上海市浦东新区自动售水机卫生状况及影响因素分析

[目的]了解自动售水机选址与外表卫生状况,为改善自动售水机卫生现状提出建议。[方法]以上海市浦东新区辖区内所有的自动售水机为对象,随机抽取236台对其选址、遮雨棚设置、机器外表整洁及完整与否、出水口防护门、出水管口及取水凹口周壁等内容开展卫生学调查。[结果]调查结果表明,17．37％的自动售水机设置点周围10m范围内存在污染源;11．44％的自动售水机设置点周围地面排水不畅,有积水;2．54％的自动售水机未安装防护门和8．47％的自动售水机防护门已损坏不能正常使用;30．93％的自动售水机器外表存在各种污迹,同时有2．12％的受调查机器外壳已破损;受调查自动售水机的出水管口、取水凹口顶壁、内侧壁的细菌总数、霉菌、大肠菌群的检出率分别为78．81％、39．41％、48．30％;75．85％、81．78％、90．68％和21．19％、5．93％、15．25％。同时,保持自动售水机周边环境整洁、设置取水凹口防护门并保持正常运作、出水管外套有套管对减少或减轻上述部位的污染有着显著的意义。[结论]自动售水机经营单位应加强设备管理,注意维护设备的外表整洁,定期对取水凹口周壁、出水管口进行清洗、消毒;同时,要注意保持设备周边环境的整洁,并应在设备上加装取水凹口防护门、出水管套管等装置,维护其正常运作和洁净。     

Concentration and form of asbestos fibers in tap drinking water contaminated from a water supply pipe with asbestos-cement]

The identification and concentration of asbestos fibers in tap drinking water supplied in a central area of Akita Prefecture, Japan, were determined by phase-contrast microscopy and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer. The following results were obtained. 1. Asbestos fibers were found in the tap water from two areas in which an asbestos-cement pipe was used for public water supply. The concentrations of asbestos fibers in the tap water were 2.7 x 10(4) to 27.0 x 10(4) fibers per liter of water in area A and 10.0 x 10(4) to 21.0 x 10(4) in area B. On the other hand, no asbestos fiber contamination was observed in tap water of area C, which shared a common water source with area A. A vinyl chloride pipe was used over the entire length of the water supply in route C. 2. Crocidolite was the predominant type of asbestos fiber detected in the tap water. Chrysotile and a mixture of chrysotile and amosite were also observed. 3. Almost all asbestos fibers detected in the tap water possessed the form of thick or sheaved fibers with lengths ranging from ca. 5 to 10 microns. Their shapes were very different from those of asbestos fibers found in the atmosphere. The typical form of the latter is short (ca. 1 micron in length) and needle-like. 4. It was suggested that the contamination of asbestos fibers in the tap water was caused by erosion and peeling off of the inner wall of the asbestos-cement pipe used as a conduit. In order to evaluate the safety of drinking water in Japan, an extensive survey on asbestos-fiber contamination in tap water is necessary.     

Three potential sources of microfungi in a treated municipal water supply system in sub-tropical Australia

Some microfungi are known to be opportunistic human pathogens, and there is a body of scientific opinion that one of their routes of infection may be water aerosols. Others have been implicated as causative agents of odours and off-tastes in drinking water. This study was undertaken to investigate three potential sources of microfungi in a treated, oligotrophic municipal water supply system in sub-tropical Australia. Formation of the microfungal component of developing biofilm on hard surfaces in water storage reservoirs was also assessed. Inside and outside air samples were collected from two reservoirs using two types of Burkard air samplers. Biofilm and soft sediment samples were collected from the inner surfaces of asbestos cement water pipes and from pipe dead ends respectively. These were analysed for microfungal growth and sporulation using Calcofluor White stain and epifluorescent microscopy. Artificial coupons of glass, PVC and concrete were immersed in two reservoirs to assess microfungal biofilm formation. This was analysed periodically using Calcofluor White stain and epifluorescent microscopy, cultures of coupon swabs and scanning electron microscopy. Fungal spores were recovered from all air samples. The number of colonies and the genera were similar for both inside and outside air. Microfungal filaments and sporulating structures were recovered from most of the pipe inner surface biofilm and dead end sediment samples, but were sparser in the biofilm than in the sediment samples. No recognisable, vegetative filamentous fungi were found in the slowly developing biofilm on coupons. This study indicates that airborne spores are an important potential source of microfungi found in water storage reservoirs. It has also demonstrated conclusively that filamentous microfungi grow and sporulate on water pipe inner surfaces and in soft sediments within the water distribution system.     

医用电子直线加速器治疗机房入口辐射剂量分析

目的 探究加速器机房入口辐射剂量,指导机房入口防护检测。方法 利用FLUKA程序构建加速器机头及机房模型,模拟加速器在10 MV和600 cGy/min条件下,比较不同机架角度、照射条件和迷路情况下机房入口内侧的辐射剂量率。结果 不同迷路内墙厚度和机架角条件下,有水箱时入口剂量率明显大于无水箱情况。迷路内墙厚度为1 800 mm,机架角为90°时入口剂量率最大。迷路内墙厚度为1 000 mm,机架角为0°和180°时,入口剂量率明显大于其他情况。迷路内墙为1.80 m、机架角为90°、有水箱、迷路内入口宽为1 400～2 200 mm时,机房入口处剂量率在（82.26±48.95）～(314.09±96.34)μSv/h。结论 加速器机房入口处的剂量主要来自于有用线束在患者体表的散射和泄漏辐射,入口剂量率随迷路内口宽度递增。在入口防护检测时,机架角度的选取要考虑迷路内墙厚度,在不明确情况下对4个角度进行检测,保证检测结果的全面和准确。     

试验给水管网不同给水管材腐蚀的电镜分析及细菌API鉴定

目的研究不同给水管材的腐蚀、结垢及饮用水与生物膜中的菌种情况。方法以实验室模拟给水管网为研究对象,应用环境扫描电镜对目前给水管网中使用较为普遍的镀锌管、PPR管(无规共聚聚丙烯管)和ABS(苯乙烯管)管的腐蚀、结垢情况及结垢层元素组成进行了分析;应用生物梅里埃API(Analytic products NC)细菌鉴定系统10S和20E对饮用水及生物膜中常见的菌种进行了鉴定,并分析了菌种致病性。结果镀锌管的腐蚀、结垢情况最为严重,PPR和ABS管内壁存在薄结垢层。API10S试剂条鉴定实验给水管网水样的10株菌中有7株为条件致病菌;API20E试剂条鉴定水样及生物膜样品的21株菌中5株为致病菌,11株为条件致病菌,其余5株对人体尚无致病报道。结论饮用水管网微生物学水质较差,水及生物膜样品中大多数细菌都为条件致病菌,存在一定的微生物风险。在给水管材方面应加快城市旧管网改造步伐,推广应用新型管材。     

Recent progress in the study of analytical methods, toxicity, metabolism and health effects of organotin compounds

Over the years, a variety of uses has been found of organic tin compounds as fungicides, as stabilizers in plastics and for other industrial uses. The purpose of this article is to summarize and review the results so far obtained as to the analytical method for organotins in biological samples, the toxicity, metabolism, and biochemical and health effects of organotin compounds. 1) Many methods have been developed for analysis of organotin compounds by spectrophotometry, polarography, gas- or liquid-chromatography, etc. These methods, however, are mainly for analysis of organotins in standard solutions or in water, and are not suitable for organotin compounds in biological samples. Recently, we have developed several methods for analysis of various kinds of organotin compounds in biological samples. These methods are able simultaneously to separate and determine trace amounts (at nanogram order) of organotin compounds and their metabolites in the same biological samples. 2) Acute toxicity of organotin compounds which appeared on the literature are summarized. Trialkyl and triaryl compounds seem to be more toxic than the tetra-, di-, or mono-compounds of the same chain length. With an increase in the number of C atoms the toxicity of alkyl compounds decreases. Aryltin compounds are less toxic than alkyltin compounds. 3) Intestinal absorption sites for tetra-alkyltins are jejunum and duodenum, and those for trialkyltins are ileum and jejunum. A considerable amount of orally administered tetra- and trialkyltins of low molecular weights are absorbed, but only very little of the other organotin compounds seems to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorbed organotin compounds rapidly undergo dealkylation by the microsomal mono-oxygenase system dependent on cytochrome P-450 in the liver, brain or other organs, and the compounds and their metabolites distribute to the whole body, ultimately being excreted into urine, bile and faeces. The biological half life of organotin compounds in mammals is usually short, a half of the amount of tributyl- and triphenyl-tins deposited in the body disappearing in several days. A part of organotin compounds excreted into bile is demonstrated to have been absorbed from the intestine and to circulate in the body via enterohepatic circulation. 4) Specific effects of organotin compounds on the biological systems and health include disturbance of the structure and function of the central nervous system (interstitial edema of white matter), inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria of cells, atrophy of the thymus and thymus dependent lymphoid tissues resulting in the dysfunction of T cells for immunity, inhibited enzyme activity, lesions in the liver and bile ducts etc., although some specificity is observed among species of animals and organotin compounds. Recently we found that a single oral administration of triphenyltin fluoride to rabbits induces transient diabetes and diabetic lipemia by inhibiting insulin secretion from morphologically normal pancreatic B-cells...     

川芎挥发油的提取工艺研究

目的优选川芎挥发油的提取工艺。方法以川芎挥发油的提取转移率为指标,采用正交试验法,考察药材粒度、溶剂的用量、提取时间对提取效果的影响。结果药材粒度为过40目筛,用10倍量水,回流提取12小时,川芎挥发油的提取率最高。结论本方法简单可行,成本低,提取转移率较高,可为工业生产提供依据。     

上海市浦东新区使用自动售水机的居民饮水卫生习惯调查

[目的]了解使用自动售水机的居民饮水卫生习惯,为有针对性地开展健康教育活动提供科学依据.[方法]于2008年6月至2009年1月对上海市浦东新区1405户居民进行入户问卷调查,并同时对使用自动售水机的用户所使用的盛水容器内壁进行环节采样.[结果]有20.1%的受访用户选择使用自动售水机所售净水.居民购买自动售水机所售净...     

川芎挥发油的提取工艺研究

目的优选川芎挥发油的提取工艺。方法以川芎挥发油的提取转移率为指标,采用正交试验法,考察药材粒度、溶剂的用量、提取时间对提取效果的影响。结果药材粒度为过40目筛,用10倍量水,回流提取12小时,川芎挥发油的提取率最高。结论本方法简单可行,成本低,提取转移率较高,可为工业生产提供依据。     

Mold Management of Wetted Carpet

This study evaluated the growth and removal of fungi on wetted carpet using newly designed technologies that rely on physical principles of steam, heat, and fluid flow. Sixty samples of carpet were embedded with heat-treated house dust, followed by embedding, wearing with a hexapod, and wetting. Samples were inoculated using a liquid suspension of Cladosporium sphaerospermum prior to placement over a water-saturated foam pad. Incubation times were 24 hr, 7 days, and 30 days. Cleaning was performed using three methods; high-flow hot water extraction, hot water and detergent, and steam. Fungal loading increased from approximately 1500 colony forming units per area (CFU/cm²) in 24 hr to a maximum of approximately 10,200 CFU/cm² after 7 days with a slight decline to 9700 CFU/cm² after 30 days incubation. Statistically significant differences were found among all three methods for removal of fungi for all three time periods (p < 0.05). Steam-vapor was significantly better than the alternative methods (p <0.001) with over 99% efficiency in mold spore decline from wetted carpet after 24 hr and 30 days, and over 92% efficiency after 7 days. The alternative methods exhibited lower efficiencies with a decline over time, from a maximum of 82% and 81% at 24 hr down to 60% and 43% at 30 days for detergent-hot water and high-flow, hot water extraction, respectively. The net effect of the mold management study demonstrates that while steam has a consistent fungal removal rate, the detergent and high-flow, hot water methods decline in efficiency with increasing incubation time.     

壁式氧气管道装置消毒方法的研究

目的解决壁式氧气管道装置的污染和消毒问题,特别是对其不可拆卸部位的消毒. 方法通过细菌学的实验检测,在了解其污染状况的基础上,针对壁式氧气管道装置的结构特点,采用 0.2%过氧乙酸(PAA) 局部浸泡加吹氧的消毒方法. 结果消毒后瓶盖及送氧管出口、通气导管内、外壁等全部部件无细菌生长. 结论必须高度重视壁式氧气管道装置的消毒工作.     

一种新型立体定向放射治疗系统剂量(X刀)

研制了一种新型立体定向放射治疗系统剂量(X刀)测量水箱。其采用内外两层(大小)水箱结构,两者通过潜水泵和输水管连接,实现内水箱的水位控制。新型水箱具有自动调节、结构简单和使用方便的特点,值得临床推广。     

深圳市某酒店客房层空调系统竣工验收卫生学评价

目的对该酒店客房空调系统竣工时卫生状况进行卫生学评价，预防和控制可能出现的健康危害因素。方法采用现场卫生学调查空调系统布局及卫生设施设置情况，并按抽样比例随机抽取2套空调系统检测理化与微生物指标。结果客房层共13套空调系统均未安装空气净化消毒装置；2套空调系统的冷却水、冷凝水均未检出嗜肺军团菌，新风量、空调送风、风管内表面卫生指标中，除1套空调系统的空调送风可吸入颗粒物（PM10）均值超标（0．14mg／m^3）、1套空调系统新风总管内表面真菌总数均值超标（143cfu／cm^3）外，其余卫生指标的检测均值均合格。结论该酒店客房层空调系统风管内表面真菌污染严重，须加强管理。空调系统经清洗消毒、检测评价合格后方可运行。     

液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定海产品中TPT

目的:采用液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用分析法(LC-ICP-MS),测定广东沿海海域海产品中三苯基锡含量,探明广东沿海海产品有机锡的污染状况。方法:有代表性地采集广东海域17个海区及部分市售海产品,样品冻干处理制成干粉,加入流动相经超声萃取、离心、过滤等处理后,用液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用分析法测定三苯基锡含量。结果:所检测的32种共112个海产品样品中,以湿重计算的三苯基锡含量最高的为324.1 ngSn/g,平均浓度是44.9 ngSn/g。结论:广东沿海海域海产品已受到一定程度的有机锡污染,不同种类海产品中普遍检出三苯基锡。     

Prüfung der Wirksamkeit von Stoffen zur Desinfektion bei der Trinkwasseraufbereitung

A set-up for experiments in the flow-through mode was constructed in order to test the efficacy of substances used for disinfecting water during drinking water treatment. A flow-through mode - in contrast to experiments under stationary conditions (so-called batch experiments) - was chosen, because this experimental design allows experiments to be carried out under constant conditions for an extended time (up to one week) and because efficacy testing is possible repeatedly, simultaneously and under exactly the same conditions for short (about 0.5 min) and also longer (about 47 min) contact times. With this experimental design the effect of biofilms along the inner pipe surfaces can be included in the observations. The construction of the experimental set-up is based on experience with laboratory flow-through systems that were installed by the UBA's drinking water department (formerly Institute for Water-, Soil- and Air Hygiene (WaBoLu) Institute) for testing disinfection with chlorine. In the first step, a test pipe for the simulation of a water works situation was installed. Water of different qualities can be mixed in large volumes beforehand so that the experimental procedure can be run with constant water quality for a minimum of one week. The kinetics of the disinfection reaction can be observed by extracting samples from eight sampling ports situated along the test pipe. In order to assign exact residence times to each of the sampling ports, tracer experiments were performed prior to testing disinfectant efficacy. This paper gives the technical details of the experimental set-up and presents the results of the tracer experiments to provide an introduction with respect to its potential.     

Hygienic evaluation of substrata of contamination of ventilation and air conditioning systems

Modern ventilation and air conditioning systems are complex technological objects in environment which can be sources of health-hazardous factors, including biological ones. Ventilation and air conditioning contact systems with water and partial air recirculation have construction prerequisites for environmental accumulation and dispersal of organic substances of microorganism and anthropogenic origin. Pollution substrates of inner surfaces of the above systems contain specific antigens causing immune response in persons working in air-conditioned premises.     

Evaluation of the Webler-Brown model for estimating tetrachloroethylene exposure from vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipes

Background  

From May 1968 through March 1980, vinyl-lined asbestos-cement (VL/AC) water distribution pipes were installed in New England to avoid taste and odor problems associated with asbestos-cement pipes. The vinyl resin was applied to the inner pipe surface in a solution of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE). Substantial amounts of PCE remained in the liner and subsequently leached into public drinking water supplies.     

邹城市改水降氟工程管理和水氟含量调查

目的了解邹城市降氟改水打井工程水氟含量和工程井使用情况。方法选择有打井工程的8个镇作为调查点，对其1981～1994年间全部所建工程井进行横断面调查。结果共调查工程井71口，其中停用一年以上工程并18处，占25．35％。停用原因主要是管理组织瘫痪、机械管道损坏与丢失、管理费用无保障。在使用的53处中，水氟大于1．0mg／L者占22处，超标率为41．51％；40米以内、40～60米、61～99米和100米以上不同井深井水氟含量超标率依次递减，分别为28．86％、16．35％、13．40％和6．52％；井深100米以上的水泥管和钢管井壁结构工程井水氟超标率分别为9．57％和1．45％，二者间差异显著（x^2=7．72，P=0．005）。结论水氟含量与井深呈高度呈负相关（r=-0．949，P=0．05）；钢管井壁结构能够有效防止地下水氟渗透。     

Case study: bioavailability of tin and tin compounds

This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.     

Control of Legionella pneumophila contamination in a respiratory hydrotherapy system with sulfurous spa water.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of different disinfection treatments in a spa water system contaminated by Legionella pneumophila and associated with a case of Legionella pneumonia. DESIGN: During an 18-month period, the spa water was analyzed by taking samples from the well, the recirculation line, and the final distribution devices (nebulizers and nasal irrigators). Various attempts were made to eradicate Legionella organisms by chemical and thermal shock. The final protocol consisted of heat shock treatment at 70 degrees C-75 degrees C for 3 hours, 2 nights per week, followed by a lowering of the water temperature to 30 deg C+/-1 deg C for use in the plant. In addition, 3 times a week superheated steam (at a pressure of 1 atmosphere) was introduced for 1 hour into the nebulization machines. SETTING: A spa at which sulfurous water was used for hydrotherapy by means of aerosol and nasal irrigation. PATIENT: A 74-year-old woman with legionnaires disease. RESULTS: After the case of infection occurred, L. pneumophila was isolated from the recirculation line at a concentration of 400,000 cfu/L and from the nebulizers and nasal irrigators at levels ranging from 3,300 to 1,800,000 cfu/L. The colonizing organisms consisted of a mixture of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (12%) and serogroup 5 (88%). The shock treatment with chlorine dioxide and peracetic acid resulted in the eradication of Legionella organisms from the recirculation line but not from the water generated from the final distribution devices. After the restructuring of the plant and the application of thermal shock protocol, an evaluation after 12 months revealed no evidence of Legionella contamination. CONCLUSION: To prevent Legionella colonization, disinfection treatment is effective if associated with carefully selected materials, good circuit design, and good maintenance practices.