新疆玛纳斯县一般人群对艾滋病知识认知的影响因素分析

目的了解一般人群艾滋病知识知晓程度及其影响因素分布状况。方法采用随机抽样法,抽取监测点15～69岁常住居民进行问卷调查。结果一般人群艾滋病传播知识的总知晓率为79.2%。一般人群对艾滋病传播途径知识的知晓率（83.19%）高于对非传播途径知识的知晓率（66.97%）。文化程度越高,对艾滋病知识的认知率越高。汉族较少数民族对艾滋病传播途径知识的认知率高,而对非传播途径认知率低。结论加强公民基础知识教育对预防和控制艾滋病具有长远意义。一般人群中低文化人群、低知识行业人群、少数民族艾滋病知识认知率低,建议政府制定针对这一人群的健康教育和行为干预措施,促进健康认知的提高,培养良好的行为和生活方式,预防性病、艾滋病的传播和流行。     

武警战士AIDS知识知晓情况及影响因素分析

目的了解武警战士对艾滋病（AIDS）相关知识的知晓情况及影响因素。方法采用横断面调查的方式,对3 154名武警战士进行艾滋病知识、信念、行为、需求调查。结果调查战士AIDS知识总知晓率、核心信息知晓率因子均分分别是77.9%,78.9%,（68.4±10.5）分。被调查者对艾滋病病毒（HIV）的典型传播途径认知率较高,对不典型的传播途径和非传播途径认知率低于前者,对职业防护知识掌握较为薄弱。Logistic回归分析结果表明,武警战士文化程度、年龄、户籍、是否接受过艾滋病知识培训与其艾滋病知晓情况有密切关系。结论应在武警部队有针对性地加强某些AIDS知识的教育。     

2001年新疆伊宁市部分少数民族居民艾滋病知识问卷调查

为了解伊宁市少数民族居民对艾滋病基本知识及对艾滋病患的态度，我们对3个居委会15岁以上少数民族居民进行分层随机抽样，用匿名调查表收集有关个人背景、艾滋病知识和态度资料；计算男女居民各项AIDS知识正确率和不同态度的分布情况；本次共调查366名少数民族居民，三种传播途径知识知晓率为84．43％～97．27％；非传播途径知识知晓率为31．42％～72．13％；男性85．79％和女性75．14％的居民认为HIV感染应得到同情和帮助、不应歧视他们。80．33％的居民知道感染艾滋病不可治愈；有77．32％的居民知道HIV感染多数会死亡，女性掌握程度略高于男性；有36．07％的居民认为不需要对他们隔离治疗；64．48％的居民认为可在家中看护；居民知道使用避孕套、开展健康教育可以预防MDS；女性57．10％和男性54．92％居民知道预防服药、注射疫苗不可以预防AIDS，女性掌握情况高于男性。有近2／3的居民不知道艾滋病病原体，错误地认为蚊虫叮咬可传播HIV，说明还有相当部分居民对AIDS知识的掌握程度比较薄弱；提示今后应进一步加大健康教育力度，采取形式多样、新颖有效的干预方式，仍是我们工作的重点；在居民中开展持续、有针对性的健康教育活动、普及AIDS知识、提高全民的防病知识，是预防和控制AIDS流行的关键。     

社区居民对TB/HIV双重感染知识知晓情况调查

目的 掌握社区居民对TB/HIV双重感染相关知识的认知情况和存在问题,为进一步的干预措施和深入研究提供基线信息和科学依据。 方法 2010年6月-7月,采用多阶段随机抽样,将669名15岁以上深圳市社区居民纳为调查对象,采用自填问卷的方式获取研究相关信息。 结果89.4%（598/669）既听说过艾滋病也有听说过结核病,但仅38.7%调查对象听说过TB/HIV双重感染,13.0%调查对象接受过TB/HIV双重感染的相关知识。相当大一部分居民不了解艾滋病与结核病相互影响的相关知识,缺乏对艾滋病、结核病筛查意识。仅69.2%调查对象认为可以预防TB/HIV双重感染,除对一些艾滋病非传播途径认识相对较差外,对艾滋病和结核病的传播途径知晓情况较好。 结论 目前社区居民缺乏对TB/HIV双重感染相关知识的认识,对社区居民的TB/HIV双重感染的健康教育势在必行。     

1997年北京市大众媒介进行艾滋病知识宣传的效果评价

通过对北京城区居民有关艾滋病知识的调查分析，对世界艾滋病日前后北京市大众媒介进行艾滋病知识宣传活动的效果进行评价。发现通过大众媒介参与宣传艾滋病知识，北京市城区居民的艾滋病知识水平有了一定提高。尤其是对非艾滋病传播途径这类认识较模糊的问题的知晓率有了大比例的提高。而人们对避孕套的防病作用存在不正确的认识。同时社会上存在对艾滋病患者和ＨＩＶ感染者的歧视现象，就此作者提出了针对性建议。     

综合干预模式对戒毒人员艾滋病和毒品相关知识与行为培训的效果

目的 了解不同干预模式对戒毒人员艾滋病、毒品相关知识培训的效果,为建立有效综合干预模式提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,于2006年12月-2007年5月,对戒毒人员采用直接培训、自我教育和同伴教育三种干预措施进行艾滋病和毒品知识培训,并在培训前后调查其对毒品和艾滋病知识的知晓率和行为等.结果 通过三种方法干预后,戒毒人群对艾滋病、毒品一般知识知晓率,艾滋病三大传播途径、不安全性行为、可能感染艾滋病方式和降低吸毒感染艾滋病危险的方法的认知率,均有不同程度的提高,增幅在10%以上.其中毒品、艾滋病一般知识知晓率提高最大,从培训和自我教育前的61.25%提高到79.32%,同伴教育后提高到96.61%.降低吸毒感染艾滋病危险的方法认知率提高到89.41%.而三大传播途径的知晓率由直接培训和自我教育前的68.22%提高到93.41%,而同伴教育后仅提高2个百分点.结论 对戒毒人群采取综合干预模式进行干预,可显著提高其相关知识的知晓率,为阻断艾滋病的传播奠定了基础.     

在两组人群中开展艾滋病干预调查效果分析

１９９７和１９９８年，在外来民工和性病人中就有关ＨＩＶ知识，行为开展了一次干预调查。通过干预，二者对艾滋病传播途径，艾滋病预防以及避孕套预防艾滋病等有关知识的正确理解有了明显提高，提高幅度在１．６％～６１．０％不等。在“避孕套是预防艾滋病有效预防方法之一”等问题上干预前后知晓率变化在统计学上有显著差异。     

结合社区计划生育服务开展艾滋病综合干预的效果评价

目的探索社区计划生育服务与艾滋病(AIDS)预防相结合的有效性。方法利用计划生育网络,实施预防艾滋病宣传教育、安全套推广、生殖保健服务、以社区为基础的关怀等综合干预措施。干预前后使用同一问卷进行基线调查和终点调查。结果综合干预前后,居民对艾滋病的病因、三大传播途径和预防措施的正确认知率有显著提高(P<0.01);对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS病人的态度有所改变(P<0.01);最近3次性行为中均使用安全套的比例由55.8%提高到74.0%。结论结合计划生育服务开展艾滋病预防是一条有效途径。     

农村中学生向家庭和社区传播预防艾滋病知识效果研究

目的 评价农村中学生向家庭、社区再传播预防艾滋病知识的健康教育效果。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法提取琼海农村两个乡镇分别作为实验组和对照组，对实验组中学生开设性教育课，并指导其将所学知识进程再传播给家长及周围社区居民，比较实验组和对照组干预前后预防艾滋病知识掌握情况。结果 实验组中学生在干预后预防艾滋病知识知晓率提高了31．97％，农民知晓率提高20％以上，远高于对照组。其中又以知识和态度的改变最为显著，而农民的安全套使用率改变则无显著性。艾滋病知识知晓率的提高与文化程度正相关关系。结论 由中学生到家庭、社区的健康教育再传播模式是完全可行的，有效的，值得进一步推广。     

2006-2008年银川市西夏区大众艾滋病知识及态度调查

目的应用随机抽样方法对银川市西夏区大众人群艾滋病知识与态度变化进行调查,了解该地区大众人群艾滋病知识水平及态度,评估艾滋病项目干预效果。方法随机抽取社区居民300人进行问卷调查,收回合格问卷300份,比较居民艾滋病知识与态度变化情况。结果 2006-2008年西夏区大众人群艾滋病相关知识总知晓率为78.7%,3年分别为66%、80%和90%。俩俩比较χ2分别为16.783、4.972和3.922,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义;对待艾滋病感染者和患者的态度,不歧视比例为35.3%,3年比例分别8%、47%和51%,2007年、2008年与2006年相比(不歧视)比例均有提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 2006-2008年西夏区社区居民艾滋病知识知晓率和对感染者及患者不歧视态度有逐年提高趋势,但不歧视比例仍不高,需进一步加强大众人群艾滋病知识的健康教育。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.