改良后侧入路手术治疗肩胛颈盂骨折

目的探讨肩胛颈盂骨折的改良后侧入路的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法对2004年6月以来收治的经改良后侧入路切开复位内固定治疗26例肩胛颈盂骨折患者进行分析。均为男性,左侧17例,右侧9例。肩胛颈骨折21例,肩胛盂骨折5例。手术取后侧改良切口,上肢外展上举,沿肩峰略偏向内至肩胛下角作弧形切口,将三角肌下缘的肌筋膜切开,松解三角肌并将其向上拉开,在冈下肌与小圆肌间隙进入,显露肩胛骨腋缘直至颈盂部。根据情况用重建钢板或拉力螺钉固定。结果随访3个月～4年,平均2.6年。均获得骨性愈合,按Hardegger标准疗效评定:优15例,良5例,中1例,差5例。结论经改良后侧入路治疗肩胛颈盂部骨折是安全可靠疗效肯定的方法。     

肩胛骨骨折的内固定治疗

目的:探讨肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗方法。方法:本组肩胛骨骨折18例,男12例,女6例;年龄23~62岁,平均42岁。全部采用后入路肩胛外缘切口,如有肩胛冈骨折或肩峰骨折另作辅助切口,重建钢板内固定。结果:术后随访6~24个月,骨折平均愈合时间6~8周,按Hardegger肩关节评分系统评定疗效:优13例,良5例。无钢板断裂、松脱,骨折移位,骨不愈合,感染,再骨折,神经血管损伤等并发症发生。结论:采用后外侧缘切口内固定肩胛骨外侧缘、肩胛冈治疗肩胛骨骨折,具有创伤小、疗效好的优点。     

反Judet切口治疗肩胛骨骨折15例体会

目的探讨反Judet切口治疗肩胛骨骨折的方法及临床效果。方法对2007—2011年我院收治的15例肩胛骨骨折患者,采用反Judet切口手术入路,行切开复位钢板螺钉内固定术治疗。结果术后随访6～24个月,平均13.5个月。骨折愈合时间10～16周,依据Rowe疗效评定标准,优7例,良6例,可1例,差1例,优良率86%。结论采用反Judet切口手术治疗肩胛盂、肩胛冈、肩胛颈及肩胛体外侧部骨折,显露清晰,复位满意,功能恢复理想。     

肩胛骨骨折合并腋神经损伤的治疗

目的 分析肩胛骨骨折合并腋神经损伤的诊断和治疗特点.方法 对21例肩胛骨骨折合并腋神经损伤患者,采用肩胛骨骨折切开内固定和腋神经探查松解术.结果 术后随访时间为6个月至3年,平均1.2年,肩胛骨骨折均获得愈合,未见内固定松动,腋神经功能均得到了良好的恢复.结论 肩胛骨骨折如存在肩关节上部悬吊复合体损伤不稳定,或伴肩关节下脱位及肩胛盂下骨折邻四边孔部位有明显碎骨片者,临床常会出现腋神经损伤的表现,在肩胛骨骨折切开复位内固定时需探查腋神经,术后有利于神经功能的恢复.     

肩胛骨骨折的手术入路

肩胛骨骨折临床并不常见,肩胛骨有三边、三角、三突、两面。肩胛骨骨折手术前方入路以前内侧切口应用最广泛,该入路切口与皮纹几乎垂直,显露充分,但易出现疤痕。术中应注意保护头静脉,该切口常被用于肱骨近端骨折切开复位内固定、习惯性肩关节脱位修复术、肱二头肌长头肌腱断裂修补术、前方或前下方肩胛盂骨折切开复位内固定术、肩关节成形术或人工肱骨头置换术、肩关节融合术等。进行肩关节后方入路操作时患者取侧卧位,沿肩胛冈切开皮肤及皮下组织,可显露肩胛盂后部、肩胛骨体部、肩胛冈、肩峰等结构。该入路常用于习惯性肩关节后脱位修复术、肩胛盂颈部或体部骨折切开复位内固定术、肩关节后方游离体摘除术、肩关节化脓性关节炎的切开引流术等。1984年Hardegger报道改良Judet入路——外侧直切口,该入路的优点是开窗暴露外侧柱,切口小,创伤小,肌肉软组织剥离少;缺点是无法显露内侧柱、肌肩胛冈。在进行手术操作时,应注意保护四边孔内的腋神经和旋肱后动脉,三边体内桡神经。另外应注意保护肩胛上神经,该神经起自臂丛上干,经肩胛切迹肩胛冈外缘进入冈下窝,支配冈上肌、冈下肌的运动。而旋肩胛动脉升支损伤易导致出血而影响术野。此外经肩峰入路不是一个常规的手术入路,该入路可通过肩峰截骨或已存在的肩峰骨折端进行暴露,肩峰需要进行有效固定,术中注意保护冈上肌。     

肩胛骨外侧切口入路治疗肩胛骨骨折

目的 探讨肩胛骨外侧切口人路治疗严重移位肩胛骨骨折的手术适应证和方法.方法 应用肩胛骨外侧切口人路对11例严重移位的肩胛骨骨折行切开复位内固定术(体部骨折5例,外科颈骨折3例,关节盂缘骨折2例,关节盂窝骨折1例).术后均获随访,随访时间6～16个月.平均为12个月.结果 患者各阶段X线片复查骨折对位对线良好,骨折愈合时间7～22周,平均9周.肩关节功能采用Hardegger功能评分标准:优9例,良2例.结论 肩胛骨外侧切口入路比较适合于肩胛骨体部、肩胛骨颈部、关节盂缘、关节盂窝骨折的复位和内固定手术.但由于该切口偏于肩胛骨外侧,用于肩胛冈骨折时须延长切口.该切口不适合用于肩峰骨折及喙突骨折.肩胛骨外侧切口配合应用多孔重建钢板,可取得肩胛骨体部和颈部骨折的良好复位和固定.     

改良Judet手术入路治疗复杂肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨改良Judet手术入路治疗复杂肩胛骨骨折的适应证及疗效。方法自1997年1月至2005年10月经改良Judet手术入路治疗肩胛骨骨折21例,其中男性15例,女性6例,平均年龄34岁（18～62岁）。根据Hardegger的分型方法,肩胛体部骨折11处、肩胛颈骨折10处、盂缘骨折8处、盂窝骨折7处、肩胛冈骨折9处、肩峰骨折6处。其中多部位复杂骨折15例,伴有腋神经损伤2例,肩胛上神经损伤4例。通过改良Judet手术入路,对不同类型的肩胛骨骨折使用重建钢板或拉力螺钉等固定。结果18例患者获得随访,随访时间6个月至4年,平均21个月。根据Rowe疗效评价标准,优12例,良3例,可2例,差1例,优良率为83％。结论改良Judet入路操作简单,暴露充分,大多数类型的肩胛骨骨折可通过改良Judet入路完成,尤其适用于肩胛体部骨折,肩胛颈骨折,肩胛冈骨折以及不存在喙突、前部肩胛盂骨折的多部位复杂骨折,经改良Judet入路行骨折复位内固定是肩胛骨骨折手术治疗的一种安全有效方法。     

肩胛盂骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨肩胛盂骨折手术治疗的效果。方法 自1997年6月至2003年6月，采用切开复位内固定技术治疗17例肩胛盂骨折患，1例肩盂前唇骨折采用前方入路，其余病例均采用后方入路。结果 17例患中15例获随访。随访时间为9～72个月，甲均骨折愈合时间为16周；无术中及术后并发症。结论 不稳定的肩胛盂骨折应采用手术治疗，后方入路重建钢板内固定适合应用于Ideberg分型Ⅰ型以上的骨折。     

切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗累及肩盂的肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨累及肩盂的肩胛骨折的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2003年1月～2007年1月采用切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗的12例累及肩盂的肩胛骨骨折的疗效,记录术后并发症,骨折愈合时间,肩关节外展活动度,采用Neer和UCLA标准评价肩关节功能。结果10例得到平均15.2个月的随访。无表浅和深部感染,骨折均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12～16周,平均13.5周,肩关节外展90～180°,平均158°。根据Neer肩关节评分标准:优7例,满意3例。根据UCLA评分标准:优7例,良3例。结论采用切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗累及肩盂的肩胛骨骨折可获得满意的临床效果。     

手术治疗肩胛骨骨折23例疗效分析

目的探讨手术治疗肩胛骨骨折的内固定方式及其疗效。方法手术治疗23例肩胛骨骨折患者,14例采用后方Judet入路,2例采用前后方联合入路,1例喙突骨折与2例盂部前方骨折采用前方入路,2例肩峰骨折采用骨折处直接切开,2例盂部后方骨折采用后方肩胛骨外缘直接切开。16例伴有肩胛骨多处骨折采用钢板螺钉固定,1例喙突骨折及2例关节盂骨折采用拉力螺钉固定,2例肩峰骨折分别采用克氏针和钢丝环扎,2例关节盂骨折采用可吸收螺钉固定。结果 21例获得随访,时间9～55个月。骨折均愈合。采用体格检查及肩关节Constant评分标准进行疗效评价:优11例,良7例,可2例,差1例。术后并发浅表感染1例,外展>90°时轻微疼痛2例,肩胛上神经卡压1例。结论对于达到手术指征的肩胛骨骨折,适合的手术入路及内固定可以达到满意治疗效果。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。