不同高自尊类型大学生对攻击性信息的注意特点

目的:探讨不同高自尊类型大学生对攻击性信息认知加工时的注意偏向特点和注意控制特点。方法:选取某校大一学生714人,使用自尊量表(SES)、内隐联想测验(IAT)筛选出脆弱型高自尊组和安全型高自尊组各51人;两组依次完成不同时间间隔(450 ms和1200 ms)下的空间线索实验任务,根据RT回避警觉和RT固着回避值,获得注意偏向特点;两组依次完成Flanker实验任务,根据被试类型和一致性的交互作用结果,获得注意控制特点。结果:时间间隔为450 ms时,脆弱型高自尊组的RT回避警觉值低于安全型高自尊组(P0.05);时间间隔为1200 ms时,脆弱型高自尊组的RT固着回避值高于安全型高自尊组(P0.001)。被试类型和一致性的交互作用结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:不同高自尊类型大学生在注意不同阶段的攻击性注意偏向成分不同,但注意控制不存在差异。     

重度抑郁症对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:探讨重度抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向.方法:从35名符合中国精神疾病诊断与分类手册第三版(CCMD-3)抑郁症诊断标准的被试中,筛选出符合汉密尔顿抑郁量表( Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)及Beck抑郁自评问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)重度抑郁症诊断标准的重度抑郁症患者(抑郁组)20名.选取在年龄、性别及受教育程度方面与抑郁组相匹配的正常对照20名.采用NimStim情绪面孔图片库中的负性情绪面孔和中性情绪面孔作为刺激材料,应用注意偏向研究中常用的线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试线索效应、注意施加、注意解除得分.结果:抑郁组对负性情绪面孔线索效应得分大于对中性情绪面孔线索效应得分(21.73 ms vs.3.91 ms,P<0.01);抑郁组注意施加得分大于对照组(17.25 ms vs.1.64 ms,P<0.001);对照组与抑郁组注意解除得分差别无统计学意义(-1.50 ms vs.0.57 ms, P>0.05).结论:抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息加工存在注意偏向,对负性情绪信息缺乏保护性偏向.     

不同程度考试焦虑个体对情绪信息的注意偏向

目的:探讨不同考试焦虑程度的大学生个体对情绪词语的注意偏向。方法:本实验随机抽取402名某高校本科在读学生,采用考试焦虑量表并对其进行集体施测,选取高考试焦虑被试和低考试焦虑被试各35名。采用经典点探测任务、实验任务来探讨高低考试焦虑个体对情绪词语的注意偏向。结果:1当词语类型为负性情绪词语,高、低考试焦虑被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时显著低于对探测刺激与情绪词语位置不一致时的反应时(t=-3.13,P<0.01);2当词语类型为正性情绪词语,低考试焦虑组被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时显著低于对探测刺激与情绪词语位置不一致时的反应时(t=5.57,P<0.01);高考试焦虑组被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时和对位置不一致时的反应时不存在显著差异(F=2.07,P>0.05);3高考试焦虑被试对不同词语类型的注意偏向值存在显著性差异(F=5.56,P<0.05);低考试焦虑被试对不同词语类型的注意偏向值存在显著性差异(F=28.38,P<0.01)。结论:1高、低考试焦虑者对负性情绪信息均存在注意偏向;2高考试焦虑者对正性情绪信息不存在注意偏向,低考试焦虑者表现出对正性情绪信息的注意解除;3高考试焦虑被试对不同情绪信息的注意偏向存在差异,低考试焦虑被试对不同情绪信息的注意偏向存在差异。     

焦虑个体对负性刺激的注意偏向特点

目的:探讨焦虑个体的注意偏向特点。方法:招募在校大学生63名,完成状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)。STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≥45分,或LSAS的社交焦虑得分≥60分者分入焦虑组(n=38);STAI量表的特质焦虑得分45分以下者,或STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≤46分且LSAS得分<45分者分入正常组(n=25)。采用2(组别:焦虑组,正常组)×2(目标位置:负性位置,中心位置)的混合设计,本研究的两个实验均采用目标探测范式,分别用情绪面孔和情绪词语作为线索刺激。比较两组被试在不同目标位置判断目标身份的按键反应的正确率、反应时、注意偏向值(中性刺激材料的反应时与负性刺激材料的反应时的差值)的标准分数的差异。结果:焦虑组在面孔材料条件下[(669.6±72.1)ms vs.(659.4±67.4)ms,P<0.01]和在词语材料条件下[(617.5±80.0)ms vs.(606.7±71.3)ms,P<0.01]的中性位置的反应时长于负性位置的反应时。结论:焦虑个体对负性面孔和词语的刺激材料均可能产生明显的注意偏向。     

高特质愤怒者对负性情绪刺激注意偏向的潜在机制

目的:探讨高特质愤怒个体对负性情绪刺激注意偏向的潜在机制。方法:采用同中选异实验范式,以高、低特质愤怒大学生各24名为被试,对比分析高、低特质愤怒被试在中性干扰刺激中搜索情绪靶刺激(注意敏感)及在情绪干扰刺激中搜索中性靶刺激(注意锁定)反应时的差异。结果:重复测量方差分析发现,注意敏感实验中,以11、19张中性面孔为干扰刺激时,皆存在靶刺激主效应及靶刺激与组别交互效应,进一步分析发现,高特质愤怒被试对愤怒面孔为靶刺激的反应时皆显著短于以快乐面孔为靶刺激的反应时。注意锁定实验中,以11、19张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,皆存在干扰刺激主效应及干扰刺激与组别的交互效应,进一步分析发现,11张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,高特质愤怒被试以愤怒面孔为干扰刺激的反应时显著长于以快乐面孔为干扰刺激的反应时,以19张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,两组被试以愤怒面孔为干扰刺激的反应时皆显著长于以快乐面孔为干扰刺激的反应时。结论:高特质愤怒者对威胁性刺激的警觉——锁定是其对威胁性刺激产生注意偏向的潜在原因。     

高焦虑个体对威胁性词语的注意偏向及习惯化

目的:探讨随刺激呈现次数的增加,高焦虑个体对威胁性刺激注意偏向的变化。方法:被试为大一新生,依据状态-特质焦虑问卷得分,随机选择了得分最高的25%部分中的24人作为高焦虑组,得分最低的25%部分中的23人作为低焦虑组。实验采用点探测视觉搜索任务,以威胁性词语为刺激材料,刺激呈现8次,分析刺激每次呈现时高低焦虑组被试对威胁性词语的注意偏向。结果:当刺激首次呈现时只有高焦虑组被试的注意偏向值与0相之间差异有显著性(t=2.34,P<0.05)。方差分析显示在刺激呈现的前三次,随着刺激呈现次数的增加,只有高焦虑组被试的注意偏向值发生了显著的变化(F=5.44,P<0.01.注意偏向值分别为:13.1±27.3,2.5±27.0,-10.0±27.9),对刺激呈现的后五次高低焦虑组个体的注意偏向值变化均不显著。结论:随着词语刺激呈现次数的增加,高焦虑被试对威胁性词语的注意偏向表现出习惯化倾向。     

高特质愤怒者对负性情绪刺激注意偏向的潜在机制北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:探讨高特质愤怒个体对负性情绪刺激注意偏向的潜在机制。方法:采用同中选异实验范式,以高、低特质愤怒大学生各24名为被试,对比分析高、低特质愤怒被试在中性干扰刺激中搜索情绪靶刺激(注意敏感)及在情绪干扰刺激中搜索中性靶刺激(注意锁定)反应时的差异。结果:重复测量方差分析发现,注意敏感实验中,以11、19张中性面孔为干扰刺激时,皆存在靶刺激主效应及靶刺激与组别交互效应,进一步分析发现,高特质愤怒被试对愤怒面孔为靶刺激的反应时皆显著短于以快乐面孔为靶刺激的反应时。注意锁定实验中,以11、19张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,皆存在干扰刺激主效应及干扰刺激与组别的交互效应,进一步分析发现,11张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,高特质愤怒被试以愤怒面孔为干扰刺激的反应时显著长于以快乐面孔为干扰刺激的反应时,以19张情绪面孔为干扰刺激时,两组被试以愤怒面孔为干扰刺激的反应时皆显著长于以快乐面孔为干扰刺激的反应时。结论:高特质愤怒者对威胁性刺激的警觉——锁定是其对威胁性刺激产生注意偏向的潜在原因。     

高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制探讨

目的:探讨高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制。方法:采用线索-靶子范式检测不同SOA下焦虑组和对照组的表现。结果:实验一发现,焦虑组只有在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出提示效应;实验二发现,焦虑组在中性面孔做线索时表现出返回抑制效应,在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出返回抑制效应。结论:高焦虑个体在SOA较短时由于对负性情绪信息的注意易化,对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应,在SOA较长时由于对负性情绪信息的注意脱离困难,返回抑制能力受损,仍对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应。     

状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向

目的:考察状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向及其内在机制。方法:通过数字减法任务诱发大学生的状态焦虑,采用点探测和线索-靶子任务,分别将情绪词置于线索和靶子位置,比较状态焦虑大学生和正常大学生对靶刺激反应的差异。结果:正常组大学生的状态焦虑量表得分实验前和实验后差异不显著;状态焦虑组大学生实验后的量表得分显著高于实验前(t=-5.595,P0.05)。点探测任务中,词语类型与被试类型交互作用显著(F=4.103,P0.05),状态焦虑大学生对负性词条件下靶刺激的反应时比中性词条件下的更短,而正常大学生在两类词语条件下对靶刺激的反应时差异不显著。线索-靶子任务中,线索类型、词语类型、被试类型三者交互作用显著(F=47.478,P0.05),状态焦虑组大学生在负性有效线索条件下的反应时短于负性无效条件下的反应时,正常组大学生在负性有效条件下的反应时长于负性无效条件。结论:状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词存在注意偏向,表现为其注意一旦被负性信息捕获,就难以从中解除。     

高特质焦虑情绪大学生对威胁刺激的选择性注意抑制

目的:探究高特质焦虑情绪大学生的选择性注意抑制功能。方法:通过特质焦虑问卷筛选出高、低特质焦虑情绪大学生各20名,采用改进的情绪负启动范式,以语义判断的情绪负启动任务,考察高特质焦虑情绪大学生的注意抑制能力。结果:低特质焦虑情绪组在负启动条件下,对威胁和中性词汇的反应时都显著大于控制条件下;高特质焦虑情绪组在负启动条件下,对威胁词汇的反应时显著小于控制条件下,中性词汇的反应时与控制条件之间差异不显著。对中性词汇,高、低特质焦虑情绪组的负启动量差异不显著;对威胁词汇,高特质焦情绪组负启动量显著小于低特质焦虑情绪组。结论:高特质焦虑情绪大学生对威胁刺激表现出负启动效应减弱,存在特定威胁信息的注意抑制困难。     

ERP effects of intermodal attention and cross-modal links in spatial attention

Effects of intermodal attention and of cross-modal links in spatial attention on visual and auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were investigated in two experiments where participants had to attend to one stimulus modality (audition or vision) to respond to infrequently presented targets whenever these were presented at a relevant location (indicated by a cue). The ERP effects of intermodal attention (measured by comparing the ERPs elicited by visual and auditory stimuli when the respective modality was relevant or irrelevant) were differently distributed in vision and audition, suggesting that intermodal attention operates by a selective modulation of modality-specific areas. Similar ERP effects of spatial attention (measured by comparing the ERPs to stimuli at cued and uncued locations) were elicited at midline electrodes in vision and audition. With one notable exception, these effects were also present when attention was directed within the other modality, suggesting the existence of cross-modal links between vision and audition in the control of transient spatial attention.     

咀嚼口香糖对个体注意功能的影响

目的:考察咀嚼口香糖对注意的影响。方法:基于性别、特质性焦虑水平、嚼口香糖习惯大小(H/L)、以及实验时是否嚼糖(G/C),采用平衡组间设计将181名健康的大学生被试分为:实验时嚼糖且有习惯(GH)、实验时嚼糖但无习惯(GL),控制不嚼糖但有习惯(CH)、和控制不嚼糖且无习惯(CL)四个组,在实验室中进行连续操作测验(CPT-AX)和匹配搜索任务(CST)测验,用以评估持续性注意和选择性注意。结果:除实验中咀嚼口香糖对被试成绩有积极影响外,咀嚼口香糖的经验对成绩显示了更重要影响。结论:咀嚼口香糖对注意功能有积极影响,并且对口香糖的熟悉程度在此积极影响中起重要作用。     

Crossmodal links in spatial attention are mediated by supramodal control processes: evidence from event-related potentials

Crossmodal links in spatial attention were studied in an experiment where participants had to detect peripheral tactile or visual targets on the attended side, while ignoring all stimuli on the unattended side and in the currently irrelevant modality. Both relevant locations and relevant modalities were specified on a trial-by-trial basis by auditory precues. Spatial orienting in the cue-target interval was reflected in anterior negativities and occipital positivities contralateral to the cued side, either when vision or touch was cued as relevant. These effects resembled previously reported ERP modulations during shifts of visual attention, implicating supramodal mechanisms in the control of spatial attention and demonstrating their independence of cue modality. Early effects of spatial attention on somatosensory and visual ERPs were of equivalent size for currently relevant and irrelevant modalities. Results support the idea that crossmodal links in spatial attention are mediated by supramodal control mechanisms.     

An event-related brain potential study of cross-modal links in spatial attention between vision and touch

Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for the existence of cross-modal links in endogenous spatial attention between vision and touch was obtained in an experiment where participants had to detect tactile or visual targets on the attended side and to ignore the irrelevant modality and stimuli on the unattended side. For visual ERPs, attentional modulations of occipital P1 and N1 components were present when attention was directed both within vision and within touch, indicating that links in spatial attention from touch to vision can affect early stages of visual processing. For somatosensory ERPs, attentional negativities starting around 140 ms poststimulus were present at midline and lateral central electrodes when touch was relevant. No attentional somatosensory ERP modulations were present when vision was relevant and tactile stimuli could be entirely ignored. However, in another task condition where responses were also required to infrequent tactile targets regardless of their location, visual-spatial attention modulated somatosensory ERPs. Unlike vision, touch apparently can be decoupled from attentional orienting within another modality unless it is potentially relevant.     

The effect of gaze direction on sound localization in brain-injured and normal adults

This study examined the effects of eye position on sound localization in normal and brain lesion subjects. On the assumption that cerebral lesions may disrupt the representation of or attention to auditory space in the contralesional hemispace, we predicted that subjects with brain lesions would be less accurate in localizing sounds in the contralesional hemispace. In Experiment 1 we showed that gazing to the midline subjects with brain lesions were indeed impaired in localizing sounds in the contralesional hemispace. On the assumption that spatial attention is deployed at the site to which gaze is directed, we predicted that sound localization would be better on the side to which subjects directed their gaze. In Experiment 2, brain lesion subjects performed significantly better in the contralesional hemispace when they directed gaze to that hemispace. This improvement was accompanied by deterioration of performance in the ipsilesional hemispace. When subjects directed gaze to the ipsilesional hemispace, performance in the contralesional hemispace was further impaired. The effect of gaze was also observed in normal subjects in Experiments 2 and 3, independently of response mode (verbal versus pointing responses). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sound location may be mapped in eye-centered coordinates and that directing gaze to one hemispace reduces attentional allocation to the other hemispace.     

Cross-modal links in endogenous spatial attention are mediated by common external locations: evidence from event-related brain potentials

Recent behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) studies reported cross-modal links in spatial attention between vision, audition and touch. Such links could reflect differences in hemispheric-activation levels associated with spatial attention to one side, or more abstract spatial reference-frames mediating selectivity across modalities. To distinguish these hypotheses, ERPs were recorded to lateral tactile stimuli, plus visual (experiment 1) or auditory stimuli (experiment 2), while participants attended to the left or right hand to detect infrequent tactile targets, and ignored other modalities. In separate blocks, hands were either in a crossed or uncrossed posture. With uncrossed hands, visual stimuli on the tactually attended side elicited enhanced N1 and P2 components at occipital sites, and an enhanced negativity at midline electrodes, reflecting cross-modal links in spatial attention from touch to vision. Auditory stimuli at tactually attended locations elicited an enhanced negativity overlapping with the N1 component, reflecting cross-modal links from touch to audition. An analogous pattern of results arose for crossed hands, with tactile attention enhancing auditory or visual responses on the side where the attended hand now lay (i.e. in the opposite visual or auditory hemifield to that enhanced by attending the same hand when uncrossed). This suggests that cross-modal attentional links are not determined by hemispheric projections, but by common external locations. Unexpectedly, somatosensory ERPs were strongly affected by hand posture in both experiments, with attentional effects delayed and smaller for crossed hands. This may reflect the combined influence of anatomical and external spatial codes within the tactile modality, while cross-modal links depend only on the latter codes. Electronic Publication     

乳头丘脑束损伤对大鼠内源性注意的影响

目的:了解外源性注意和内源性注意是否可以分离?内源性注意与哪些生理位置相关?方法:用机械毁损法毁损大鼠双侧MT,观察大鼠行为和注意能力变化。同时,电击被毁损后大鼠右侧VTA,用免疫组织化学法,采取同脑左右对比,观察大鼠相关脑区的c-fos表达,了解在毁损发生后信息的传导情况。结果:大鼠在双侧MT被机械毁损之后,3天里持续的注意能力变化与麻醉时基本相同,内源性注意完全消失;强烈的痛刺激有反应,角膜、吞咽反射存在、外源性注意存在,且这种状态呈现出不可恢复的形势。未毁损MT时,电击右侧VTA,同脑左右侧表现出有显著差异的c-fos表达;毁损双侧MT后电击右侧VTA,同脑左右侧c-fos表达基本上无差异。结论:毁损MT大鼠内源性注意消失,外源性注意依然存在,外源性注意和内源性注意可以分离。从c-fos表达上可以看出,毁损MT后电击信号没有传入大鼠脑的相应部位,这可能是导致大鼠内源性注意消失的主要原因,由此推知双侧MT是大鼠内源性注意通路上的关键位置。     

Attending points in time and space

Both spatial and temporal attention improves auditory processing and these effects seem to originate at perceptual processing stages. It is not yet known if space and time are used in parallel or sequentially for stimulus selection. To directly compare when temporal and spatial attention affect stimulus processing in the auditory modality, short and long empty intervals (600 and 1,200 ms) were presented. Each interval started with a centrally presented tone (S1) and ended with a second tone (S2) presented either on the left or on the right side. Participants had to attend one point in time (offset of the short or long interval) and one position (left or right side) and had to respond to infrequent, deviant offset markers presented at the attended time point and at the attended position. The N1 of concurrently recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to the frequent standard stimuli was enhanced by both temporal and spatial attention. The temporal and the spatial N1 attention effect had a similar scalp topography, suggesting common neural generators. By contrast, later effects of temporal and spatial attention, consisting of a posterior positivity and an anterior negativity, markedly differed.     

Orienting of visual attention in dyslexia: evidence for asymmetric hemispheric control of attention

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the transport of small hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during focal cerebral ischemia could be altered by a topical application of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the ischemic cortex (IC). Forty minutes after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, patches of 10 nM ET-1 (low-endothelin group), 100 nM ET-1 (high-endothelin group), or normal saline (control group) were placed on the IC of rats for a 20-min period. One hour after MCA occlusion, transfer coefficient (K _i) of [¹⁴C-α-]aminoisobutyric acid (¹⁴C-AIB) or regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined. Vital signs were not significantly different among the experimental groups. In the control group (n=8), the K _i of the IC was significantly higher than that of the contralateral cortex (CC; 11.9±5.8 vs 5.0±1.9 μl/g per minute). In the low-endothelin group (n=8), the K _i of the IC was still significantly higher than that of the CC (9.4±5.2 vs 5.3±2.5 μl/g per minute). However, in the High-endothelin group (n=8), the K _i of the IC was not different from that of the CC (6.9±2.1 vs 5.6±2.3 μl/g per minute) and 42% lower than that of the control group. The rCBF was not affected by 100 nM of ET-1 [control (n=6): IC 53±18 ml/100 g per minute, CC 94±23 ml/100 g per minute; high-endothelin (n=6): IC 49±15 ml/100 g per minute, CC 98±24 ml/100 g per minute]. Our data suggest that the application of endothelin-1 in the IC could reduce the transfer coefficient of small hydrophilic molecules across the BBB during focal ischemia. Electronic Publication     

Concurrent visual task effects on evoked and emitted auditory p300 in adolescents

Using an oddball stimulus presentation paradigm, the effects of divided attention on auditory P300s were studied. Auditory attention was either divided or focused, depending on the demands placed on subjects during the performance of a concomitantly presented visual task. Two types of auditory tasks were performed under each of the two auditory attention conditions. In one, subjects responded to infrequently presented high pitched tones (oddball stimuli). In the other they responded to the occasional omission of a stimulus in an otherwise rhythmically presented chain of stimuli. P300s and reaction times were recorded to both the rare tones and the omissions. The Sternberg visual memory task was used to manipulate the subject's auditory attention state. Subjects actively performed the Sternberg task during the divided auditory attention condition, whereas during the focused attention condition they were not required to respond to the visual stimuli. During focused auditory attention, evoked auditory P300s were both larger and faster than their emitted counterparts. During divided attention, auditory P300s were reduced in amplitude but latency was unaffected. Evoked auditory P300s showed evidence of containing P300a as well as P300b components, particularly when attention was shared with the visual task.