MicroRNA:癌症诊治新靶点

MicroRNA（miRNA）是人类体内重要的转录后调控因子,参与细胞分化、增殖以及凋亡等多个细胞生物学过程。miRNA表达谱的变化与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,miRNA既可以是癌基因,也可以是抑癌基因。肿瘤的主要生物学特征均涉及到miRNA表达水平的变化,尤其在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的变化十分复杂。循环miRNA是人类血液中一种表达极其稳定的miRNA,能够较准确地反映肿瘤的疾病状态,检测肿瘤患者体内异常的循环miRNA表达谱可能成为肿瘤临床诊断和预后判断的一种新手段。miRNA的检测手段主要包括Northern blotting、微阵列和qRT-PCR等传统方法,也包括二代测序等新兴技术。miRNA模拟物以及携带miRNA的脂质体等治疗方案已取得一定进展,但这些方法均有一定局限性使其无法在临床大规模开展应用。在克服当前的这些技术难点之后,miRNA检测有望进入临床,帮助建立新的肿瘤诊断和治疗方案。     

MicroRNAs作为肺癌的治疗靶标

肺癌是当今世界的主要致死原因之一,亟待新的治疗方法.近年来,microRNAs已成为调节基因表达的关键因子之一.许多研究表明,microRNAs几乎参与肺癌癌变过程的每一阶段,包括肿瘤的发展、细胞凋亡、癌细胞的侵袭和转移,以及抗癌药物的耐药.MicroRNA的强制表达或抑制可调节癌变过程中的生物学改变,表明了microRNAs在肺癌中具有治疗潜能.本社论总结调节肺癌癌变过程的一些重要microRNAs的最新报道,并阐释其作用机制,介绍一些调控microRNAs作用的方法,并探讨了microRNAs作为肺癌治疗靶标的前景.     

基因可变剪接在癌症发生和治疗中的研究进展

［摘要］ 可变剪接指从单个基因产生多种mRNA同种型,是转录后调控的重要方式之一。可变剪接不仅影响人体正常生长发育过程,而且在包括癌症在内的多种疾病发生发展中扮演重要角色。癌组织的剪接变化通常是全局的而不是基因特异性的,异常的剪接模式控制癌症的主要特征。遗传、表观遗传、剪接因子网络差异表达及选择性转录起始或终止等多种途径巩固了特定促癌或抑癌同种型的优势表达,进而影响癌症进程。此外,近年来研究,证明呈组织或阶段特异性表达的剪接同种型有作为癌症生物标志物及治疗靶标的潜能。本文通过全局剪接变化影响肿瘤进展、可变剪接影响癌症进展的途径及可变剪接提示癌症监控和治疗新策略3 个方面进行综述。     

microRNAs在肿瘤表观遗传调控的研究进展

microRNAs和表观遗传修饰都在肿瘤的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用研究发现microRNAs与表观遗传之间存在复杂的调控关系, 主要通过DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等方式与microRNAs进行相互调节, 这为肿瘤的机制研究提供了新的方向。利用表观遗传的可逆性调节相关microRNAs的表达可抑制肿瘤生长, 在肿瘤治疗方面显示出巨大潜力。本文主要综述近年来microRNAs与肿瘤表观遗传相关领域的研究进展。      

进化理论在癌症治疗中的探索

肿瘤的发生、发展本质上是进化过程发生的疾病,包括肿瘤细胞相互竞争及其对环境的适应。进化理论的探索研究,为肿瘤治疗提供更多新的思路及理论依据。本文从进化要素、生态理念、微环境3个方面分别综述治疗策略、疗效及可能存在的问题,为肿瘤精准治疗提供新视角。      

microRNAs在肺癌研究中的进展

在世界范围内,肺癌的发病率明显增高。在欧美某些国家和我国大城市中,肺癌的发病率已居男性各种肿瘤的首位,每年因肺癌死亡的人数超过100万,并且每年新增病例120万。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)占肺癌的80%,确诊时多为晚期,尽管手术、化疗、放疗技术不断提高,但     

端粒、端粒酶与癌症治疗进展

真核细胞染色体末端有一种稳定染色体的结构,即端粒(Telomere);缺乏端粒的染色体易于相互缠绕、断裂和降解,细胞衰老死亡.正常人类体细胞的端粒DNA随细胞分裂而逐渐缩短,这种端粒损耗现象可能是其有限存活的标志.而端粒酶(Telomerase)的活化又可在染色体末端不断合成端粒DNA系列,维持端粒长度,使细胞成为永生细胞或癌细胞.文献报道大多数人类恶性肿瘤存在高水平的端粒酶活性,而良性肿瘤、正常体细胞(非生殖细胞)及有限细胞系存在低水平或缺乏端粒酶活性,提示端粒酶的活化与肿瘤的发生、发展明显相关.目前,端粒和端粒酶已成为肿瘤及生命科学一个新的研究热点.本文就近几年来有关端粒、端粒酶及其与癌症关系和可能成为癌症治疗新靶点的研究概况作一综述,探讨端粒酶对恶性肿瘤的诊断、治疗及预后作用的意义和前景.     

中子在癌症治疗中的应用：快中子治疗

中子在癌症治疗中的应用：快中子治疗ＧｅｏｒｇｅＥ．ＬａｒａｍｏｒｅＰｈ．Ｄ．，Ｍ．Ｄ．第一届全国快中子治癌研究学术会发言摘译作者单位：ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＲａｄｉａｔｉｏｎＯｎｃｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒ－ｓｉｔｙｏｆＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎＭｅｄｉｃ...     

癌症晚期的治疗对策

癌症晚期的治疗对策虞慕唐副主任医师江苏省常熟市第六人民医院外科（２１５５００）对癌症晚期的治疗和护理，力争让１／３的病人减轻痛苦，延长生存，这也是临床肿瘤学研究的主要内容之一。所谓晚期，对于各种不同癌症而言，尽管各有其不同的含义或分期标准，但从广义上...     

Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin in Liver Cancer

Purpose: Liver cancer, one of the most common cancers in China, is reported to feature relatively highmorbidity and mortality. Curcumin (Cum) is considered as a drug possessing anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammationand anti-oxidation effect. Previous research has demonstrated antitumor effects in a series of cancers. Materialsand Methods: In this study the in vitro cytotoxicity of Cum was measured by MTT assay and pro-apoptotic effectswere assessed by DAPI staining and measurement of caspase-3 activity. In vivo anti-hepatoma efficacy of Cumwas assessed with HepG2 xenografts. Results: It is found that Cum dose-dependently inhibited cell growth inHepG2 cells with activation of apoptosis. Moreover, Cum delayed the growth of liver cancer in a dose-dependentmanner in nude mice. Conclusions: Cum might be a promising phytomedicine in cancer therapy and furtherefforts are needed to explore this therapeutic strategy.     

LncRNAs as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common cancer of endocrine system. TC can be subdivided into 4 different entities, papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Among them, anaplastic thyroid cancer has the poorest prognosis. Exploring new therapeutic approach may entail favorable prediction as well as increasing overall survival rate of patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have vast implications in different cancer types. Although they are not transcribed into proteins, they can act as a harness in regulating a plethora of biological functions. They have been implicated in a decisive role in gene expression via modulation of both coding and non-coding RNAs. This article discuss the multi-facet role of lncRNA in thyroid cancer biology.     

Human Papillomavirus Type 16/18 Oncoproteins: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Non-smoking Associated Lung Cancer

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) especially HPV-16 and HPV-18 types are speculated to be importantrisk factors in non-smoking associated lung cancer in Asia. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that HPVoncoproteins may contribute to lung tumorigenesis and cell transformation. Importantly, HPV 16/18 E6 and E7oncoproteins can mediate expression of multiple target genes and proteins, such as p53/pRb, VEGF, HIF-1α,cIAP-2, and hTERT, and contribute to cell proliferation, angiogenesis and cell immortalization through differentsignaling pathways in lung cancer. This article provides an overview of experiment data on HPV-associated lungcancer, describes the main targets on which HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins act, and further discusses the potentialsignaling pathways in which HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins are involved. In addition, we also raise questions regardingexisting problems with the study of HPV-associated lung cancer.     

The Functions of MicroRNAs and Their Potential Applications in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is a highly malignant disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms, and has high incidence and mortality rate. At present, the diagnosis of gastric cancer mainly includes gastroscopy, serum analysis and needle biopsy, and the treatment methods include conventional surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Yet, some limitations were involved in these diagnostic and therapeutic methods, so accurate targeted therapy has received considerable attention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA that can interact with the 3-terminal non-translational region of the target gene mRNA to reduce the expression of the target gene, participate in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, and play an important role in life activities of the cell. More and more studies have shown that miRNAs can participate in the formation and development of cancer, and many abnormally expressed miRNAs in gastric cancer cells are considered to be potential targets for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. This paper summarizes research progress of miRNAs in gastric cancer, and aims to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.     

Antimetastatic Potential of Garcinone E in Human Oral Cancer Cells

Objective: Oral cancer presents as a devastating type of malignancy. It is predominant in populations with highuse of alcohol and various forms of tobacco as well as poor diets with low intake of fruits and vegetables. The presentstudy focused on the potential of Garcinone E to inhibit HSC-4 oral cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.Methods: MTT and colony forming assays were performed to study antiproliferative effects of Garcinone E. Hoechststaining was used to determine levels of apoptosis, with cell invasion and scratch assays conducted for migration andinvasion characteristics. The levels of MMPs and cytokines were quantified in Garcinone E treated cells by ELISA.Results: Garcinone E inhibited the proliferation and colony forming potential of HSC-4 cells. It also suppressedmigration and invasion with inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Moreover, it elevated IL-2 and reducedIL-6 expression in HSC-4 cells. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate for the first time that Garcinone E might inhibitmetastasis of an oral cancer cell line by blocking invasion, migration and MMP production.