中国九市城郊0～7岁儿童的体块指数

【目的】分析中国7岁以下儿童体块指数(BMI)的变化规律，提供儿童BMI人群参照值。【方法】根据1995年第三次中国九市城郊7岁以下儿童体格发育调查所获得的数据，采用九市0～7岁157362名健康男女儿童(其中城区79154人，郊区78208人)的身高(3岁以下为身长)、体重测量值，分城、郊、男、女22个年龄组．分别计算出各自的BMI百分位数值并绘制曲线。【结果】分别按年龄、性别、城郊计算出了0～7岁儿童BMI的第3、10、25、50、75、85、90、95、97百分位数值；通过比较分析证实：九市0～7岁儿童的BMI存在性别、城郊和地区差异，十年问绝大多数年龄组BMI值有不同程度的增长。【结论】九市0～7岁儿童BMI人群参照值，可为研究和制定儿童超重肥胖的判断标准提供科学依据。     

延安市学龄儿童体格发育现状及相关因素分析

目的了解延安市学龄儿童体格发育现状,并分析相关因素,为促进当地儿童体格发育提供基础资料。方法整群抽样延安市城区和郊区各3所小学,被抽取小学所有儿童参加调查,测量儿童身高、体重,同时采用问卷,调查儿童睡眠、运动、饮食等情况,按照性别、年龄、区域分析身高、体重特点,并与2005年中国九市儿童体格调查数据进行比较,分析影响当地学龄儿童体格发育的可能因素。结果 1)延安市学龄儿童身高与2005年中国九市儿童体格标准比较,无论城区还是郊区,身高普遍低于九市标准(P0.05),且随年龄增大差距有增大趋势,郊区儿童身高表现更明显。2)体重与九市儿童标准比较,12岁之前差异不明显,12岁之后,城区男女生、郊区女生与九市儿童差距逐渐增大(P0.05)。3)控制母亲身高、儿童性别等遗传因素后,补充鱼肝油、喝奶、晚上10点之前睡觉、经常运动等因素可促进延安市学龄儿童体格发育。结论延安市学龄儿童体格发育较全国平均水平落后,且随着年龄的增长差距逐渐增大,积极改善营养、加强运动或可提高学龄儿童体格发育水平。     

1～5岁儿童睡眠障碍现况及其影响因素初步分析

目的 了解1～5岁儿童睡眠障碍现况及其影响因素.方法 2007年9～11月在常德市武陵区随机抽取3个街道,按照儿童花名册随机抽取1～5岁儿童714例,所有儿童均排除严重先天疾病及传染病.采用中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心编制的"2岁以下儿童睡眠状况调查问卷"和"2～5岁儿童睡眠状况调查问卷"进行儿童睡眠现状调查.结果 常德市武陵区1～5岁儿童睡眠障碍检出率为23.7%,男童有睡眠障碍检出率为21.9%,女童为25.7%,差异无显著性(χ2=1.380,P>0.05).影响儿童睡眠障碍的因素有儿童年龄(月)、儿童睡床情况、夜间睡前洗澡、感冒、儿童过敏史、母亲孕期在家中被动吸烟、儿童看护人变换情况、夜间睡眠经常采用姿势、儿童是否容易适应新环境、母亲有睡眠障碍.结论 常德市武陵区1～5岁儿童睡眠障碍的发生率相对较高.加强睡眠卫生教育,提高家长保健意识,培养儿童良好的睡眠习惯,有利于儿童睡眠障碍的防治.     

2015年九市7岁以下儿童龋齿调查及与体格生长的相关性分析

目的 了解九市7岁以下儿童患龋现状及患病率30年变化趋势,分析龋病与体格生长的关系。方法 以“2015年中国九市儿童体格发育调查”中乳牙已萌出的6月~7岁儿童为研究对象,龋齿和体格生长情况通过横断面调查获得。应用独立样本t检验比较有无龋病的儿童体格指标差异。利用1985、1995年调查数据分析患龋率的长期变化。结果 1)患龋率随年龄增长而增加,从6~12月组的0.2%至1岁组的0.9%,6~7岁组增至45.7%;2)郊区儿童患龋率高于城区,北部和南部地区高于中部地区;3)3岁以内有无龋病两组儿童的身长、体重、体质量指数(BMI)差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),而3岁以上患龋组体格指标均低于无龋组;4)1985-2015年三十年间,城郊患龋率均呈下降趋势,如城区6~7岁组从1985年的68.1%降至2015年的43.2%。结论 7岁以下儿童患龋率随年龄增长而增加,存在明显城郊和地区差异。龋病对体格生长的影响在3岁以后较明显。九市儿童患龋率三十年间呈明显下降趋势。     

北京市7岁以下儿童体格发育状况

【目的】 了解北京市7岁以下儿童的体格发育状况。 【方法】 采用随机整群抽样方法,调查北京市从出生到不满7周岁城区和郊区的汉族健康儿童的体格发育状况,包括体重、身高、坐高、头围和胸围,调查共分22个年龄组,共调查17 522人。 【结果】 生后前3个月体重每月增加0.99~1.16 kg,身高每月增加3.6~3.8 cm,此后增长速度减慢;城区和郊区的体格发育各项指标平均值之间存在差异,集中于大年龄组。多数年龄组儿童体重、身高、坐高平均值高于中国九市儿童平均水平,头围、胸围与中国九市调查结果基本相同。北京市城区儿童绝大多数年龄组体重、身高均高于WHO标准,郊区儿童较小年龄组大多超过了WHO标准,而较大年龄组多数与WHO标准多没有差异。 【结论】 北京市儿童体格发育生长模式符合正常儿童体格生长的规律;儿童体格发育城郊差异仍然存在;总体上北京市7岁以下儿童体格发育在国内处于较高水平;北京市儿童体重、身高高于2006年WHO公布的新标准。     

西安市1月~7岁儿童体格发育现状

目的 了解西安市1月~7岁儿童体格发育现状,以对儿童生长发育提供科学的健康指导方案。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,调查西安市2015年1月-7岁儿童体格发育状况,调查指标包括体重、身高(身长)、头围、坐高、胸围和腰围,按年龄分21个调查组调查,共调查25 997人。结果 各项指标年龄越小增长速度越快,其中1月~3岁各年龄组间身高增长差异相对较大,3~7岁各年龄组间体重、胸围变化范围相对较大。男女各年龄组各指标在城区、郊区、郊县差异有统计学意义,主要表现在1~3月的体重、15月以上的身高、1~5月的头围、3~7岁各年龄组胸围和腰围。除5.5岁组女童外,体重、身高、坐高男女各年龄组均高于九市调查结果,头围、胸围和腰围略低于九市调查结果。男女各年龄组儿童身高、体重指标与WHO指标比较,年龄别体重,年龄别身高Z值均高于WHO标准,Z值在0.40~1.19之间。结论 西安市1月~7岁儿童体格生长发育城郊仍存在差异;体格发育水平在国内处于较高水平,也高于WHO公布的标准。     

延安市7～13岁儿童身高分布特点调查

摘要:目的　了解延安市学龄儿童身高分布特点,为当地儿童健康发展提供参考。方法　整群抽样延安市城区和郊区各3所小学,测量儿童身高,分析身高的年龄、性别、城郊分布特点,并与2005年中国9市儿童体格调查数据进行比较,计算矮小症患病率。结果　延安市7～13岁儿童身高均随年龄的增长而增加,各年龄段平均身高与2005年中国九市儿童标准相比,存在一定差异,随着年龄增大差距有增大趋势（P＜0.05）;8岁之前及12岁之后,城区男生身高明显高于女生;9岁之前郊区男生身高高于女生;城区男生10岁以后身高明显高于郊区男生;9～11岁城区女生身高显著高于郊区女生;延安市7～13岁儿童矮小症粗患病率为9.57%,郊区高于城区（P＜0.05）。结论　延安市7～13岁儿童身高普遍落后于全国平均水平,矮小症粗患病率达9.57%,郊区高于城区。     

长沙市3所幼儿园儿童饮食、睡眠和一般行为问题调查

目的了解长沙市3～6岁儿童问题行为现状,探讨其年龄差异和性别差异,为对幼儿的健康行为教育提供参考依据.方法采用自编的儿童问题行为调查表,对长沙市3所幼儿园儿童的问题行为进行测查.结果长沙市3～6岁儿童问题行为表现较突出,饮食问题、睡眠问题和一般行为问题的检出率分别为21.19%,11.4%和9.08%;3种问题行为都随着儿童年龄的增长而减少;儿童的饮食问题性别间差异存在显著性(P＜0.01).结论 3～6岁儿童问题行为的发展呈现出一定的规律性,各种问题行为的发展存在相应的关键期.小班可能是儿童饮食行为发展的关键期,大班可能是儿童一般行为发展的关键期,而整个幼儿期可能是睡眠行为发展的重要阶段.     

沈阳市学龄前儿童肥胖情况调查及影响因素分析

目的调查沈阳市学龄前儿童肥胖情况,探讨其影响因素,为早期干预提供参考。方法用分阶段整群抽样法,2019年1～5月对沈阳市6个幼儿园儿童804人进行问卷调查,分析儿童肥胖的影响因素。结果沈阳市3～6岁学龄前儿童的肥胖率为11.3%,男童肥胖率12.6%、女童为10.12%;儿童肥胖率随年龄增长而上升(趋势χ~(2 )=8.53,P0.05);儿童每天运动量1 h、睡眠时间9 h、每天不吃早饭、每餐饮食速度15 min,是儿童肥胖的独立危险因素。结论沈阳市3～6岁儿童肥胖率处于中等水平,但呈增长趋势,应对学龄前儿童进行睡眠、饮食和运动干预。     

3～6岁儿童睡眠状况调查及其影响因素初步研究

目的了解3～6岁儿章睡眠问题现况及影响因素。方法2007年1—3月在长沙市开福区随机抽取3个街道，按照儿童花名册随机抽取3～6岁儿童479人，所有儿童均排除严重先天疾病及传染病。采用自行设计的“儿童睡眠现状调查问卷”进行儿童睡眠现状调查。结果长沙市开福区3～6岁儿童有睡眠问题的检出率为36．3％，男童有睡眠问题检出率为35．2％，女童为37．7％，差异无显著性（x^2=0．325，P〉0．05）。3～4岁年龄组儿童睡眠问题检出率最高（43．1％），差异显著（Y。=6．154，P〈0．05）。在列举的各种睡眠问题中，“夜间睡眠时出汗多”在各年龄组之间检出率均高于列举的其他睡眠问题，各种睡眠问题的榆出率在4～5岁组儿童中均比较高，差异显著（x^2=6．154～f2．465，P〈0．01～0．05）。影响儿童睡眠问题的因素有家庭教育态度、儿童年龄、变换睡眠地点、父亲每晚就寝时间、儿童卧室通风、家庭居住地点。结论长沙市开福区3～6岁儿童睡眠问题的发生率比较高。改善家庭环境及养育方式有利于减少儿童睡眠问题的发生。应重视儿童睡眠问题的防治。     

Risk, efficacy, and seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent-rather than interactive-effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Bioaccumulation,metabolism, and effects of DDT,fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos onSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulated DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos rapidly from yeast glucose medium. The maximum concentrations of DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos accumulated were 8,253, 18,960 and 11,579 g/g (dry wt), respectively. The pattern of accumulation was similar for all insecticides. The bioconcentration factor was inversely proportional to insecticide solubilities.Saccharomyces metabolized the three insecticides, but only two metabolites of DDT (DDD and DDE) were identified. Protoplast cultures were more sensitive to DDT and fenitrothion compared to normal cultures but were less sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Both the normal and protoplast cultures recovered from the toxic effect after 24 hr.     

Risk,Efficacy, and Seeking of General,Breast, and Prostate Cancer Information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent—rather than interactive—effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Analysis of protein amino acids,non-protein amino acids and metabolites,dietary protein,glucose, fructose,sucrose, phenolic,and flavonoid content and antioxidative properties of potato tubers,peels, and cortexes (pulps)

The composition and antioxidative activity of whole potato tubers from five Korean cultivars, three peels from one cultivar, and eight pulps (cortexes) after peeling from six different cultivars were evaluated. Whole tubers were sectioned into three parts followed by analysis of the peels and pulps of each part. The following characteristics were determined: the dimensions and water content of whole tubers; nutritional protein content consisting of protein and free amino acids by an automated Kjeldahl nitrogen assay; free non-protein amino acids, metabolites, and fructose, glucose, and sucrose content by HPLC; phenolic compounds by HPLC and LC/MS; total phenolics and flavonoids by colorimetry; and antioxidative properties by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The results demonstrate differences and similarities in the content of nutritional and bioactive compounds and in their bioactivities from whole potatoes, peels, and pulps. The present study reports for the first time the analysis of multiple potato nutrients and bioactive components as well the antioxidative properties of whole potatoes, peels, and pulps derived from the same tubers. The described methods are expected to facilitate the analysis of commercial and newly-developed potato cultivars, peels, and pulps and relate their composition and antioxidative activities to their reported nutritional, health-promoting, and industrial properties.     

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to treatment and prevention of cholera, Haiti, 2010

In response to the recent cholera outbreak, a public health response targeted high-risk communities, including resource-poor communities in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A survey covering knowledge and practices indicated that hygiene messages were received and induced behavior change, specifically related to water treatment practices. Self-reported household water treatment increased from 30.3% to 73.9%.