经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义。方法对60例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或超声发现异常回声的患者采用前列腺穿刺活检术，其中30例患者采用骶管内麻醉下经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术，年龄45～86岁，平均68±3．6岁，PSA〈4ng／ml为4例，4-10ng／ml为10例，〉10ng／ml为16例。对照组30例，年龄50-84岁，平均70±3．5岁，PSA〈4ng/ml为3例，4-10ng／ml为9例，〉10ng／ml为18例。对照组采用直肠指检压迫下穿刺或表面麻醉下行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检。结果骶管内麻醉组阳性率为60％（18／30），患者术中无疼痛表现，对照组阳性率为33％（10/30），患者在术中伴有不同程度的疼痛。结论与常规穿刺相比，骶麻下经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术准确性高，疼痛较轻，更能被患者接受，值得临床推广使用。     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影检查在经直肠超声引导下(CE-TRUS)经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床应用价值.方法 病例选择标准:①直肠指检异常;②PSA>10 ng/ml;③PSA 4～10 ng/ml,f/t PSA异常或PSAD值异常,符合以上之一者即入围此研究.共116例入选者,年龄50～84岁,既往均无前列腺手术病史.行6点系统加异常回声处活检,其中PSA＜10ng/ml者25例,10 ng/ml～者25例,20 ng/ml～者11例,>30 ng/ml者55例.行CF-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,彩色多普勒超声检查并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况,其中43例行前列腺超声造影,了解并记录异常血流部位.结果 116例患者穿刺活检证实前列腺癌64例,BPH 52例.43例行超声造影检查后活检者,前列腺癌和BPH分别为25及18例,造影组和非造影组前列腺癌穿刺阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.622).PSA≤30ng/ml组共61例,其中行超声造影23例,发现前列腺癌8例,未造影组38例中发现前列腺癌5例,造影组穿刺阳性率高于非造影组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.046);PSA>30 ng/ml患者造影和非造影穿刺阳性率(97.1%与85.0%)比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.095). 结论与B超引导下经直肠前列腺活检相比,CE-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检并发症少而轻.PSA≤30ng/ml患者结合超声造影检查能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率.     

经直肠超声引导下“10+X”点法前列腺穿刺活检术在PSA值介于4～20ng/ml之间患者前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下“10 +X”前列腺穿刺活检术在PSA值介于4 ～20ng/ml之间患者前列腺癌诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析226例血清PSA值介于4～20ng/ml之间疑似前列腺癌患者临床资料,所有患者均行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺术活检。结果 前列腺癌47例,前列腺增生158例,前列腺炎11例,前列腺上...     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检术诊断单纯前列腺特异抗原增高型前列腺癌

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检术诊断单纯前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)增高型前列腺癌的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析84例接受经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检术的患者资料。所有患者直肠指诊及常规超声检查结果均为阴性。根据血清PSA分为4组:A组24例,PSA 4~20ng/ml;B组8例,PSA 21~30ng/ml;C组32例,PSA 31~100ng/ml;D组20例,PSA100ng/ml。结果 84例患者穿刺术后均未出现并发症。49例穿刺病理诊断为前列腺癌(49/84,53.33%),其中A组检出1例(1/49,2.04%),B组检出4例(4/49,8.16%),C组检出24例(24/49,48.98%),D组检出20例(20/49,40.82%)。A、B、C、D组中前列腺穿刺活检阳性率分别为4.17%(1/24)、50.00%(4/8)、75.00%(24/32)、100%(20/20),差异有统计学意义(χ2=47.143,P0.05)。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检术并发症少,对单纯PSA增高型前列腺癌具有较高的阳性率。     

9+X法直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检420例分析

目的:探讨9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月行9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检术的可疑前列腺癌患者420例临床资料。结果:穿刺确诊前列腺癌160例(阳性率38.1%)。PSA<4μg/L、4～10μg/L、>10μg/L、直肠指检(DRE)异常、经直肠或经腹部超声检查有异常者阳性率分别为7.4%、17.8%、65.4%、25.0%、22.2%。穿刺术后79例出现血尿(18.8%),急性尿潴留13例(3.1%),发热9例(2.1%),无其他严重并发症。结论:9+X法经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺阳性率高,并发症少,是诊断前列腺癌的理想方法。     

PSA＞1Ong/ml时经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的临床分析

目的 探讨当PSA＞ 10ng/ml时经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的临床价值。方法 对120例前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)＞ 10ng/ml的患者行超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检。结果 120例患者中前列腺癌患者46例,前列腺增生患者44例,前列腺炎患者9例,前列腺上皮内瘤(PIN)患者19例,前列腺梗死患者3例。有38例出现一...     

经直肠超声引导下“6+X”点法前列腺穿刺活检术在PSA值＞20ng/ml患者前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨经直肠超声引导下“6+X”前列腺穿刺活检术在PSA值＞20ng/ml之间患者前列腺癌诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析57例血清PSA值＞20ng/ml之间疑似前列腺癌患者临床资料,所有患者均行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺术活检.结果 前列腺癌54例,急性前列腺炎3例.结论 经直肠超声引导下“6+X”前列腺穿刺活检是诊断PSA值＞20ng/ml之间患者前列腺癌的一种安全有效的检查方法.     

经直肠超声引导13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术160例报告

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导 13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。　方法　对 160例直肠指诊阳性和 (或 )PSA >4ng/ml的患者行经直肠超声引导 13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术。即在标准的经直肠超声引导 6点前列腺系统穿刺活检术同时 ,增加前列腺中间部位及前列腺两侧旁正中线远侧的穿刺点数 ,共穿刺活检 13点。将增加的 7点活检部位病理结果与标准的 6点前列腺系统穿刺活检术进行比较。　结果　 160例患者中确诊为前列腺癌者 5 6例 ( 3 5 % )。 5 6例患者如按 6点穿刺方法 ,将有 12例患者漏诊 ,占 2 1%。 160例患者均未出现严重并发症。　结论　经直肠超声引导 13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术可明显提高前列腺癌的临床检出率     

血清PSA、PSAD和PSAT在前列腺穿刺活检中的意义

目的探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)和前列腺移行带特异性抗原密度(PSAT)在前列腺穿刺活检中的意义。方法对192例患者行前列腺穿刺活检,其中PSA≥4ng/ml者184例,PSA<4ng/ml且直肠指诊及经直肠B超有阳性发现者8例。对PSA、PSAD和PSAT与前列腺穿刺活检的关系进行分析。结果192例患者中经前列腺穿刺诊断为前列腺癌(PCa)100例,活检阳性率52.1%,其中8例PSA<4ng/ml者中,活检结果为前列腺横纹肌肉瘤1例,良性前列腺增生7例;93例PSA>20ng/ml者中80例为PCa,活检阳性率86.0%;91例PSA4~20ng/ml者中19例为PCa,活检阳性率20.9%。血清PSA4~20ng/ml患者,PSAD>0.10或PSAT>0.10时,敏感性均为100%,特异性为11.1%或4.2%,阳性预测值为22.9%或21.6%,可避免8.8%(8/91)或3.3%(3/91)阴性穿刺结果。血清PSA4~20ng/ml时,前列腺穿刺阳性组和阴性组PSA分别为(13.2±4.7)和(11.4±4.6)ng/ml(P>0.05);PSAD分别为0.36±0.18和0.19±0.09(P=0.001);PSAT分别为0.67±0.36和0.32±0.18(P=0.000)。血清PSA、PSAD和PSAT的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.613、0.810和0.833,PSAD和PSAT的ROC曲线下面积与PSA比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论PSA>20ng/ml时应做前列腺穿刺活检;PSA4~20ng/ml时,PSAD和PSAT对预测患者是否行前列腺穿刺活检有较大帮助。     

超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨超声引导下经会阴道前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对376例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者行直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。分3组。A组：184例,为指检前列腺触及结节或前列腺增大、质硬怀疑前列腺癌者;B组：84例,为因前列腺增生行直肠腔内超声检查发现有异常回声区域者;C组：108例,为指检未及明显硬节而血中PSA＞10ng/ml者。结果：3组穿刺活检阳性率分别为44．5％（82／184）,29．8％（25／84）,57．4％（62／108）。结论：直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检取材准确,能清楚显示穿刺针的径路和深度,避免损伤邻近脏器,可重复操作,明显提高穿刺活检的阳性率。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术（附136报告）

目的探讨经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检方法及阴性患者随访策略。方法136例患者因血清tPSA〉4ng／ml或伴前列腺硬结接受穿刺活检术。根据前列腺体积或硬结情况分别选择6针、8针或10针穿刺。病理为阴性,但提示HGPIN、ASAP或PSA持续〉4ng／ml,建议3-6个月后重复穿刺活检。结果136例患者共接受1172针活检,平均8．6针。总阳性率为23．5％,其中6针、8针和10针穿刺阳性率分别为0、19．1％和34．5％（P〈0．01）。30例接受了2-3次重复活检,所有重复活检均为阴性。47例患者接受平均3．6年随访,仅1例后经TURP证实为前列腺癌,其余未发现可疑前列腺癌局部或远处转移表现。结论根据超声前列腺形态选择穿刺方案可使绝大部分前列腺癌患者初次穿刺即获得确诊。重复穿刺阳性率低,应注意选择适应症。     

经直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺315例分析

目的 探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺的临床意义。方法 对315例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或B超发现异常回声的患者行经会阴的6点系统加异常回声处活检。年龄43～91岁，平均72岁。PSA〈4ng／ml者66例，4～10ng／ml者96例，10～20ng／ml者90例，〉20ng／ml者63例。结果 穿刺活检证实为前列腺癌111例，阳性率35．2％。PSA〉4ng／ml、指检异常、B超发现异常回声及PSAD〉0．15者穿刺阳性率分别为43．4％（108／249）、42．9％（75／175）、32．8％（63／192）及52．1％（75／144）。以PSAD〉0．15时的阳性率为最高，与其余3种标准相比差异有统计学意义。结论 TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺准确率高，并发症少而轻，是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法。     

经会阴前列腺穿刺484例分析

目的 分析484例直肠超声导引下经会阴前列腺穿刺病例,以提高穿刺活检的阳性率.方法 484例患者,以PSA＞4 ng/ml或肛指检查异常或B超发现异常回声为穿刺指征,行经会阴的6～8点系列加异常回声处活检.患者采取膀胱截石位,充分暴露会阴部.以1%利多卡因10 ml作浸润麻醉,至前列腺包膜.随后用自动活检枪以6针系列穿刺法对前列腺双侧外周带各2针,移行带各1针.对B超发现的可疑处另穿刺数针.其中315例使用Alokal700彩超仪和Promag2.2活检枪,另169例用ESAOTE TechrosMPS彩超仪和BardMagmun活检枪.结果 两组共484例,前列腺癌173例（35.7%）,前列腺增生262例（54.1%）,各级PIN35例（7.2%）,不典型增生12例（2.8%）,慢性肉芽肿性炎2例（0.4%）.Aloka组和ESAOTE组之间的阳性率比较无统计学上显著性差异.结论 经会阴前列腺穿刺活检是一种并发症较轻,阳性率较高的前列腺肿瘤的诊断方法,且在不同B超仪和活检枪情况下可以达到相似的阳性率.     

Comparison of a computer-assisted infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery

The anesthesiologist attempts to balance the dose or concentration of an anesthetic against the intensity of noxious stimulation so as to: 1) maintain a satisfactory anesthetic state, 2) minimize side effects and toxicity of the anesthetic, and 3) allow for a rapid recovery from anesthesia. The development of infusion pumps controlled by computers programmed according to pharmacokinetic principles should facilitate the achievement of these objectives for intravenous drugs. To test this hypothesis, the authors compared anesthetic conditions achieved with a computer-controlled infusion to those produced by the traditional method of intermittent intravenous injections. In both cases, the intravenous opiate, alfentanil, was used to supplement nitrous oxide anesthesia, and the dose/dose-rate of alfentanil after the induction dose was guided by the use of precisely defined clinical signs of inadequate anesthesia. One group of ten patients received 10 mg of alfentanil and 66% N2O to induce anesthesia, and was subsequently given 1 or 2 mg iv doses of alfentanil whenever the depth of anesthesia was inadequate. A second group of ten patients had a target alfentanil concentration of 475 ng/ml of plasma established by the computer-controlled infusion, which subsequently raised or lowered the concentration by 50 or 100 ng/ml according to the presence or absence of clinical signs of inadequate anesthesia. Regular measurements of alfentanil concentrations in plasma showed that the computer-assisted infusion produced relatively stable concentrations that closely paralleled those predicted (prediction error of -64 +/- 40 ng/ml [+/- SD] in the range of 150-600 ng/ml). The traditional method of intermittent injections resulted in continuous, rapid fluctuations in alfentanil concentrations. Both methods were successful in controlling the patients' responses to noxious stimuli, but the infusion group had: 1) a lower incidence of responsiveness, 2) greater hemodynamic stability, 3) no patients requiring naloxone for satisfactory ventilation postoperatively, and 4) an incidence of side effects that tended to be lower. The previously reported alfentanil concentration versus anesthetic effect relationships were confirmed.     

Prevalence and clinical significance of prostate cancer among 12,682 men with normal digital rectal examination, low PSA levels (< or =4 ng/ml) and percent free PSA cutoff values of 15 and 20%

AIM: To report prevalence and clinical relevance of T1c prostate cancers (PCa) in a selected population of men with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels < or =4 ng/ml enrolled in a multicenter case-finding protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A number of 16,298 men, aged 40-75 years, from the urology units they had been referred to, in most cases (81.6%) for lower urinary tract symptoms, were evaluated. Eighty percent of them had PSA < or =4 ng/ml and about 40% PSA < or =2.5 ng/ml. Patients with PSA < or =2.5 ng/ml and PSA between 2.6 and 4 ng/ml and with percent free PSA < or =15 and < or =20%, respectively, were eligible for biopsy; 28 patients refused it, and 11 patients were excluded from the study because of an abnormal digital rectal examination. Among 403 biopsied men, 82 had PSA < or =2.5 ng/ml (group A) and 321 PSA between 2.6 and 4 ng/ml (group B). RESULTS: A PCa was found in 109 cases (27.0%): 21 in group A and 88 in group B. 48 (44%) of the 109 patients with a PCa underwent radical prostatectomy: all cancers had a volume >0.5 cm(3), and 41% had a final Gleason sum > or =7; the PCa was organ confined in 34 patients (70.8%) and locally advanced in 14 patients (29.1%), and in 12 patients (25%) positive surgical margins were found. CONCLUSIONS: Using percent free PSA thresholds of 15 and 20%, 25.6% of the men with PSA < or =2.5 ng/ml and 27.4% of the men with PSA between 2.6 and 4 ng/ml were found to have a PCa, respectively. Most of these cancers, when submitted to radical prostatectomy, were found to be clinically significant. As these cancers are mostly organ confined, these patients are ideal candidates for curative nerve-sparing surgery.     

异丙酚辅助腰硬联合麻醉在腹腔镜疝修补术中气腹时患者体动反应的半数有效效应室靶浓度

目的:确定异丙酚辅助腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉(combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,CSEA)在建立气腹时患者体动反应的半数有效效应室靶浓度(EC50).方法:选择异丙酚辅助行腹腔镜完全腹膜外疝修补术(totally extraperitoneal prosthesis,TEP)患者50例,...     

异丙酚麻醉下瑞芬太尼抑制不同年龄老年患者气管插管和切皮反应的半数有效血浆靶浓度

目的 确定异丙酚麻醉下瑞芬太尼抑制不同年龄老年患者气管插管和切皮反应的半数有效血浆靶浓度(EC50).方法 择期全麻老年患者116例,年龄60～79岁,体重39～82 kg,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,按年龄及刺激不同分为4组,靶控输注异丙酚,待患者意识消失时靶控输注瑞芬太尼,Ⅰ-TI组(60～69岁,n=33)和Ⅱ-TI组(70～79岁,n=31)第1例患者瑞芬太尼初始血浆靶浓度设为3.5 ng/ml,待效应室浓度与血浆靶浓度达平衡后静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 me,/kg,3 min后行气管插管.Ⅰ-SI组(60～69岁,n=26)和Ⅱ-SI组(70～79岁,n=26)第1例患者气管插管后瑞芬太尼初始血浆靶浓度设为2.5 ng/ml,待效应室浓度与血浆靶浓度达平衡后维持10 min,开始切皮,采用改良序贯法进行试验.发生心血管反应的标准:气管插管或切皮后3 min内平均动脉压或心率较气管插管或切皮前的基础值升高超过20%.计算各组EC50及其95%可信区间(CI).结果 Ⅰ-TI组和Ⅱ-TI组瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管反应的EC50及其95%CI分别为2.90(2.76～3.04)ng/ml和3.16(2.90～3.41)ng/ml,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ⅰ-SI组和Ⅱ-SI组瑞芬太尼抑制切皮反应的EC50及95%CI分别为1.90(1.76～2.04)ng/ml和1.77(1.68～1.85)ng/ml,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ-TI组比较,Ⅰ-SI组EC50降低(P<0.05);与Ⅱ-TI组比较,Ⅱ-SI组EC50降低(P<0.05).结论 60～69岁患者靶控输注异丙酚至意识消失时瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管和切皮反应的EC50分别为2.90、1.90ng/ml,70～79岁患者分别为3.16、1.77 ng/ml,不随年龄增加而改变.     

Histopathological characteristics of radical prostatectomy specimen and long-term PSA changes in men with PSA levels of 4.0 ng/ml or less]

Out of 132 prostate cancer (Pca) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy 31 (mean age 65 +/- 5 years) had prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4.0 ng/ml or less (low PSA group). The average PSA level was 3.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml in the low PSA group and 8.5 +/- 5.5 ng/ml in patients with a higher PSA (high PSA group). The pT2 ratio of the radical prostatectomy specimens was 74% (23/31) in the low PSA group and 55% (55/101) in the high PSA group, pT3a was 16% (5/31) and 31% (31/101), pT3b was 10% (3/31) and 10% (10/101), pN1 was 0% and 5% (5/101), respectively. The digital rectal examination (DRE) gave a positive result significantly (p = 0.026) less frequently in the low PSA group (6/31 : 20%), than in the high PSA group (44/101 : 44%). However all three pT3b patients with a low PSA were positive in DRE. This suggests the importance of DRE to detect significant Pca with PSA < or = 4.0. PSA was measured at least three times for more than one year in 19 of the 31 patients with a low PSA level before diagnosis. In 14 of these 19 cases (74%), PSA velocity was more than 0.5 ng/ml/ year and PSA doubling time was less than 4 years. Some patients with significant Pca can not be detected with a PSA cutoff level at 4.0 ng/ml. We recommend that individuals have their own PSA levels, and that long-term changes of PSA are sometimes very important to detect cases of Pca with lower PSA.