养老机构医护人员预立医疗照护计划实践现状及对策分析

目的调查养老机构医护人员预立医疗照护计划实践现状并分析影响因素,探讨对策。方法便利选取重庆市主城9个行政区内15所养老机构的223名医护人员进行预立医疗照护计划知识、行为、行为阻碍因素的调查。结果养老机构医护人员预立医疗照护计划行为总分为(10.22±2.19)分,处于中等水平,预立医疗照护计划行为平均参与率为20.1%;阻碍预立医疗照护计划行为的首要因素是"临终老年人的治疗通常由家属的意见决定";预立医疗照护计划知识总分为(20.88±6.33)分,处于中下水平;预立医疗照护计划了解情况、推行意愿及知识总分影响医护人员预立医疗照护计划行为(均P0.01)。结论养老机构医护人员预立医疗照护计划实践较少,应加强培训宣传,针对影响及阻碍因素制定应对策略,以促进养老机构预立医疗照护计划工作的顺利推行。     

养老机构预立医疗照护计划研究进展

介绍预立医疗照护计划的概念内涵,综述养老机构开展预立医疗照护计划的必要性、实践现状（包括介入预立医疗照护计划讨论的时机、讨论牵涉人员及内容、干预策略及效果）、影响因素,以期为今后在我国养老机构中开展预立医疗照护计划提供参考。     

社区医护人员预立医疗照护计划知信行的调查

目的了解社区医护人员对预立医疗照护计划的知识态度行为状况,为在社区推广和实施预立医疗照护计划提供依据。方法采用自制的社区医护人员预立医疗照护计划知信行问卷对北京市6所社区医院的114名社区医护人员进行调查。结果社区医护人员预立医疗照护计划的知识问卷回答正确率为53. 87%;态度得分为(4. 06±0. 83)分,处于中等偏上水平,不同职务、工作年限医护人员的态度得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05,P 0. 01);行为得分为(3. 35±0. 95)分,处于中等水平,不同学历、职业类型、职务、职称、是否听说过预立医疗照护计划的医护人员其行为得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05,P 0. 01)。结论社区医护人员对预立医疗照护计划的态度较积极,但认知和行为水平偏低。应着重加强社区医护人员相关知识全面系统的培训,综合考虑法律、伦理道德等多方面的问题,为预立医疗照护计划在社区的普及和推广做好准备。     

代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与问卷的汉化及信效度检验

目的 汉化代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与问卷,并检验其信效度.方法 对代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与问卷进行翻译及文化调适,形成中文版问卷.便利抽取415名社区老年慢性病患者家属,检验中文版问卷的信效度.结果 中文版问卷条目水平的内容效度指数为0.830～1.000,问卷水平的内容效度指数为0.970;探索性因子分析形成代理决策角色认知、思考、自我效能、准备度4个因子,累积方差贡献率为83.906％.验证性因子分析显示模型拟合指数为x2/df=2.307、CFI=0.949、GFI=0.880、NFI=0.913、IFI=0.949、TLI=0.937、RMSEA=0.078.问卷总体Cronbach's α系数为0.925,各维度Cronbach's α系数为0.706～0.940;重测信度为0.944,各维度重测信度为0.778～0.948.结论 中文版代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与问卷信效度良好,可作为我国社区老年慢性病患者家属预立医疗照护计划参与的测评工具.     

痴呆患者预立医疗照护计划沟通工具的研究进展

从痴呆症患者预立医疗照护计划沟通工具的核心内容、特点、主要形式及应用效果进行综述,以期为医护人员开展痴呆患者预立医疗照护计划临床实践提供参考,促进患者尽早参与预立医疗照护计划.     

社区居民参与预立医疗照护计划质性研究的Meta整合

目的 探讨社区居民参与预立医疗照护计划的促进与阻碍因素,为预立医疗照护计划的推广实践提供参考。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、Embase、中国知网、维普网、万方数据库建库至2022年2月发表的关于社区居民参与预立医疗照护计划真实体验的质性研究,采用汇集性整合方法进行Meta整合。 结果 纳入12篇文献,提炼53个结果,经分析汇总成14个类别,最终进一步归纳成4个整合结果,即社区居民对预立医疗照护计划的认识、社区居民对预立医疗照护计划的态度、社区居民参与预立医疗照护计划的影响因素及对实施预立医疗照护计划的建议。 结论 社区居民对预立医疗照护计划的认知不足,社区医务人员需加强社区预立医疗照护计划推广宣传,同时丰富社区预立医疗照护计划实践方式,促进“以家庭为中心”的预立医疗照护计划干预模式。     

心力衰竭患者预立医疗照护计划研究进展

阐述心力衰竭患者实施预立医疗照护计划的必要性、实施现状,影响其实施的因素包括心力衰竭患者对疾病的认识、限制预立医疗照护计划实施的主客观条件、选择的动态变化、心力衰竭患者的决策代理人、医护人员与心力衰竭患者的有效沟通。并对心力衰竭患者预立医疗照护计划实施方法进行综述,拟为今后更好地开展预立医疗照护计划提供参考。     

护理人员预立医疗照护计划的沟通培训

目的提升护理人员对预立医疗照护计划(ACP)的认知,促进ACP的顺利实施。方法基于Comskil沟通模式和ACP理论模型及系统文献回顾,制订ACP相关培训内容和培训形式,并借助"杏林晚语"视频、ACP知识教育册子、我的晚期生活册子等对110名临床护理人员进行ACP沟通培训。于培训前后评估护理人员的ACP认知、态度及自我效能。结果培训后护理人员对ACP认知正确率均有所提高,且培训后ACP沟通内容和实现治疗意愿被尊重2个条目的正确率显著提高(P0.05,P0.01)。护理人员对ACP态度中2个条目得分培训前后差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);自我效能有6个条目得分培训前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对护理人员进行ACP沟通培训在一定程度可提升其对ACP的认知,促进ACP态度的正向改变,有利于推进临床护理中ACP工作的开展。     

养老机构护理员基于实践导向的认知症照护培训

目的 探讨基于实践导向的认知症照护培训方案对提高养老机构护理员认知症照护胜任感和照护质量的效果。方法 采用方便抽样法选取2所养老机构内承担认知症照护工作的护理员60人作为研究对象,按机构分为两组各30人。对照组按常规进行相关知识及技能培训,干预组接受3周实践导向式认知症照护培训。培训前后收集护理员认知症照护胜任感,并采用神经精神量表评估培训前和培训结束后1个月认知症专区老年人症状严重程度。结果 培训后干预组护理员认知症照护胜任感得分显著高于对照组(P<0.01);认知症专区老年人的神经精神量表得分显著低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 对养老机构护理员进行实践导向式认知症照护培训,能提高其认知症照护胜任感,提高认知症照护质量,并有效提升养老机构认知症照护服务水平。     

基于认知适应理论的晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度及影响因素研究

目的探究晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度水平及影响因素,为预立医疗照护计划的开展提供参考。方法以认知适应理论为指导,采用预立医疗照护计划准备度量表、中文版人生意义问卷、生活定向测验问卷修订版、益处发现量表、心理控制源量表修订版、自尊量表对安徽省4所三甲医院肿瘤科的355例晚期癌症患者进行调查。结果晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度总分及态度、信念、动机维度得分分别为(76.00±10.07)、(33.10±6.48)、(17.82±2.76)、(25.10±4.03)。回归分析结果显示,人生意义、益处发现、自尊、病程及受教育程度是预立医疗照护计划准备度的预测因子(均P<0.01)。结论晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度处于中等偏上水平,病程短、受教育程度低、人生意义感弱、益处发现及自尊水平较低者预立医疗照护计划准备度水平更低。     

End-of-life care in the intensive care unit

The transition from active, invasive interventions to comfort care for critical care patients is often fraught with misunderstandings, conflict and moral distress. The most common issues that arise are ethical dilemmas around the equivalence of withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment; the doctrine of double effect; the balance between paternalism and shared decision-making; legal challenges around best-interest decisions for patients that lack capacity; conflict resolution; and practical issues during the limitation of treatment. The aim of this article is to address commonly posed questions on these aspects of end-of-life care in the intensive care unit, using best available evidence, and provide practical guidance to critical care clinicians in the UK. With the help of case vignettes, we clarify the disassociation of withdrawing and/or withholding treatment from euthanasia; offer practical suggestions for the use of sedation and analgesia around the end of life, dissipating concerns about hastening death; and advocate for the inclusion of family in decision-making, when the patient does not have capacity. We propose a step-escalation approach in cases of family conflict and advocate for incorporation of communication skills during medical and nursing training.     

Current trauma care system and trauma care training in China

Trauma is a life-threatening “modern disease”. The outcomes could only be optimized by cost-efficient and prompt trauma care, which embarks on the improvement of essential capacities and conceptual revolution in addition to the disruptive innovation of the trauma care system. According to experiences from the developed countries, systematic trauma care training is the cornerstone of the generalization and the improvement on the trauma care, such as the Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS). Currently, the pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) has been one of the essential elements of infrastructure of health services in China, which is also fundamental to the trauma care system. Hereby, the China Trauma Care Training (CTCT) with independent intellectual property rights has been initiated and launched by the Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association to extend the up-to-date concepts and techniques in the field of trauma care as well to reinforce the generally well-accepted standardized protocols in the practices. This article reviews the current status of the trauma care system as well as the trauma care training.     

“互联网+”居家医疗服务平台应用效果分析

目的 分析“互联网+”居家医疗服平台的应用效果，为优化服务模式提供参考。 方法 对三级医院居家医疗服务平台数据库中2020~2021年服务对象的一般资料、平台使用情况、服务项目等数据，进行回顾性分析。 结果 纳入研究的1 780例次服务中，患者通过医护上门服务App端口获取服务1 683例次，通过互联网医院线上问诊端口获取服务67例次,通过互联网医院医联体服务端口获取服务30例次；提供服务者多为护士（1 451例次），其次为医生（245例次）；服务量排在前3位的项目分别是尿管护理（39.04%）、伤口护理（18.15%）及胃管护理（12.08%）；居家医疗服务比自行前往医院就医更加实惠便捷。 结论 “互联网+”居家医疗服务平台构建了医院-社区-家庭多元联动、医护技药等多学科团队相互协作的新型医疗服务模式，可以为患者提供专业、高效、便捷的医疗服务。但还需进一步完善服务模式，使更多需求者受益。     

ICU患者安宁疗护筛查工具的研制与信效度检验

目的 研制ICU患者安宁疗护筛查工具并检验信效度,为ICU医护人员提供便捷、有效的安宁疗护对象筛查工具。 方法 通过文献分析、专家函询构建ICU患者安宁疗护筛查工具;回顾性分析206例ICU患者的相关资料,检验该筛查工具信效度,并确定安宁疗护触发值。 结果 ICU患者安宁疗护筛查工具包含3个一级条目、17个二级条目。内容效度指数为0.919,评定者间信度为0.979。2种结局（转出或死亡）患者筛查得分比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;触发值为8.5分,ROC曲线下面积为0.992［95%CI（0.983,1.000）,P＜0.05］,灵敏度为0.936,特异度为0.969,阳性预测值为0.917,阴性预测值为0.981。 结论 ICU患者安宁疗护筛查工具的信效度良好,可作为ICU安宁疗护对象的筛查工具。     

Trauma care systems in France

The French Republic includes approximatively 60 millions inhabitants for almost 550,000 km(2). Prehospital management is organised at department level (96). This management involves a regulatory system initiated from a unique phone number (15 national). The medical regulator sends either first-aid providers or a medical team. On-site care is highly developed and prehospital medically assisted care is really the first phase of the treatment of the injured. The team ensures that the victim is in the best condition for transport and participates in monitoring. Intra-hospital care begins either in an emergency room, with a physician qualified in Emergency Medicine, or in a recovery room, with a surgical intensive-care team. There is no specialisation in trauma in France. All specialist surgeons treat those aspects of trauma pathology that concern them. All surgeons operate on trauma patients and with regard to the organ concerned: digestive, orthopaedic, em leader. The challenge nevertheless remains that of maintaining facilities at a sufficient level to deal with everyday pathology, known for the seriousness of its consequences in both human and financial terms, within an increasingly sparse hospital infrastructure. Suggestions are emerging in response to these preoccupations. Organisation at the European level of hand emergency units (FESUM) is a targeted example.     

Current perspectives on maternity critical care

Maternal critical care is a developing area of clinical practice. Looking after a critically ill woman requires a multidisciplinary team that must endeavour to maintain the relative normality of pregnancy. Whilst consideration of the fetus should be taken when making clinical decisions regarding maternal care, unfounded concerns for the fetus can contribute to therapeutic inertia such that potentially life-saving therapies are denied to pregnant women. The management of a critically ill obstetric patient must reflect, as closely as possible, the management of critical illness outside pregnancy. We will discuss some of the current evidence and concepts around this emerging area in obstetrics, including enhanced maternity care, maternal medicine networks and clinical care.     

基于养老服务管理者及老年人视角的社区嵌入式养老服务的SWOT分析

目的 分析社区嵌入式养老服务优劣势、机遇及威胁,为社区嵌入式养老服务持续健康发展提供参考。 方法 采用目的抽样法及滚雪球抽样法抽取天津市6名社区嵌入式养老服务管理者及6名接受服务的老年人,对其进行半结构式深入访谈,使用内容分析法分析资料,基于SWOT模型从优势、劣势、机会、威胁4个维度对社区嵌入式养老服务进行分析评价。 结果 社区嵌入式养老优势包括提供服务多元、满足情感需求、统筹整合优质资源、开放式养老;劣势为场地资源受限、盈利困难;机遇有服务需求量大、政府有力支持、信息技术发展日益成熟;威胁包括功能定位模糊、护理员短缺、老年人缺乏自主消费观念。 结论 在积极推进“互联网+社区养老”的背景下,天津市社区嵌入式养老因其服务多元,形式灵活,兼具地缘优势,具有良好的社会反响。未来,需在运营中进一步加强政府引导及监督,细化功能定位、稳定护理员队伍,以切实满足社区老年人多元化养老服务需求。     

End-of-life care in the intensive care unit

End-of-life care in the intensive care unit (ICU) is an oxymoron. Intensive care units appeared in the 1980s only admitting patients for ‘intensive care’. Nowadays the ICU has become one of the few places in the hospital that can provide comfort care to the dying patient. For many doctors on ICU it remains a difficult and problematic area. Yet it is conceptually simple. The difficulty for the doctor is making the decision, for the patient and family, coming to terms with it. This article will focus on how this decision should be made and then on the care that should be provided for the patient. Many of the considerations in decision making are in the General Medical Council guidelines, Treatment and Care Towards the End of Life and this is essential reading before embarking of the process.     

Preventive care among primary care patients living with spinal cord injury

Objective: Context/Objective: Family physicians may lack the knowledge or resources to adequately support patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Our objectives were to determine patterns of preventive care for patients with SCI in a primary care setting (i.e. cancer screening, influenza vaccinations, general physicals, bone mineral density tests), and determine physicians’ level of comfort with providing primary care to patients with SCI.

Design: i) Retrospective chart review, ii) Survey of physicians in the family practice.

Setting: Six primary care practice sites in Ontario, Canada.

Participants: All adult rostered patients of the family practice with SCI; All family physicians in the six sites.

Outcome Measures: Proportion of patients up-to-date on cancer screening, proportion of patients with influenza vaccinations, general physicals, bone mineral density tests; physicians’ level of comfort with providing care to patients with SCI.

Results: Sixty patients were included in analyses. Rates of cancer screening were generally poor. The highest uptake was seen for cervical cancer screening, where 50% of eligible women were up-to-date on Pap tests. Only 36.7% of patients were up-to-date on colorectal cancer screening. Only 14 (23.3%) patients had a documented general physical exam in their electronic record. There was a recorded flu vaccination for 55% of patients, and of those, there was a median of 19 months since last vaccination. Fifteen physicians (21.4%) responded to the survey. Ten physicians reported at least one patient with SCI, with the maximum being 20 patients. Comfort level in managing SCI-relevant conditions varied and was lowest for spasticity, respiratory issues and autonomic dysreflexia, where only 27.3% of respondents had some level of comfort.

Conclusion There are many opportunities to improve the preventive care of patients living with SCI.