端扫式凸阵腔内探头联合高频探头经会阴诊断肛瘘

目的 探讨端扫式凸阵腔内探头联合高频探头经会阴部超声术前检查在肛瘘诊断中的临床价值。方法 对临床拟诊肛瘘的87例患者术前进行超声检查,频率5～12MHz的线阵探头结合触诊和视诊检查外口和瘘管,频率3～10MHz端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴检查内口和瘘管,确定肛瘘类型和位置,Kappa检验分析超声与手术结果的一致性。结果 87例超声诊断肛瘘和手术结果一致性高,超声诊断肛瘘及其分型、内口、瘘管、外口的准确率分别是75.86%、81.61%、80.64%、83.17%、87.23%,和手术结果一致性高(Kappa=0.344,0.344,0.298,0.407,0.626;p值均为0.000)；端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴诊断肛瘘全部表现为高回声外括约肌的中断缺损,并与低回声的瘘管相连。结论 端扫式凸阵腔内探头联合高频探头经会阴超声检查肛瘘具有较高的临床价值,是超声检查肛瘘方法的有力补充。     

端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声术前定位男性肛瘘内口

目的 探讨端扫式腔内凸阵探头经会阴超声在男性肛瘘患者肛瘘内口术前定位中的应用价值。方法 对36例男性肛瘘患者术前行超声检查,以频率为3~10 MHz的端扫式腔内探头经会阴超声扫查肛周括约肌及周围组织,观察肛瘘内口的位置和大小;以频率为5~12 MHz的高频线阵探头扫查肛瘘外口和瘘管,并与手术结果对照。结果 端扫式经会阴超声检查均可清晰显示肛周内外括约肌,内口表现为肛管纵行肌的高回声中断缺损,且中断缺损与低回声瘘管相延续。手术证实36例肛瘘患者共38个内口,术前超声共检出33个内口,漏诊3例单纯性肛瘘的3个内口、1例复杂性肛瘘2个内口中的1个,并将1例单纯性肛瘘内口误诊为正常走行的腺管;经会阴部端扫式超声诊断肛瘘内口的符合率为86.84%（33/38）。高频线阵探头超声诊断肛瘘外口和瘘管的符合率为97.22%（35/36）。结论 端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声术前定位男性肛瘘内口无创、便捷,具有较高价值。     

高频探头联合端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声诊断肛瘘

目的 探讨高频探头联合端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声对肛瘘的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析87例接受手术治疗的肛瘘患者，术前均采用频率5~12 MHz线阵探头超声结合触诊和视诊检查外口和瘘管，频率3~10 MHz端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声检查内口和瘘管，确定肛瘘类型，分析超声与手术结果的一致性。结果 87例中，手术诊断单纯型肛瘘73例、复杂型肛瘘14例，术中见93个内口，101个瘘管，94个外口。超声诊断66例肛瘘，漏诊15例，误诊6例，与手术结果的符合率为75.86%（66/87），Kappa值为0.344（P<0.001）。超声诊断肛瘘内口、瘘管及外口的准确率分别为80.65%（75/93）、83.17%（84/101）及87.23%（82/94），与手术结果一致性的Kappa值分别为0.298、0.407及0.626（P均<0.001）。结论 高频探头联合端扫式凸阵腔内探头经会阴超声检查有助于诊断肛瘘。     

经阴道或会阴超声端扫式凸阵探头定位女性肛瘘内口

目的 探讨经阴道或会阴超声端扫式凸阵腔内探头定位女性肛瘘内口的价值。方法 对17例肛瘘患者（病例组）和15名对照组女性于术前采用频率3~10 MHz端扫式凸阵腔内探头检查肛瘘内口,术后与手术结果相对照。结果 所有患者均能耐受检查。病例组17例共18个肛瘘内口,术前超声发现16个,超声诊断符合率为88.89%（16/18）;对照组均能清楚显示肛管三层结构。结论 经阴道或会阴超声端扫式腔内探头定位女性肛瘘内口临床价值较高。     

环阵探头经腔内超声在复杂肛瘘诊断中的应用

目的探讨应用环阵探头经直肠腔内超声检查复杂肛瘘的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析21例复杂性多分支肛瘘管患者应用环阵探头经直肠腔内超声检查结果,并结合术中所见及术后随访对超声检查价值进行评价。结果应用环阵探头经直肠腔内超声检查复杂肛瘘可以清晰显示复杂肛瘘瘘管的走行、位置及开口方向,指导临床选择手术切口及手术入路。结论应用环阵探头经直肠腔内超声检查对于复杂肛瘘的术前诊断具有重要价值。     

腔内超声诊断肛瘘的临床价值

目的 分析经直肠腔内超声在诊断肛瘘方面的临床价值.方法 采用5～10 MHz直肠腔内小凸阵与线阵探头相结合的诊断方法,回顾性分析30例肛瘘手术患者的超声声像图,并与临床体检、手术结果相对照.结果 腔内超声诊断肛瘘内口符合率低,为9.7％,管道与伴随积液符合率高,为93.8％和100.0％.结论 腔内超声能清晰显示瘘管走...     

端扫式直肠探头对高位直肠癌的诊断价值

目的探讨端扫式直肠超声对高位直肠癌患者进行术前腔内检查(TRUS)的方法与临床价值。方法采用端扫式经直肠探头对36例高位直肠癌患者行术前超声检查和超声分期并与手术病理结果及分期作对比研究。结果36例直肠癌超声声像表现为低回声团块,直肠癌超声分期与病理分期符合30例(30/36),术前腔内检查检出直肠癌周围淋巴结转移与病理对照结果的敏感性为93%,特异性为86%。结论端扫式直肠腔内超声对高位直肠癌诊断有明显的优越性,对高位直肠癌术前分期有重要价值。应用适当的检测操作技巧可以提高诊断正确率与成功率。     

高频线阵及经直肠腔内超声对肛瘘及肛周脓肿的诊断价值

目的探讨利用超声高频线阵探头经肛周和腔内探头经直肠检查肛瘘及肛周脓肿的诊断价值。方法使用ATL超9及Philip HD11XE型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪的5-10MHz高频线阵探头经肛周结合5-9MHz腔内探头,经直肠对43例肛瘘患者进行检查。其中26例进行了手术治疗,检查结果与手术结果进行对比。结果对43例肛瘘患者外口（位置、距肛门距离、数目）、走行（曲直、方向、长度）、内口（是否可见,内口距肛门口的距离）、主管和支管（数目、与括约肌、肛提肌的关系以及走行的方向）、肛周脓肿（有无、范围、位置、数目）等进行详细观测和描述。按照检查结果依据肛瘘诊断标准,超声诊断低位单纯型22例、低位复杂型8例、高位单纯型5例、高位复杂型8例。对26例手术患者诊断主管的敏感度92.3%,漏诊率7.7%;诊断支管的敏感度91.7%,漏诊率8.3%,特异度100%。结论超声诊断能为肛瘘和肛周脓肿提供详细的影像学资料,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

超声诊断肛门直肠周围脓肿

目的 探讨超声诊断肛门直肠周围脓肿的价值。方法 应用经腔内端式探头和(或)高频探头检查肛门直肠周围脓肿47例，根据病变发生的解剖部位、声像图特征进行超声分型。结果 应用腔内或高频探头检查肛管和直肠近端时，发现肛门直肠周围脓肿41例，脓肿与瘘管表现为无回声区或低回声与混合回声区，脓腔内无血流信号，炎性增生区可见彩色血流信号，内瘘口表现为黏膜连续性中断或局限膨隆度改变。结论 应用腔内端式超声探头和(或)高频探头检查肛门直肠周围脓肿，能够区分脓肿和肛周组织结构的关系，分辨多数肛瘘内外口所处的位置，可为临床治疗方法的选择提供必要的诊断依据。     

腔内凸阵探头检测颈内动脉病变的价值探讨

目的：探讨腔内凸阵探头在颈内动脉（ICA）疾病检测中的应用价值。方法：73例（146支）ICA进行高频线阵探头和腔内凸阵探头对比检查,观察ICA显示长度、彩色血流及血流频谱形态,测量收缩期峰值速度（PSV）,其中18例DSA检查ICA狭窄者（单侧）,还测量PSVICA/PSVCCA比值,比较两种方法评估狭窄程度的准确率。结果：146支ICA高频线阵探头检测其显示长度为（2.05±0.35）cm,PSV为（89.8±20.9）cm/s;腔内凸阵探头检测显示长度为（4.41±0.32）cm,PSV值为（116.8±35.1）cm/s,两组测值比较差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。41支ICA高频线阵探头检测困难者,腔内凸阵探头均获得满意二维、彩色血流及频谱图。腔内凸阵探头检出31支ICA走行迂曲呈“V”或“S”等形态,而高频线阵探头仅检出19支异常血管形态。在18例DSA检查ICA狭窄为70%~99%者,高频线阵探头评估狭窄程度的准确率为72.2%,而腔内凸阵探头的准确率为94.4%。结论：腔内凸阵探头能显著增大ICA显示长度,对ICA中远段疾病的检测具有较大价值,可作为高频线阵探头检查困难者的有效补充手段。     

L’échographie endoanale dans le bilan préopératoire des fistules anales

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of endoanal ultrasound in the pre-operative evaluation of anal fistulas.

Equipment and methods

A consecutive series of 67 patients with anal fistulas received a pre-operative endoanal ultrasound, either with or without the use of hydrogen peroxide. The position of the internal opening, the type of fistula and the presence of secondary channels were all recorded. The consistency between the surgical data and that of the endoanal ultrasound was assessed.

Results

The average age of patients was 40.5 years and they were predominantly male (4M/1F). In 26 cases (38.8%), the anal fistula was upper transsphincteric (UTAF) and for 22 patients (32.8%) it was lower transsphincteric (LTAF). It was intersphincteric in 13 cases (19.4%), suprasphincteric in 3 cases (4.4%) and a horseshoe shape for 3 patients (4.4%). The results of the EAU were consistent with those from surgery in 74.6% of cases (50/67). This consistency decreased proportionally with the height of the fistula. The internal opening was accurately predicted in 94% of cases (63/67).

Conclusion

Endoanal ultrasound is a highly accurate method of predicting the position of an internal opening. It can also be used to assess the type and the height of the anal fistula. The information is useful pre-operatively in making relevant surgical decisions.     

3.0 T高分辨率MRI在肛瘘分型与内口定位中的应用价值

目的研究3.0 T高分辨率MRI在肛瘘分型与内口定位中的临床应用价值。材料与方法对156例经临床确诊的肛瘘患者采用3.0 T高分辨率MRI检查,并由2名高年资放射科医生阅片,明确瘘管走向,内口位置,有无支管,有无脓肿、主要瘘管与肛门括约肌之间的关系,并与手术探查结果对照。结果根据Parks分型法分型;内口位置描述采取截石位时钟定位法,MRI内口显示位置与术中所见位于同一象限内认为显示正确。结果 (1)156例肛瘘患者的肛瘘主支Parks分型与手术探查分型符合情况:单纯性肛瘘119例,复杂性肛瘘37例,经手术探查结果符合率均为100%。MRI诊断及术后诊断Parks分型结果分别为:括约肌间型87例/85例;经肛管括约肌型52例/54例;括约肌上型10例/11例,括约肌外型7例/6例;结果符合率分别为97.70%、96.30%、90.90%和85.71%。(2)内口定位与手术探查结果符合情况:MRI诊断内口189个,术后诊断内口205个,诊断符合率92.20%。(3)MRI诊断肛瘘主、支管分别为196支、20支,术后诊断肛瘘主、支管分别为198支、24支,诊断符合率高于80%。(4)MRI诊断肛周脓肿74例,术后诊断肛周脓肿74,诊断符合率为100%。结论 3.0 T高分辨率MRI平扫及多期动态增强检查在肛瘘分型与内口定位中具有重要临床应用价值。     

Endosonographic imaging of anorectal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: The normal sonographic anatomy of the anorectum, sonographic findings of anorectal diseases, and indications and limitations of endosonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging are reviewed. Methods. Endosonographic imaging was performed with a Siemens (Erlangen, Germany) FI 400 ultrasound scanner with an end-fire 7.5-MHz biplane endorectal probe and a B-K Medical (Sandhoften, Denmark) scanner with an 1850 axial-type side-fire 5.0- to 10.0-MHz rotating endoscopic probe. RESULTS: Rectal carcinoma appears on endorectal sonography as a low-echogenicity lesion that abruptly interrupts the normal sequence of layers. The internal anal sphincter is seen very clearly on endoanal sonography, and it is easy to appreciate atrophy and small tears of this sphincter. Endoanal sonography cannot accurately show thinning of the external anal sphincter. Peroxide-enhanced endoanal sonography is especially useful for patients with recurrent perianal fistulas in whom scarring should be distinguished from recurrent fistulas and detection of the internal opening. However, sonography does not provide an adequate deep and global display of all adjacent pelvic and perineal spaces. CONCLUSIONS: Endosonography can accurately stage primary rectal tumors and assess the internal anal sphincter. Peroxide-enhanced 3-dimensional imaging can increase the utility of endoanal sonography in detection and characterization of perianal fistulas and planning of optimal therapy. However, magnetic resonance imaging can be used a complementary modality to endosonography, especially for evaluation of external anal sphincter atrophy and deep pelvic inflammation.     

双重超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨经静脉超声造影联合经瘘管超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值。 方法回顾性选取2018年1月至2019年6月中国科学院大学宁波华美医院肛肠外科收治的79例肛瘘患者,在常规二维超声检查的基础上分别行经静脉和经瘘管双重超声造影检查,记录外口的数目、位置、距肛缘的水平距离,瘘管的走行、与括约肌和肛提肌的关系（Parks分类）,内口的数目、位置、距肛缘的垂直距离,分支瘘管的数目、走行,与手术诊断结果作对照分析。 结果双重超声造影诊断肛瘘Parks分类的准确性高于常规二维超声检查（92.41% vs 79.75%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.247,P=0.022）。双重超声造影诊断肛瘘内口和分支瘘管数目的准确性分别为92.79%、85.71%,常规二维超声诊断内口和分支瘘管数目的准确性分别为76.58%、62.86%,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=11.202、4.718,P=0.001、0.030）。 结论双重超声造影检查可充分发挥超声造影技术的优势,对肛瘘的Parks分类、内口及分支瘘管的判断具有较高的准确性,可弥补常规二维超声的不足,为临床治疗决策提供依据。     

经瘘管超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用

目的探讨经瘘管超声造影在肛瘘诊断中的应用价值。 方法选取2016年2月至2017年12月宁波市第二医院肛肠科收治的98例患者,分别行常规超声与经瘘管超声造影检查。记录肛瘘瘘管的走行及其与括约肌和肛提肌的关系（Parks分类）,分支瘘管的数目,内口的数目、位置、距肛缘距离,并与手术诊断结果作对照分析。 结果经瘘管超声造影诊断肛瘘Parks分类的准确性高于常规超声检查（90.82% vs 80.61%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.167,P=0.041）。经瘘管超声造影诊断分支瘘管的准确性低于常规超声检查（81.08% vs 86.49%）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.400,P>0.05）。经瘘管超声造影诊断肛瘘内口的准确性为92.68%,常规超声诊断内口的准确性为78.05%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.543,P=0.001）。 结论经瘘管超声造影对肛瘘Parks分类的诊断及内口的判断具有较高的准确性,可弥补常规超声的不足,为临床治疗决策提供依据。     

术前360°腔内常规超声结合弹性成像诊断肛瘘

目的 探讨术前360°腔内超声结合弹性成像诊断肛瘘价值。 方法 对64例肛周病变拟接受手术的患者于术前行360°腔内常规超声及弹性成像检查,确定肛瘘的位置、类型,并将超声结果与手术结果对照。 结果 61例超声诊断结果与手术结果一致,准确率95.31%(61/64);其中12例括约肌间型,43例经括约肌型,1例括约肌上型,3例肛周脓肿,1例皮下窦道,1例肛周皮下表皮样囊肿。3例超声检查结果与手术不符,其中2例分型与手术不符,1例病灶数目与手术结果不符。 结论 360°腔内超声结合弹性成像便于肛瘘术前定位和分型, 安全、廉价、便捷、准确,具有较高临床应用价值。     

超声造影术前诊断肛瘘的临床价值

目的 探讨超声造影术前诊断肛瘘的临床价值.方法 45例初步诊断为直肠肛门瘘患者,术前常规超声检查后经肛瘘外口注入SonoVue,观察瘘管走向和内口开口位置,将超声造影检查结果与手术所见对照.结果 45例患者中单纯性肛瘘19例.常规超声检查17例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率89.5%;造影检查18例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率94.7%,二者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).复杂性肛瘘26例,常规超声检查16例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率61.5%,造影检查24例诊断与手术结果相同,诊断符合率92.3%,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 SonoVue超声造影用于肛瘘术前检查有较高的可视性和准确率,对手术有重要的指导意义.     

Endoanal ultrasound-guided surgery for anal fistula

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Outcomes following surgical treatment of patients with anal fistula are related to eradication of tracts and the internal opening. In this study, the results of surgery based on endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) findings were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 102 patients with primary cryptogenetic anal fistula were prospectively examined with EAUS, using a 360-degree rotating 10-MHz probe, equipped with a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging system. Injection of hydrogen peroxide through the external opening was also used. Patients underwent operation on the basis of the EAUS findings. The agreement between findings from EAUS and from surgery was calculated. Clinical results were reported as treatment success, fistula recurrence, and fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Amongst 102 patients, the overall concordance between EAUS and surgical findings was 94.1 % for primary tracts, 91.2 % for internal openings, 96.1 % for secondary tracts, 100 % for abscesses, and 96.1 % for horseshoe tracts. Diagnostic accuracy was improved when hydrogen peroxide injection or 3-D imaging were used. Fistulotomy was performed in 46 patients (45.1 %), fistulectomy in 17 (16.7 %), fistulotomy plus seton placement in 19 (18.6 %), fistulectomy plus seton in 18 (17.6 %), and mucosal flap advancement in 2 (2.0 %). The operation was curative in 100 patients (98.0 %), and unsuccessful in 2 (2.0 %) due to recurrence of the fistula. Fecal continence was preserved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the diagnostic accuracy of EAUS, particularly when hydrogen peroxide injection or 3-D imaging are used. Basing our surgical decision making on EAUS findings allowed us to carry out curative operations in a significantly large number of patients; the recurrence rate was very low. The accurate EAUS assessment of the relationship between fistulas and sphincters has been the main factor in choosing a sphincter-saving surgical procedure, avoiding fecal incontinence.     

Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Percutaneous Fistula Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Combined with Transrectal 360° 3-D Imaging and Conventional Transrectal Ultrasound in Complex Anal Fistula

This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous fistula contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with 360° 3-D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) imaging (CEUS + 360°-TRUS) with that of conventional transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of complex anal fistulas. A total of 156 patients clinically diagnosed with complex anal fistula from January 2020 to December 2021 were studied and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 82) and a control group (n = 74). Patients in the experimental group were examined by percutaneous fistula CEUS combined with CEUS + 360°-TRUS, while patients in the control group were examined using TRUS. The detection of fistulas (main tract, branch and internal orifice) and the accuracy of Parks classification were compared between the two groups. Recurrences were followed up at 1, 3 and 6 mo after the surgery. A total of 156 patients were included, aged 23–68 y (average: 37.7 ± 18.2 y). In both groups, the course of disease was <1 mo in 128 cases, 1–2 mo in 22 cases and >3 mo in 6 cases. A total of 474 fistulas were confirmed by surgery in the aforementioned patients, including 224 main fistulas, 250 branch pipes and 254 internal orifices. The CEUS + 360°-TRUS group had 96.87%, 90.41% and 90.14% diagnostic accuracy for the main tract, branch and internal orifice, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001) compared with the 85.00%, 70.00% and 72.46% for the TRUS group, respectively. The overall accuracy of Parks classification of anal fistula in the CEUS + 360°-TRUS group was significantly higher than that in the TRUS group (90.24% vs. 78.38%, p < 0.001). After 6 mo of follow-up, the recurrence rate in the CEUS + 360°-TRUS group was 4.87%, and the recurrence rate in the TRUS group was 18.91%. Percutaneous fistula CEUS combined with transrectal 360° 3-D imaging has significantly higher accuracy than conventional TRUS in the diagnosis of complex anal fistula, especially for anal fistula branches, internal openings and Parks classification and is beneficial in reducing post-operative occurrence of complex anal fistulas.