PCI术后上消化道出血的研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后,常规口服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗已经成为预防支架内血栓形成的标准化治疗.然而,双联抗血小板虽能有效降低缺血事件发生率,却增加了上消化道出血发病率[1],约占血管成形术后的2.3%.PCI术后消化道出血对于心脏影响巨大.     

氯吡格雷与质子泵抑制剂联合应用的不良反应研究进展

阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联合抗血小板治疗广泛应用于急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者,以降低死亡率和支架内血栓形成.多项随机对照研究证实,双联抗血小板治疗较阿司匹林单药治疗显著改善ACS患者临床转归,指南推荐双联抗血小板治疗作为ACS和PCI术后患者的首选抗血小板方案[1].但两药联用增加了上消化道出血风险,因此相当数量患者需同时服用质子泵抑制剂(PPI).最近,多项研究涉及氯吡格雷与PPI联用的不良反应,备受临床医师关注,现就其研究进展做此综述.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发消化道出血的抗栓策略

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者需服用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林双联抗血小板药,以防止支架内血栓形成;而PCI术后发生消化道出血的患者却需要减少甚至停止使用抗血小板药物。出血后的止血和抗栓治疗是困扰介入治疗医师的难题。国内外学者对此类患者的治疗进行了一些摸索,但仍未提出明确的治疗指南。本文回顾性分析了文献及本中心PCI围术期消化道出血的临床实践,旨在探讨针对此类患者抗血小板药物治疗的调整必要和策略,以及药物调整后的近期疗效和安全性。     

西洛他唑在冠心病PCI术后抗血小板治疗中的应用

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后抗血小板治疗是预防支架内血栓的基石,CURE^[1]和CREDO^[2]等多项大规模临床研究已确定了阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板的地位。但近年来,支架内再狭窄（RS）、     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后短程双联抗血小板治疗的研究进展

目前国内外指南大多数推荐经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后采取标准双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT),以减少支架内血栓形成、预防缺血事件的发生.但长程DAPT方案势必会增加出血风险.新型药物洗脱支架使支架内血栓事件的发生率显著下降,新型P2 Y12受体抑制剂具有更强的抗血小板作用以及PCI术中腔内影像学的应用,都大大降低了PC...     

冠状动脉介入治疗术后反复支架内血栓形成合并消化道出血一例

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后反复支架内血栓形成合并消化道出血的诱因及防治策略及如何权衡PCI后消化道出血时抗凝与止血的矛盾。结果支架内血栓形成的原因主要与冠脉病变特点,球囊扩张后血管损伤的程度以及支架置放的位置以及术中抗凝药及抗血小板药物是否充分应用有关,使用高张球囊扩张支架内血栓部位是最有效、最快捷方法。而联合抗凝药或抗血小板药使用后消化道出血的风险增加,在短期停用阿司匹林、选择性使用西洛他唑和替格瑞洛基础上,予禁食、抑酸、补液及静脉应用生长抑素等治疗,可有效治疗消化道出血,且可避免主要不良心血管事件的发生。     

PCI围手术期血小板聚集功能的临床检测及进展

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是冠心病血运重建的主要方式,术后标准的双联抗血小板治疗是预防支架内血栓形成等不良心血管事件的基础治疗。不同个体对抗血小板药物的反应性不同,对抗血小板药物低反应的患者发生血管事件的概率就增大。强化抗血小板治疗能减少术后血栓性事件的发生,但同时也增加了出血风险。床旁血小板聚集功能的检测可即时监测血小板反应性,使抗血小板药物在降低血栓性事件风险的同时又不额外增加出血风险,指导抗血小板药物在PCI术后患者中的个体化治疗。本文就PCI术后血小板聚集功能的临床检测方法及最新进展做一综述。     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术后抗血小板治疗合并上消化道出血的救治

阿司匹林加波力维联合抗血小板治疗导致上消化道出血发病率高、死亡率高。本文使用典型病例讨论经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术后上消化道出血的预后意义及停用抗血小板治疗的危险性。在此对本病例在没有临床用药指南的情况下,根据临床经验谨慎使用抗血小板、抗凝、输血、主动脉内球囊反搏（intra—aortic ballon pump,IABP）治疗,得到成功救治的经验予以回顾。     

PCI术后抗血小板治疗研究进展

<正>血小板活化、聚集是动脉血栓形成的重要因素[1]。药物支架植入后,其表面的药物雷帕霉素等是诱发血小板聚集、导致支架内血栓的重要原因[2]。因此,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention,PCI)术后加强抗血小板治疗非常必要。而阿司匹林等抗血小板药物的应用,在有效降     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后上消化道出血合并心力衰竭、脑梗死1例

<正>随着经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的广泛开展和强化双联抗血小板治疗的应用,消化道出血已经成为PCI术后的严重并发症之一,在临床工作中并不少见,但合并脑梗死的患者比较少见,且死亡率较高。我科接诊1例患者行PCI术置入3枚支架后出现上消化道出血,合并两次脑梗死,并在输血过程中出现心力衰竭,经救治好转出院,随访5个月情况良好。现报告如下。     

Risk and management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with prolonged dual-antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention

Prolonged dual-antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is mandatory after drug-eluting stent implantation because of the potential increased risk of late stent thrombosis. The concern regarding prolonged antiplatelet therapy is the increased risk of bleeding. Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common site of bleeding and presents a serious threat to patients due to the competing risks of gastrointestinal hemorrhage and stent thrombosis. Currently, there are no guidelines and little evidence on how best to manage these patients who are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from both the bleeding itself and the consequences of achieving optimum hemostasis by interruption of antiplatelet therapy. Managing gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient who has undergone recent percutaneous coronary intervention requires balancing the risk of stent thrombosis against further catastrophic bleeding. Close combined management between gastroenterologist and cardiologist is advocated to optimize patient outcomes.     

Antiplatelet therapy in the perioperative period

The current practice of withdrawing aspirin 7-10 days preoperatively may be dangerous in certain groups of patients. The risk of cardiovascular events increases 3-fold after aspirin withdrawal. The average time between aspirin withdrawal and the manifestation of acute coronary syndrome is 8 to 11 days. The withdrawal of clopidogrel earlier than 4-6 weeks after bare metal stent implantation or less than 12 months after drug-eluting stent implantation is very risky and poses a high risk of stent thrombosis and high perioperative mortality. Continuing aspirin perioperatively leads to a 1.5-fold increase in perioperative bleeding complications but it does not lead to a higher severity of bleeding complications or higher mortality. The article analyzes current European and American guidelines for perioperative antiplatelet treatment and suggests an algorithm based on the guidelines to help make clinical decisions.     

Optimal Management of Antiplatelet Therapy and Proton Pump Inhibition Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and a P2Y₁₂ antagonist) is required after the insertion of a coronary artery stent. If the stent has been inserted in the context of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), then clopidogrel or a high-potency P2Y₁₂ antagonist such as prasugrel or ticagrelor should be considered. Current indications for the use of prasugrel in this situation include ST elevation, diabetes, or previous stent thrombosis on clopidogrel therapy. If the stent has been inserted electively for stable ischemic heart disease, then the patient should normally receive clopidogrel. Next, it is important to consider the patient’s bleeding risk. The CRUSADE score can be used to determine the likelihood of a subsequent gastrointestinal (GI) bleed. For patients treated with aspirin and clopidogrel who are at high risk of a GI bleed, the current evidence suggests that a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is the most effective way to reduce this risk. There is evidence that omeprazole may attenuate the pharmacodynamic effect of clopidogrel and, therefore, it would be reasonable to use an alternative PPI that has less risk of negative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction, such as pantoprazole. If a patient is at moderate or low risk of bleeding, then a PPI should be avoided in combination with clopidogrel as the risk of negative interaction is greater than the risk of GI bleeding. There is no substantive evidence that PPIs attenuate the therapeutic effect of prasugrel or ticagrelor; therefore, patients at moderate or high risk of GI bleeding should be offered a PPI.     

Double jeopardy: balance between bleeding and stent thrombosis with prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation

Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is mandatory after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation because of potential increase risk of stent thrombosis compared to bare-metal stents. As more DES are being implanted, many of these patients will undergo non-cardiac surgery whilst on antiplatelet therapy. The optimal management of perioperative antiplatelet therapy is not well established. The risk of excessive bleeding associated with antiplatelet therapy needs to be balanced against the risk of stent thrombosis with interruption of antiplatelet therapy on a case-to-case basis.     

Erhöhtes Risiko für Stentthrombosen bei DES?

The success story of drug-eluting stents (DES) with which the "last" problem of coronary stenting seemed to be solved and which led to an unprecedented enthusiasm with which cardiologists embraced this new treatment modality of coronary artery disease was recently challenged by the detection of late stent thromboses leading to myocardial infarction and death many months or even years after stent implantation. The BAsel Stent Kosten Effektivitaets Trial (BASKET) and especially the observational BASKET-LAte Thrombotic Events (BASKET-LATE) follow-up study demonstrated that late clinical events related to late DES thrombosis is a real and worrisome complication of DES. In the meantime, these findings have been confirmed by large registry data and meta-analyses of late followups of prospective trials. This has led to vivid discussions and an urgently organized Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel meeting which cautioned the use of DES particularly in "off-label" use but warned also to put the risks of late events after DES implantation in relation to the early important benefit of these stents indicating that there is no hint for an excess mortality with DES. The FDA suggested that 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy should be given to all patients treated with DES as long as they are not at increased risk of bleeding. Further studies are needed to identify patients at risk for late stent thrombosis and patient subgroups with a particularly high benefit after implantation of DES. In addition, new second-generation DES with a decreased risk for late stent thrombosis have to be developed.     

Performance of stent thrombosis and bleeding risk scores in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to acute coronary syndromes

BackgroundPatients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) due to acute coronary syndromes (ACS) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are at high risk of bleeding and thrombosis. While predictive bleeding and stent thrombosis risk scores have been established, their performance in patients with OHCA has not been evaluated.MethodsAll consecutive patients admitted for OHCA due to ACS who underwent PCI between January 2007 and December 2019 were included. The ACTION and CRUSADE bleeding risk scores and the Dangas score for early stent thrombosis risk were calculated for each patient. A C-statistic analysis was performed to assess the performance of these scores.ResultsAmong 386 included patients, 82 patients (21.2%) experienced severe bleeding and 30 patients (7.8%) experienced stent thrombosis. The predictive performance of the ACTION and CRUSADE bleeding risk scores for major bleeding was poor, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.596 and 0.548, respectively. Likewise, the predictive performance of the Dangas stent thrombosis risk score was poor (AUC 0.513). Using multivariable analysis, prolonged low-flow (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.05; P = 0.025), reduced haematocrit or fibrinogen at admission (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88–0.98; P = 0.010 and OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41–0.89; P = 0.012, respectively) and the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.18–3.73; P = 0.011) were independent risk factors for major bleeding.ConclusionThe classic bleeding and stent thrombosis risk scores have poor performance in a population of patients with ACS complicated by OHCA. Other predictive factors might be more pertinent to determine major bleeding and stent thrombosis risks in this specific population.     

Recurrent coronary stent thromboses and myocardial infarctions

Although stent thrombosis is a recognized complication of coronary intervention, recurrent stent thrombosis is rarely reported. We present a patient who suffered 3 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions associated with repeated stent thromboses within a month and a half. Although a potentially mechanical cause of thrombosis was identified in the only baremetal stent implanted in this case, no predisposing factors were seen for the 2 drug-eluting stents (DES). While recent worrisome data have suggested a slight increase in the incidence of late angiographic stent thrombosis (defined as occurring beyond 30 days) with drug-eluting stents (DES), their risk of subacute thrombosis (from 1 to 30 days) is reported to be equivalent to that of BMS. Therefore, this rare occurrence serves as a sobering reminder of the risks of subacute thrombosis with both BMS and DES. Marked neointimal inhibition, allergic reactions, as well as thienopyridine resistance, may all contribute to the pathophysiology of DES thrombosis. The Food and Drug Administration advisory panel has concluded that when these devices are used for "on-label" indications, the counterbalance of dramatic target lesion revascularization reduction versus rare incidence of late angiographic stent thrombosis results in no overall increase in DES myocardial infarction or mortality risk. Furthermore, a minimum of 1 year of dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended for all recipients of DES at low risk of bleeding.     

Management der interventionellen Therapie von Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom und Vorhofflimmern

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia following acute myocardial infarction and the overall percentage observed in previous studies ranges between 10 and 12%. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and AF are associated with a higher in-hospital and long-term mortality. Predisposing factors are higher bleeding complications, higher incidence of stroke, heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Access site complications can be significantly reduced using the transradial approach for PCI which improves the clinical outcome of these patients. Stroke is an important complication in patients hospitalized with ACS. The incidence of acute stroke in patients with ACS and AF varies between 0.5 and 1.3%. The increasing use of drug-eluting stents (DES) to minimize in-stent restenosis necessitates long-term dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a thienopyridine (at present most frequently clopidogrel) to reduce the risk of early and late stent thrombosis. Combined aspirin-clopidogrel therapy, however, is less effective in preventing stroke compared with oral anticoagulation (OAC) alone—and OAC alone is insufficient to prevent stent thrombosis. In patients with ACS and AF a triple therapy consisting of aspirin, clopidogrel and OAC (INR 2.0–2.5) is recommended according to the risk stratification (CHA₂DS₂-VASc score), the bleeding risk (HAS-BLED score), and the implanted stent (DES vs BMS). Triple therapy is associated with a higher bleeding risk and should be administered as briefly as necessary. Using beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, direct current cardioversion or intravenous administration of amiodarone may reduce the incidence of AF and restore sinus rhythm which can reduce the duration of triple therapy.     

Stent Thrombosis: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends

Coronary stents are now implanted in more than 70% of percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures. Early enthusiasm for improved acute angiographic results and limited restenosis was dampened initially by a high rate of stent thrombosis and later by the increased bleeding complications of aggressive and complex anticoagulation protocols designed to lower the stent thrombosis risk. More recently, routine high-pressure deployment strategies and anti-platelet drug regimens have lowered the incidence of stent thrombosis to approximately 1% without an increased bleeding risk. The timing of stent thrombosis has also changed from a median of 4–5 days to a median of 1 day after the stent procedure. Risk factors in earlier studies included stenting for threatened or abrupt closure, smaller vessels, longer lesions, and possibly left anterior descending artery lesion location. Modern studies have shown a slightly increased risk for multiple stent use, residual dissection, and smaller final lumen. Optimal therapy for stent thrombosis includes emergent revascularization and anti-thrombotic treatment, although the clinical consequences remain dire despite successful reperfusion. The use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, especially in high-risk situations may further reduce the incidence of stent thrombosis.     

Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical course of patients who have undergone coronary stent placement less than six weeks before noncardiac surgery. BACKGROUND: Surgical and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty revascularization performed before high-risk noncardiac surgery is expected to reduce perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. Perioperative and postoperative complications in patients who have undergone coronary stenting before a noncardiac surgery have not been studied. METHODS: Forty patients who underwent coronary stent placement less than six weeks before noncardiac surgery requiring a general anesthesia were included in the study (1-39 days, average: 13 days). The records were screened for the occurrence of adverse clinical events, including myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, peri- and postoperative bleeding and death. RESULTS: In 40 consecutive patients meeting the study criteria, there were seven myocardial infarctions (MIs), 11 major bleeding episodes and eight deaths. All deaths and MIs, as well as 8/11 bleeding episodes, occurred in patients subjected to surgery fewer than 14 days from stenting. Four patients expired after undergoing surgery one day after stenting. Based on electrocardiogram, enzymatic and angiographic evidence, stent thrombosis accounted for most of the fatal events. The time between stenting and surgery appeared to be the main determinant of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Postponing elective noncardiac surgery for two to four weeks after coronary stenting should permit completion of the mandatory antiplatelet regimen, thereby reducing the risk of stent thrombosis and bleeding complications.