中隔黏膜糜烂2例、鼻中隔软骨部穿孔2例,总检出率为1.08％.工人工龄与血铬浓度两者间的相关分析结果无统计学意义(r=-0.04,P=0.445).作业场所空气铬浓度组间铬鼻部位征检出率之间的差异无统计学意义(x2 =2.18,P=0.140).结论 地方政府部门需要高度关注辖区五金电镀行业铬作业职业病危害的现状,积极采取综合整治措施,建立长效管理机制,控制铬职业病危害.     

基于ICMM风险评估技术的某电镀企业职业健康风险的定量定性评估研究

目的评估某电镀企业职业健康风险,并研究评估方法的适用性。方法采用ICMM风险评估技术中定性评估矩阵和定量评估模型对某电镀企业工人的职业健康风险进行评估;利用职业健康检查结果验证评估结果准确性;并从危害因素种类、暴露途径等角度分析方法适用性。结果镀铬岗位吸入铬酸盐的风险等级RR值为900和1 800,有极高的致铬鼻病和肺癌的健康风险;其他岗位吸入其他职业病危害因素无风险或低风险。结论 ICMM风险评估技术能评估出该电镀企业职业健康风险,但定量评估模型能高估实际为低风险岗位的职业健康风险,而定性评估矩阵能低估实际为高风险岗位的职业健康风险。针对电镀企业职业健康风险岗位应采取工艺改进、加强防护和职业卫生管理等措施降低职业健康风险。     

某医疗机构病理科甲醛和二甲苯职业健康风险评估

目的 调查某医疗机构病理科工作场所甲醛和二甲苯的危害状况,评估其职业健康风险等级,为采取风险控制对策提供依据。 方法 采用综合指数法对病理科取材室、技术室、诊断室岗位的医技人员接触甲醛和二甲苯的职业健康风险等级进行评估。 结果 病理科工作过程中在病理组织的固定、取材、制片、诊断等多个环节存在甲醛和二甲苯的危害。工作场所工程防护设施以通风柜和上吸式排风罩为主,应急救援设施主要为喷淋装置,职业病防护用品以医用口罩、隔离衣、医用手套为主,应急救援措施、职业卫生管理不规范。医技人员每班工作时间8 h,每周工作5~6 d,每班接触化学有害因素时间为1~4 h。评估甲醛和二甲苯的危害等级分别为4级和3级。甲醛检测12个岗位共计32个样本,检测接触浓度范围为0.02~1.14 mg/m³,超标率为25.00%;取材室、技术室、诊断室的检测接触浓度平均值分别为0.26、0.32、0.17 mg/m³;甲醛的接触等级分别是4、3、2;医技人员接触甲醛的风险指数分别为4、4、3,风险等级为高风险、高风险、中等风险。二甲苯检测8个岗位共计24个样本,检测接触浓度范围为3.30~36.43 mg/m³,无超标岗位;取材室、技术室、诊断室的检测接触浓度平均值分别为3.30、9.93、3.79 mg/m³;二甲苯的接触等级分别是2、4、2;医技人员接触二甲苯的风险指数分别为2、3、2,风险等级为低风险、中等风险、低风险。 结论 该医疗机构应重点采用工程控制和个体防护措施,定期开展危害因素检测,加强病理科医技人员职业卫生培训和职业健康监护,有效降低接触甲醛和二甲苯的职业健康风险。     

工业区居民铬暴露解析及影响因素分析

目的对工业区居民铬暴露情况进行解析并对其影响因素进行分析。方法于2017年采用美国环保署推荐模型评估工业区环境铬暴露健康风险;随机整群分层抽取常住居民135人进行问卷调查、尿铬和血铬含量检测;两组间差异分析采用Mann-Whitney U检验;多组间差异分析采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;相关性采用Spearman等级相关分析。结果工业区环境中铬的总非致癌风险(HI)为7.45×10~(-2),低于非致癌风险可接受水平1。铬的总致癌风险(Risk)T为1.24×10~(-2),超过致癌风险可接受水平10~(-4);其中,饮用水经皮肤摄入途径的致癌风险(Risk)占(Risk)T的59.61%。尿铬、血铬几何均数分别为0.22μg/L、0.49μg/L,尿铬、血铬水平,成人均显著高于儿童,吸烟者均显著高于非吸烟者(P0.05)。尿铬、血铬水平与不同暴露途径健康风险值均无相关性。结论工业区环境中的铬存在显著的致癌健康风险,应加强居民涉水活动的皮肤防护工作,年龄和吸烟对人体内铬负荷有影响。铬的内暴露水平与外暴露健康风险无显著相关。     

济南市医院病理科工作人员甲醛和二甲苯暴露健康风险评估

[目的]调查济南市综合医院病理科空气中甲醛和二甲苯的污染水平,评估其对工作人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险。[方法]收集2013—2016年济南市6家综合医院病理科空气中甲醛和二甲苯的职业卫生日常监测数据,利用美国环境保护署(EPA)吸入风险模型对病理科取材室、技术室、诊断室工作人员的甲醛、二甲苯职业暴露健康风险进行评估。[结果]共检测甲醛样本160个,取材室、技术室、诊断室的甲醛平均质量浓度分别为1.403、0.172、0.129mg/m~3。3个场所的甲醛暴露均存在非致癌风险和致癌风险,危害系数(HQ)均1,致癌风险(Risk)范围为1.07×10~(-4)~11.67×10~(-4),均超过美国EPA制定的限值(1×10~(-6));取材室甲醛暴露的致癌风险和非致癌风险最高。共检测二甲苯样本92个,取材室、技术室、诊断室的二甲苯平均质量浓度分别为0.259、9.546、0.331mg/m~3。技术室二甲苯暴露的非致癌风险最高(HQ=15.56),取材室和诊断室二甲苯暴露的非致癌风险较小,HQ均1。[结论]济南市综合医院病理科取材室、技术室、诊断室工作人员甲醛暴露均存在致癌风险和非致癌风险,技术室工作人员二甲苯暴露的非致癌风险最高。     

某轧辊电镀车间铬酸雾两种控制措施效果分析

通过调查检测某轧辊电镀车间工作场所两种控制措施状态下空气中铬酸雾浓度,评价接触水平和职业健康风险水平,为相关企业制定工程控制措施提供有益借鉴。结果显示,单纯局部排风措施时,铬酸雾时间加权平均浓度(TWA)为(0.019±0.003)mg/m~3,致癌的吸入超额个人风险(IR)0.000 2～0.000 3;电镀液中添加酸雾抑制剂配合局部排风的综合工程措施使得TWA浓度和致癌风险进一步降低。提示,相关企业应采取综合性工程控制措施,尽可能降低作业环境中铬酸雾(6价铬)浓度,有效保护作业人员健康。     

家具制造企业半定量风险评估方法优化及应用研究

目的采用半定量风险评估优化模型评估家具制造企业职业健康风险水平,探讨其适用性。方法通过增加噪声、高温等物理因素,职业卫生管理制度和工程控制措施等因素,从危害等级和暴露等级方面对新加坡职业暴露半定量风险评估模型进行改良,并应用优化模型对家具制造企业进行职业健康风险评估。结果家具制造企业主要职业危害因素包括木粉尘、噪声、甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯。木粉尘检测浓度为1.9~8.9 mg/m~3,合格率为50.0%;甲醛检测浓度为0.24~0.36 mg/m~3、苯检测浓度为0~0.6 mg/m~3、甲苯检测浓度为3.8~6.7 mg/m~3、二甲苯检测浓度为6.1~16.1 mg/m~3,合格率均为100.0%。噪声检测强度为80.8 d B(A),未超出其职业接触限值。甲醛、木粉尘、苯和噪声危害因素风险水平均为高风险,甲苯和二甲苯均为中等风险。新加坡模型(浓度法)评估的风险水平为低风险至高风险,新加坡模型(指数法)评估的风险水平为中等风险至极高风险,优化模型评估的风险水平为中等风险至高风险,介于两者之间。结论半定量优化模型适用于家具制造企业的职业健康风险评估,但在我国其他工业企业的适用性需进一步研究。     

选矿企业石棉粉尘的职业健康风险评估

目的分析石棉矿选矿企业石棉粉尘暴露状况,评估重点暴露岗位人群的职业健康风险水平,为职业健康风险管理提供依据。方法以青海省某大型石棉矿选矿企业为研究现场,开展职业卫生现场调查和重点岗位石棉浓度检测,依据半定量综合指数评估法和职业危害风险指数评估法分别对石棉粉尘暴露岗位职工进行职业健康风险评估,并对两种方法的评估结果进行比较。结果该企业选矿、精选和成品车间的重点暴露岗位空气样品检测结果均超过我国标准限值(0.8 mg/m3)水平,最高超过限值160余倍。两种评估法的评估结果分别是5级危害(高风险水平)和4级健康效应(极度危害水平)。结论半定量综合指数评估法和职业危害风险指数评估法对石棉粉尘重点暴露岗位的评估结果一致,该石棉矿选矿企业石棉粉尘重点暴露岗位的职业健康风险等级高,应采取相应的控制措施。     

半定量风险评估法在某汽车外饰企业喷涂车间职业健康风险评估中的应用

目的通过对某汽车外饰企业喷涂车间的职业病危害因素进行风险评估,确定重点保护岗位,为用人单位和监管部门进行职业健康管理提供依据。方法收集某汽车外饰企业喷涂车间职业病危害控制效果评价相关资料,采用半定量风险评估法,对该企业喷涂生产线进行危害识别、危害特征评估、接触评估、风险特征描述,并进行风险分级。结果汽车外饰企业喷涂生产线存在的职业病危害因素有苯(0.60~4.50 mg/m^3)、甲苯(0.91~4.00 mg/m^3)、二甲苯(3.30~84.60 mg/m^3)、乙苯(0.95~15.70 mg/m^3)、环己酮(0.08~0.50 mg/m^3)、正己烷(0.13~29.48 mg/m^3)、乙酸乙酯(0.27~170.00 mg/m^3)、丁醇(0.40~3.68 mg/m^3)、丁酮(1.00~18.10 mg/m^3)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(0.25~1.00 mg/m^3)、萘(0.08~0.30 mg/m^3)等,高风险岗位有调漆操作位苯暴露(综合风险指数R值≈4),中等风险岗位有调漆操作位二甲苯暴露(R值≈3)、上下件操作位苯和二甲苯暴露(R值≈3),其余岗位风险为低风险岗位或可忽略风险岗位(R值≈2或1)。结论汽车外饰企业喷涂生产线的重点保护和监管岗位为调漆操作位和上下件操作位,需根据职业病危害因素风险水平进行相应的职业健康监管。     

Hair chromium as an index of chromium exposure of tannery workers

The use of hair chromium (Cr) concentrations as an index of Cr exposure of tannery workers was investigated. As has been shown earlier, Cr from Cr III compounds used in the leather tanning industry is absorbed because concentrations of Cr in serum and urine of tannery workers are significantly increased compared with corresponding concentrations for unexposed controls. Hair samples were collected from 71 male tannery workers from four southern Ontario tanneries and from 53 male controls not exposed to Cr in the workplace. Subjects were matched for age, race, and socioeconomic status. Hair samples were washed, ashed in a low temperature asher, and analysed by flameless atomic absorption. The median hair Cr concentrations for the tannery workers (551 ng/g) was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) than for the controls (123 ng/g). For the tannery workers, hair Cr concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with serum Cr (r = 0.52, p less than 0.01) and with the preshift and postshift urinary Cr/creatinine ratios (r = 0.43, p less than 0.01; r = 0.64, p less than 0.01, respectively). These data indicate that trivalent Cr absorbed from leather tanning compounds results in raised concentrations of Cr in hair and that hair Cr concentrations may be used as an index of industrial Cr exposure.     

Effect of chromium supplementation on hair chromium concentration and diabetic status

Thirty-nine diabetic and 39 non-diabetic subjects matched for age and sex were given torula yeast (placebo) or brewer's yeast (68 μg chromium/day) in a double blind experiment. Hair chromium concentration was determined on all subjects before and after the 90 day yeast supplementation period. An overnight fasting blood sample was drawn from all diabetic subjects before and after yeast supplementation. The blood was analyzed for glycosylated hemoglobin and for serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Mean initial hair chromium concentration of the non-diabetic subjects was 383±75 ppb, which was greater than that of the diabetic subjects (317±74 ppb) (p<0.001). Hair chromium concentration increased 111±78 ppb in subjects who received high chromium yeast compared with 17±80 ppb in those who received the placebo (p<0.001). The amount of increase in hair chromium concentration was similar between non-diabetic and diabetic subjects who received the high chromium yeast (p<0.05). No significant effect of chromium supplementation occurred in diabetic subjects as measured by any of the blood parameters (p>0.05).     

铬及其化合物对雄(男)性生殖毒理学研究进展

铬为动物和人体内必需的微量元素,参与糖、蛋白质、核酸和脂肪的代谢,促进机体生长发育,也促进细胞的增殖和分裂。因此,适当剂量的铬对人体健康有利。但长期过量接触铬化合物对人体产生不良影响。铬及其化合物在许多工业生产中被广泛应用。经常暴露于铬化合物的工作场所有冶金、镀铬、不锈钢     

Hair chromium as an index of chromium exposure of tannery workers.

The use of hair chromium (Cr) concentrations as an index of Cr exposure of tannery workers was investigated. As has been shown earlier, Cr from Cr III compounds used in the leather tanning industry is absorbed because concentrations of Cr in serum and urine of tannery workers are significantly increased compared with corresponding concentrations for unexposed controls. Hair samples were collected from 71 male tannery workers from four southern Ontario tanneries and from 53 male controls not exposed to Cr in the workplace. Subjects were matched for age, race, and socioeconomic status. Hair samples were washed, ashed in a low temperature asher, and analysed by flameless atomic absorption. The median hair Cr concentrations for the tannery workers (551 ng/g) was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) than for the controls (123 ng/g). For the tannery workers, hair Cr concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with serum Cr (r = 0.52, p less than 0.01) and with the preshift and postshift urinary Cr/creatinine ratios (r = 0.43, p less than 0.01; r = 0.64, p less than 0.01, respectively). These data indicate that trivalent Cr absorbed from leather tanning compounds results in raised concentrations of Cr in hair and that hair Cr concentrations may be used as an index of industrial Cr exposure.     

Serum chromium of human subjects: effects of chromium supplementation and glucose

Seventy-six adult subjects, 48 males and 28 females, were given placebo or 200 micrograms Cr in the form of chromic chloride in a double-blind crossover study, with 3-month experimental periods, to determine basal serum Cr levels and the effects of Cr supplementation on serum Cr and related variables. Basal serum Cr determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption for all subjects was 0.13 +/- 0.02 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), and increased significantly to 0.38 +/- 0.02 ng/ml following 3 months of Cr supplementation. There were no significant differences in the serum Cr values for males and females. Serum Cr 90 min following a glucose load (1 g per kg body wt) was not significantly different from fasting during either the placebo or Cr supplementation periods. These data demonstrate that serum Cr increased significantly following Cr supplementation and is a reflection of Cr intake, but serum Cr concentration, even that following a glucose load, does not appear to be a meaningful indicator of Cr status.     

Hair chromium concentration and chromium excretion in tannery workers.

Hair and urine samples were collected from 34 male tannery workers and from 12 normal adults. Eighteen of the workers dealt directly with chromium and the remaining 16 (controls) worked in the offices and kitchen of the same factory. All were found to be clinically healthy. Chromium was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. When compared with normal adult values, urinary chromium concentration, Cr/Creatinine ratio, daily chromium excretion, and hair chromium, concentrations were significantly higher and urinary beta 2-microglobulin/Cre ratios significantly lower in both tannery workers and in controls. A significant negative correlation was found between urinary beta 2-microglobulin/Cre and Cr/Cre ratios of tannery workers and controls. A significant positive correlation was shown between hair chromium and urinary Cr/Cre values in all workers. No correlations between the duration of exposure to chromium and hair and urinary chromium values were found. Nevertheless, high values observed in workers with short exposures show that chromium is readily absorbed through the respiratory system.     

Placental transport of chromium

Since trivalent chromium (Cr+3) transport into certain tissues is rapid, the placental transport of injected high specific activity 51Cr+3 was studied in pregnant rats at days 17-20 of gestation. Three days after the intravenous injection of 51Cr+3, body retention of 51Cr was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant rats, but in the pregnant rats placentofetal uptake of 51Cr accounted for 25-30% of the 51Cr retention. The mean 51Cr content per placentofetal unit was 0.89 +/- 0.03% injected dose. Serum and tissue 51Cr contents per milliliter or gram in the pregnant rats were decreased by 50-80% except in uterus, which was unchanged. Tissue/serum 51Cr ratios were increased by 70-300% in the pregnant rats compared to the nonpregnant controls. These results indicate that the placentofetal unit is capable of extracting large amounts of Cr from the mother, and support the suggestion that maternal Cr is depleted during pregnancy. The data also suggest that body tissues may defend their Cr stores against Cr depletion by adaptive cellular Cr transport mechanisms.     

The biochemistry of chromium

Chromium has been known to be a micronutrient for mammals for four decades, but progress in elucidating the role of chromium has proceeded slowly. However, recent studies have shed light on a potential role of chromium in maintaining proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at a molecular level. The oligopeptide chromodulin binds chromic ions in response to an insulin-mediated chromic ion flux, and the metal-saturated oligopeptide can bind to an insulin-stimulated insulin receptor, activating the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity. Thus, chromodulin appears to play a role in an autoamplification mechanism in insulin signaling. The molecular agent responsible for transporting chromium from mobile pools to insulin-sensitive cells is probably the metal transport protein transferrin. Chromium from the popular dietary supplement chromium picolinate enters cells via a different mechanism. Release of chromium from chromium picolinate for use in cells requires reduction of the chromic center, a process that can lead potentially to the production of harmful hydroxyl radicals.