产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值。方法选取45例主动脉弓发育异常的胎儿,获取以下标准切面的超声图像:四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、三血管切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面、主动脉弓长轴切面、上下腔静脉切面、气管及支气管冠状切面、胸主动脉上段冠状切面,各切面叠加彩色多普勒超声,重点观察主动脉弓位置、内径、形态及血流方向。结果 45例主动脉弓发育异常胎儿均经产后证实,其中主动脉弓缩窄15例(13例合并心内畸形,6例合并心外畸形);主动脉弓离断3例(均合并心内畸形);右位主动脉弓并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管12例(1例合并心内畸形);镜面右位主动脉弓14例(7例合并心内畸形,4例合并心外畸形);双主动脉弓1例(未合并心内畸形)。结论主动脉弓离断、主动脉弓缩窄、镜面右位主动脉弓常合并心内畸形,部分合并心外畸形,产前明确主动脉弓发育异常及其合并心内、心外畸形情况,对于评价胎儿预后有重要指导意义。     

胎儿下腔静脉离断的超声诊断分析

[目的]探讨产前超声诊断胎儿下腔静脉离断的价值。[方法]对2007年3月至2012年12月在本院产前超声系统筛查201069例孕妇,诊断胎儿下腔静脉离断34例的声像图特征及漏诊原因进行分析。[结果]胎儿下腔静脉离断诊断率为0．17‰,34例中内脏异位综合征11例（其中左侧异构9例,右侧异构2例）,完全性内脏反位2例;合并心脏畸形18例（房室间隔缺损4例,法洛四联症3例,永存动脉干3例,左上腔静脉3例,右室双出口1例,房室间隔缺损＋肺静脉异位引流1例,法洛四联症＋左上腔静脉1例,永存动脉干＋肺静脉异位引流1例,右室双出口＋肺静脉异位引流1例）;漏诊3例,2例在孕23、24周筛查时漏诊,孕32周复查时检出;1例出生后诊断,随访至今5年余,患儿生长发育正常,无异常临床表现。[结论]上下腔静脉长轴切面、胸腹部斜冠状切面、四腔心切面及上腹部横切面是筛查胎儿下腔静脉离断的重要切面,对产前超声诊断胎儿下腔静脉离断具有重要的临床价值。     

产前超声诊断胎儿多脾综合征1例

孕妇,35岁.孕32周,孕4产3.无家族病史及不良嗜好.产前超声检查:常规超声测量胎儿双顶径、腹围、股骨长符合孕周.胎盘、羊水及脐动脉血流未见异常.上腹部横切面(图1左)可见腹主动脉位于脊柱左前方,腹主动脉右后方见扩张的奇静脉,后者与腹主动脉伴行入胸腔,汇入上腔静脉.腹部纵切面显示下腔静脉在肾水平离断,与奇静脉异常连接.气管冠状切面显示左右支气管对称,均呈左支气管形态.     

产前超声检查对胎儿永存左上腔静脉的诊断价值

目的研究胎儿永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)超声声像图,探讨产前超声检查对PLSVC胎儿的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析27例PLSVC胎儿的超声声像图,其中经尸解证实19例,产后随访证实8例。结果超声诊断27例胎儿均为Ⅰ型PLSVC,即经冠状静脉窦引流入右心房。27例中5例为单纯PLSVC,22例合并其他心脏异常及心外畸形,其中2例合并染色体异常。结论产前超声检查可准确诊断胎儿PLSVC,具有重要临床意义。更多还原     

胎儿主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征

目的 探讨主动脉弓异常的产前超声声像图特征,以提高其产前超声诊断率.方法 回顾性分析73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿的产前超声声像图、引产后胎儿尸检结果或新生儿超声心动图结果,并与正常胎儿产前超声图像进行对比,研究主动脉弓异常的产前超声图像特征.结果 73例先天性主动脉弓异常胎儿中,主动脉弓位置异常33例,正常左位主动脉弓伴右锁骨下动脉迷走9例,主动脉弓离断5例,主动脉弓缩窄26例.本组66例经产后证实的病例资料显示主动脉弓异常产前超声诊断准确率为86.36%.最有效的扫查切面是三血管切面和三血管气管切面.结论 先天性主动脉弓异常各类型均有特征性的超声表现,掌握其产前超声诊断的主要切面及产前超声声像图特征,其产前超声诊断准确率较高.但是主动脉弓严重缩窄与主动脉弓离断产前超声鉴别诊断有一定难度.     

产前超声检查对胎儿心脏大动脉畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨胎儿心脏大动脉畸形产前超声诊断的操作技巧,提高产前超声诊断符合率.方法 回顾分析我院诊断并经产后证实的20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿的超声图像,总结不同类型大动脉畸形的声像图特征.结果 20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿均经产后新生儿超声心动图检查或引产后尸体解剖证实,大动脉畸形在三血管气管(3VT)切面上均呈阳性特征,分别表现为大动脉内径异常10例,包括肺动脉狭窄7例,主动脉狭窄1例,主动脉弓离断1例及主动脉弓缩窄1例;永存动脉干4例;大动脉交叉关系消失5例,包括右室双出口3例,大动脉转位2例;右位主动脉弓1例.17例胎儿合并心内其他结构异常.结论 3VT切面是诊断胎儿心脏大动脉异常敏感且有效的切面,其他切面可作为诊断和鉴别诊断的辅助切面.     

胎儿主动脉弓离断的超声诊断及畸形特征分析

目的 研究胎儿主动脉弓离断的产前超声诊断、鉴别诊断技巧及其畸形特征.方法 所有胎儿均常规获得四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管切面(3VT)的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流显像.当发现左心和主动脉内径异常小,左/右心室比例和/或升主动脉内径/肺动脉内径比例失调怀疑主动脉弓异常时,进一步获得主动脉弓纵切面和冠状切面明确诊断.结果 产前超声共诊断12例主动脉弓离断,均表现为升主动脉内径相对细小,升主动脉/肺动脉内径比例失调;均合并室间隔缺损.通过解剖证实4例为Bb型主动脉弓离断合并胸腺缺如,2例为A型主动脉弓离断,3例为严重主动脉弓缩窄,3例失访.结论 主动脉内径相对细小,升主动脉内径/肺动脉内径比例失调及室间隔缺损等声像特征是产前诊断主动脉弓离断的重要线索,严重主动脉弓缩窄易误诊为主动脉弓离断,Bb型主动脉弓离断常合并胸腺缺如.     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉

目的探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉的声像图特征及产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉的价值。方法对8例产前超声诊断为永存左上腔静脉胎儿的超声图像特征进行回顾性分析,并结合文献分析总结胎儿永存左上腔静脉各切面声像图特点。结果 8例中1例合并完全性心内膜垫缺损,1例合并Dandy-Walker畸形,2例合并多系统畸形,其余4例为单纯性永存左上腔静脉。结论产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉具有很好的可操作性和较高的临床价值。     

胎儿主动脉弓发育异常产前超声诊断

目的 探讨胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的产前超声诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析45例胎儿主动脉弓发育异常产前超声图像特征。结果 经产后证实胎儿主动脉弓发育异常45例, 其中主动脉弓缩窄15例(13例合并心内畸形,6例合并心外畸形);主动脉弓离断3例(均合并心内畸形);右位主动脉弓并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管12例(1例合并心内畸形);镜面右位主动脉弓14例(7例合并心内畸形,4例合并心外畸形);双主动脉弓1例(未合并心内畸形)。结论 主动脉弓离断、主动脉弓缩窄、镜面右位主动脉弓常合并心内畸形,部分合并心外畸形,产前明确主动脉弓发育异常及其合并心内、心外畸形情况,对于评价胎儿预后有重要指导意义。     

产前二维超声诊断胎儿单发半椎体畸形的价值

目的:探讨胎儿单发半椎体畸形的二维声像图特征,以提高产前二维超声对单发半椎体畸形的认识。方法:从2010年5月—2015年5月在广东省东莞市茶山医院进行常规产前超声检查的孕妇中,选取产前超声提示单发半椎体畸形7例,回顾性分析单发半椎体畸形声像图特征及产前超声检查方法。结果:7例单发半椎体畸形中,胸椎半椎体5例,腰椎半椎体2例;产前超声检查过程中,旁正中切面显示脊柱后凸和前凸畸形5例,冠状切面显示脊柱左侧弯曲和右侧弯曲6例,在没有侧弯、成角情况下,横切面很难发现椎体形态异常。结论:旁正中切面可显示半椎体畸形引起的脊柱后凸和前凸,冠状切面可显示半椎体畸形引起的脊柱左侧弯曲和右侧弯曲,横切面可显示椎体形态异常。胎儿半椎体畸形具有典型声像图特征,二维超声可作为胎儿单发半椎体畸形的常规筛查手段。     

三步节段法产前超声诊断胎儿内脏异位综合征

目的探讨产前超声"三步节段法"对诊断胎儿内脏异位综合征的临床价值。方法在40 884胎产前超声检查中采用"三步节段法",胎龄14～38周,平均(27.4±6.5)周;孕妇年龄20～33岁,平均(23.6±4.3)岁。11胎诊断为内脏异位综合征,将其产前超声表现与引产后解剖学所见进行对比分析。结果 11胎内脏异位综合征胎儿中,左异构3胎,右异构8胎;10胎引产后经尸体解剖证实。内脏异位综合征的主要产前超声表现包括内脏心脏异位,下腔静脉离断伴奇静脉异位引流或下腔静脉紧靠腹主动脉和心脏畸形。结论产前超声是诊断胎儿内脏异位综合征有效可行的方法。采用产前超声"三步节段法"全面有序扫查获得主要超声征象可减少漏诊。     

Prenatal diagnosis of cardiosplenic syndromes: a 10-year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of fetal echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of cardiosplenic syndromes and the spectrum of associated anomalies. METHODS: This was a retrospective survey of fetuses in our databases over a period of 10 years with postnatally confirmed prenatal diagnosis of cardiosplenic syndromes. RESULTS: In 32 of 35 fetuses the prenatal diagnosis of cardiosplenic syndromes was confirmed postpartum. Twenty-two fetuses had left isomerism. Their main prenatal ultrasound features were interrupted inferior vena cava (n = 21), complete atrioventricular septal defect (n = 15), viscerocardiac heterotaxy (n = 15), persistent bradyarrhythmia (n = 12) and fetal hydrops or nuchal edema (n = 12). Twelve pregnancies were terminated, two fetuses were stillborn and eight infants survived. Ten fetuses had right isomerism. Their main sonographic features were juxtaposition of the descending aorta and inferior vena cava (n = 7), complete atrioventricular septal defect (n = 7), left persistent superior vena cava (n = 6) and viscerocardiac heterotaxy (n = 6). In this group there was one stillbirth, five infant deaths and four survivors. The overall survival rate and spectrum of other cardiac malformations were similar between the two groups. Prenatal diagnosis of other visceral features of cardiosplenic syndromes was inconsistent. CONCLUSION: Cardiosplenic syndromes can be diagnosed with high accuracy by prenatal sonography. A diagnosis of left isomerism should be strongly suggested in the presence of a combination of at least two of the following: (1) complete atrioventricular septal defect or other structural heart disease; (2) interruption of inferior vena cava with azygos continuation; (3) early fetal heart block; (4) viscerocardiac heterotaxy. Right isomerism should be suspected in the presence of a combination of at least two of the following: (1) structural heart disease, namely complete atrioventricular septal defect; (2) juxtaposition of inferior vena cava and descending aorta; (3) viscerocardiac heterotaxy.     

时间—空间关联成像联合高分辨力血流显像技术显示孕中期胎儿奇静脉

目的探讨应用时间—空间关联成像(STIC)联合高分辨力血流显像(HD)技术显示孕中期胎儿奇静脉的可行性。方法选取2013年3~11月期间进行胎儿畸形筛查的200例孕妇,随机分为两组,研究组100例应用STIC联合HD技术在胎儿胸腹部正中旁矢状切面显示奇静脉,通过图像旋转等后处理,观察奇静脉与胸主动脉关系,奇静脉弓的形态及奇静脉弓汇入上腔静脉的位置及方式。对照组100例应用二维超声联合CDFI技术对胎儿奇静脉进行显示。结果 1研究组100例胎儿共96例成功显示了奇静脉,显示成功率为96%,对照组100例胎儿共85例成功显示了奇静脉,显示成功率为85%。研究组优于对照组,P﹤0.05。2根据与脊柱的相对位置关系对奇静脉分型,奇静脉脊柱右侧型、中间型及左侧型所占比例分别为26.0%、33.9%及40.1%。3奇静脉与胸主动脉并行,至上腔静脉水平后向前弯曲形成弓形,汇入上腔静脉。41例下腔静脉肝段离断,奇静脉明显扩张,内径与胸主动脉相当。结论 STIC联合HD技术显示孕中期奇静脉可行,可观察奇静脉内径及走形,奇静脉弓的形态及汇入上腔静脉的位置及方式等,对导致奇静脉扩张的疾病如下腔静脉离断等具有提示诊断作用;该方法对奇静脉的显示率优于传统的二维超声联合CDFI。     

自然组织谐波显像技术评价左室收缩功能

目的：评价自然组织谐波显像技术（ＮＴＨＩ）测量左室收缩功能的准确性。方法：利用测定２０例患者的左室容量和射血分数,并与左室造影的测值进行比较。结果：ＮＴＨＩ所测左室容量和射血分数与左室造影相应测值高度相关,左室舒张末期容量和收缩末期容量及射血分数的相关系数分别为０．８７,０．９６,０．９２。ＮＴＨＩ左室容量测值低估约３０％。结论：超声ＮＴＨＩ技术能准确可靠测定左室容量和射血分数,为评价左室收缩功能提供简便易行的方法。     

The area behind the heart in the four-chamber view and the quest for congenital heart defects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the spectrum of fetal cardiac defects associated with abnormal sonographic findings in the area behind the heart (ABTH) in the four-chamber view. METHODS: This study included a retrospective review of 393 fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD) detected in 2003-2005 at our tertiary referral center and a prospective evaluation of 4666 fetal echocardiograms, including 220 cases of CHD, performed between January 2006 and February 2007. The retrospective and prospective groups did not differ significantly with respect to cardiac anomalies or abnormal findings in the ABTH, allowing us to combine the 613 fetuses with CHD investigated over a 50-month period. RESULTS: In the study period, 69 fetuses had abnormalities of the ABTH (75% with major CHD). In 28 fetuses, two equally sized vessels ran behind the heart. Of these, 26 had an interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and two had total anomalous infracardiac pulmonary venous connection. In 41 fetuses, only one vessel was visualized, but the descending thoracic aorta was positioned contralateral to the cardiac apex. Of these, 29 had levocardia with right descending aorta. All of them had a right aortic arch. The remaining 12 had dextrocardia with left descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS: The ABTH in the four-chamber view is easy to evaluate and offers important diagnostic markers for fetal CHD. Thus, it might enhance the screening performance of the four-chamber view. Attention must be paid to the number of vessels behind the heart and their laterality.     

双下腔静脉并右肾重复肾胎儿产前超声诊断学特征并文献复习

目的探讨双下腔静脉并右肾重复肾胎儿产前超声诊断学特征。 方法回顾性分析2019年8月5日湖北省妇幼保健院超声科诊断的1例双下腔静脉并右肾重复肾胎儿的产前超声资料，总结双下腔静脉的超声声像图特征，并复习文献。 结果胎儿超声检查右肾见2个肾盂和2组肾静脉，腹部冠状切面显示下腔静脉在肾脏水平向左跨过腹主动脉，肾水平以下与腹主动脉并行左、右侧各见一支下腔静脉，呈"平行三血管征"，双下腔静脉血流走行一致。彩色多普勒超声显示双下腔静脉与腹主动脉血流方向相反，并记录到静脉频谱。 结论掌握双下腔静脉胚胎学基础及超声声像图特征，有利于提高产前超声检出率。     

基于容积超声的胎儿心脏计算机辅助诊断技术获取胎儿超声心动图基本诊断切面的应用价值

目的:评价基于容积超声的胎儿心脏计算机辅助诊断(sonography based volume computer aided display heart,SonoVCADheart)技术在获取胎儿超声心动图基本诊断切面中的应用价值。方法:选取2019年1月8-22日在浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院就诊的80例中晚孕单胎胎儿(57例心脏正常,23例心脏异常),使用容积探头快速采集4~5个以四腔心切面为基础切面的心脏四维容积数据。三位不同经验的医师(医师A:从事胎儿心脏超声诊断15年以上;医师B和C:经过正规胎儿超声心动图培训6个月但经验不丰富)分别采用SonoVCADheart分析处理,对诊断切面的要素化内容进行评分、诊断,并且计算成功率,然后进行统计分析。结果:57例正常胎儿共获取279个容积数据包,平均4.89个/胎儿;23例异常胎儿共获取109个容积数据包,平均4.74个/胎儿。所有容积数据均用于分析,8个诊断切面中所有要素均≥2分的容积百分比分别为:正常组70.61%~74.91%、异常组53.21%~55.96%。不同时间同一医师评分、经验不足医师之间评分及分别与经验丰富医师评分结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);正常、异常组间的评分除了三位医师上下腔静脉-右心房切面以及医师A和C的主动脉弓切面外差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);分析并完成诊断所需时间比较:医师A与医师B、C差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),医师B和C差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);医师A采用SonoVCADheart诊断与二维超声诊断时间比较:异常组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),正常组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);异常组SonoVCADheart诊断符合率为89.91%~90.83%。结论:SonoVCADheart技术对于显示胎儿心脏的8个标准诊断切面具有较高的重复性及良好的稳定性,能够为胎儿超声心动图检查提供重要的关键的诊断切面,在图像采集和显示的标准化方面具有潜在临床应用价值。     

The syndrome of left isomerism: sonographic findings and outcome in prenatally diagnosed cases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis of left isomerism and to assess possible diagnostic and prognostic markers. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all previously unpublished cases of left isomerism diagnosed in the prenatal and postnatal periods in 2 tertiary referral centers in Germany over 15 years. RESULTS: Among 34 fetuses, 31 had a correct prenatal diagnosis of left isomerism; 31 had an interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation; 22 had different types of viscerocardiac heterotaxy; 13 had heart block; and 28 had cardiac defects, with a high prevalence of atrioventricular septal defects (n = 24), right outflow tract obstruction (n = 11), double-outlet right ventricles (n = 6), and anomalous pulmonary venous return (n = 6). Among the 34 cases, 9 underwent termination of pregnancy; 2 fetuses died in utero; 5 children died in the neonatal period; and 4 children died in infancy. Only the presence of heart block and hydrops was significantly correlated with nonsurvival (P < .05). Fourteen children survived, with a mean follow-up +/- SD of 2.9 +/- 2.6 years. Three survivors underwent single-ventricle palliation, and 1 had successful biventricular repair. Three children were awaiting cardiac repair. The remaining 7 children had minor or no associated cardiac defects and were doing well. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of left isomerism is feasible, with high accuracy. Important diagnostic pointers are viscerocardiac heterotaxy, complex cardiac malformations, heart block, and interruption of the inferior vena cava. The mortality in fetuses and neonates is high in the presence of heart block and hydrops, whereas the cardiac defects influence the long-term outcome.     

产前超声诊断胎儿食管后左头臂静脉

目的 观察产前超声诊断胎儿食管后左头臂静脉（RELBCV）的价值。方法 回顾性分析10胎产前超声诊断RELBCV胎儿，观察其超声表现、伴发畸形、染色体异常及妊娠结局等；结合产后随访结果分析产前超声诊断RELBCV的效能。结果 产前超声检出单纯RELBCV 5胎，RELBCV伴心内畸形3胎，伴心外畸形2胎。9胎RELBCV超声三血管气管（3VT）切面图像见左头臂静脉（LBCV）走行于食管和气管后方，与扩张的奇静脉汇合后汇入上腔静脉而形成"U"形血管环；1胎RELBCV见LBCV分为2支，前支较纤细，走行于主动脉弓上方，后支走行于主动脉弓平面食管后方，均汇入上腔静脉。6胎接受羊膜腔穿刺染色体核型及基因组疾病检测，1胎致病性染色体微结构异常，1胎染色体缺失，4胎均未见明显异常。4胎接受无创DNA检测，结果均提示非整倍体异常风险较低。7胎正常出生后经超声心动图证实RELBCV。结论 胎儿RELBVC产前超声表现为LBCV走行于食管或气管后方，与奇静脉汇合后流入上腔静脉，形成"U"形血管环；产前超声检出胎儿RELBCV时，应全面筛查是否伴有其他系统异常，必要时行产前基因组疾病检测。