高效液相色谱法测定舒泌通胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立舒泌通胶囊中绿原酸的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用C18柱,以甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(15:85:1:0.3)为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min-1检测波长328 nm,外标法定量.结果:绿原酸含量测定线性范围为5～4 840 ng(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.7%,RSD为1.16%(n=6).结论:高效液相色谱法专属、灵敏、重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

小儿咽扁颗粒含量测定方法研究

小儿咽扁颗粒为中药复方制剂,金银花为主要药物之一,其主要成分为绿原酸,选择绿原酸为含量测定指标,采用高效液相色谱法测定药品中绿原酸的含量进行研究,建立了绿原酸的高效液相含量测定方法,色谱条件与系统适用性。     

测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的高效液相色谱法实验研究

目的:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量.方法:本研究应用HPLC方法测定,采用的色谱柱为Spherigel C18色谱柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),以水:乙腈:甲醇:冰醋酸=96:6:11:2为流动相、以327nm为检测波长,建立高效液相色谱法测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的方法.结果:此色谱条件下,测定出皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸的含量在线性范围为0.2~2.0μg之间具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9996),绿原酸回收率可达96.88%,RSD为0.89%(n=5).结论:测定皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的高效液相色谱法操作简单,分离度好,测定结果准确,精密度、重现性及稳定性均良好,适用于皮炎合剂的金银花中绿原酸含量的测定.     

HPLC法测定金银花中绿原酸的含量

金银花主要有效分为绿原酸,用高效液相色谱法,测定绿原酸的含量简便可靠。目的:金银花中的有效成分为绿原酸,所以我们对该成份进行测定。方法:采用高效液相法进行测定。结果:测完结果经回收率测定平均值101%。结论:用高效液相法测定绿原酸的含量方法简便,数据准确。     

HPLC法同时测定健肝口服液中绿原酸和槲皮素的含量

目的 建立同时测定健肝口服液中绿原酸和槲皮素的含量的方法.方法 用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱;梯度洗脱,流动相A:乙腈,流动相B:0.4%磷酸溶液一四氢呋喃(100.0:0.5);流量为1 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:360 nm.结果 绿原酸与槲皮素含量测定线性范围分别为19.2...     

高效液相色谱法测定银黄注射液中绿原酸的含量

目的:改进银黄注射液中绿原酸的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定绿原酸含量,以甲醇-0.2%醋酸(60:40)为流动相,检测波长为326 nm.结果:平均回收率为97.14%,RSD为1.32%(n=6).结论:高效液相色谱法操作简便、准确、重现性好,可作为银黄注射液质量控制方法.     

HPLC法测定小儿咽扁颗粒中绿原酸的含量

目的 测定小儿咽扁颗粒中绿原酸的含量.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,在十八烷基键合硅胶为填充柱的色谱柱上,以乙腈-0.3%磷酸(13∶87)为流动相,检测波长为327 nm.结果 绿原酸含量测定线性范围0.042～0.840μg,平均加样回收率101.70%,RSD1.09%.结论 HPLC法测定小儿扁颗粒中绿原酸的含量,方法快速简便,精密度及回收率均较好,可用于该药品的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方醋酸曲安奈德软膏中2组分的含量

目的:建立用高效液相色谱法测定复方醋酸曲安奈德软膏含量的方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱为ODS-C18,流动相为甲醇-水-乙醚(50∶50∶2),流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长为240 nm.结果:可同时测定2组分的含量.醋酸曲安奈德在0.002 5～0.125 g·L-1、氯霉素在0.05～2.5 g·L-1范围内峰面积与其浓度呈良好线性关系,平均回收率依次为99.8%(RSD=0.8%)、99.4%(RSD=0.8%).结论:高效液相色谱法可简便、快速、准确地同时测定复方醋酸曲安奈德软膏中2组分的含量.     

高效液相色谱法测定两种中药颗粒中龙胆苦苷的含量

目的探讨高效液相色谱法测定两种中药颗粒中龙胆苦苷的含量。方法建立高效液相色谱法测定清感利咽颗粒和十味龙胆花颗粒中的龙胆苦苷含量的方法与效果。高效液相色谱的条件为:ZorbaxSBC18色谱柱,以1%乙酸的水-甲醇为流动相,流速为0.8 mL?mm-1;柱温:25℃;进样量:10μL;测定波长270nm。结果清感利咽颗粒线性回归方程为Y=6.83X+1.3866,味龙胆花颗粒线性回归方程为Y=4.25X+2.5215,十味龙胆花颗粒的龙胆苦苷含量稍多于清感利咽颗粒。结论高效液相色谱法测定清感利咽颗粒和十味龙胆花颗粒中龙胆苦苷具有准确率高、回收率与精密度好等特点,可推广成为中药样品的测定含量方法。     

不同加工方法山银花药材中绿原酸、木犀草苷的含量测定

目的建立高效液相色谱法对不同加工方法山银花药材中绿原酸、木犀草苷2个指标性成分进行含量测定,确定山银花最佳加工方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Agi Lent C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.4%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱;流速:1 m L·min-1;检测波长:350 nm;柱温:25℃。结果不同加工方法山银花中绿原酸、木犀草苷含量有明显变化,其中低温烘干与杀青烘干山银花中绿原酸、木犀草苷含量较高。结论低温烘干法加工山银花外观质量最优,绿原酸、木犀草苷含量最高,应广泛推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.