超声造影在肝移植术后肝动脉血栓诊断中的应用

目的评估超声造影在肝移植术后肝动脉血栓(HAT)诊断中的价值。方法 2004年1月至2012年8月在四川大学华西医院肝移植中心行肝移植手术的患者810例。患者术后均接受了彩色多普勒超声(彩超)检查,其中有58例怀疑HAT,从而继续接受超声造影检查。以肝动脉血管造影、手术结果和临床随访作为金标准,计算超声造影诊断HAT的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果超声造影诊断16例HAT,正确诊断15例,误诊1例,无漏诊病例。超声造影诊断HAT的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为1.0、0.977、0.983、0.938和1.0。本组患者HAT发生率和病死率分别为1.9%和53%。结论肝移植术后彩超检查怀疑HAT时应立即行超声造影检查,超声造影诊断肝动脉通畅的患者可避免肝动脉血管造影检查。     

原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后动脉并发症的早期诊断与治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析本院180例次原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的监测、诊断与处理。结果 动脉并发症发生率为5．0％(9／180)，其中肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)5例，肝动脉狭窄(HAS)3例，腹腔动脉狭窄1例。8例动脉造影证实，1例尸检证实。彩色多普勒超声(CDI)的诊断敏感度和特异度分别为88．9％和95．9％；术中超声(IOUS)的敏感度、特异度，阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100％，96．0％，66．7％和100％。3例患者接受介入治疗、3例接受再血管化手术、2例分别接受再次肝移植和非手术治疗。3例治愈，6例死亡。结论CD1是监测动脉并发症的首选方法；IOUS有助于术中的早期诊断。HAS和HAT治疗应首选再血管化或再次肝移植；介入溶栓的疗效不佳；个别患者可尝试非手术治疗。     

成人肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨成人肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)的诊断与治疗,及其对患者预后的影响.方法 2007年6月至2010年10月我中心共实施成人尸体肝脏移植387例.术后采用床边彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝血流.疑有肝动脉血栓形成时,采用超声造影或肝动脉造影明确诊断,根据病情采用介入溶栓治疗、手术再血管化治疗及再次肝移植等治疗.结果 387例中术后共有10例患者发生HAT,发生率2.6％.发生HAT的中位时间为肝移植术后7(范围2～18)d.2例采用介入溶栓治疗,其中1例伴肝动脉狭窄放置支架,均痊愈;3例再次手术行肝动脉重建联合肝动脉局部溶栓治疗,其中1例术后再次出现HAT,死亡;2例行再次肝移植,痊愈;3例出现肝内脓肿,严重感染,肝功能恶化死亡.死亡率为40％(4/10).结论 肝移植术后常规彩色多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流是早期发现HAT的关键,超声造影及肝动脉造影可明确诊断;及时采用介入溶栓、手术再血管化及再次肝移植等治疗虽然可减少患者死亡,但预防HAT发生更为重要.     

普通彩色多普勒血流显像技术在小儿肝移植术后早期肝动脉栓塞中的诊断价值

目的评价普通彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)技术在小儿肝移植术后早期肝动脉栓塞(HAT)中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2005年4月至2014年5月在武警总医院施行的55例小儿肝移植病例的临床资料。对所有病例在术后早期应用CDFI技术进行常规血流监测。经CDFI多切面检查于肝内未见肝动脉血流信号拟诊HAT,对怀疑HAT者进行计算机体层摄影术血管造影(CTA)检查或手术探查。应用Chiss统计软件,计算普通CDFI技术诊断HAT的灵敏度和特异度。结果 55例小儿肝移植受者中,CDFI检查共拟诊3例HAT,其中2例为肝动脉主干栓塞,1例为肝右动脉栓塞,均经CTA检查和手术探查证实诊断。本组病例HAT发生率为5%(3/55)。应用普通CDFI技术诊断小儿肝移植术后HAT的灵敏度为1.0、特异度为1.0、假阳性率为0。结论普通CDFI技术为小儿肝移植术后血流动力学检测首选的、最主要的检查手段,经验丰富的移植超声医师实施检查可提高诊断HAT的准确性。     

超声造影在肝细胞癌和肝局灶性结节增生鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声造影在肝细胞癌(HCC)和肝局灶性结节增生(FNH)鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选取2012年1月1日至2014年1月1日期间笔者所在医院收治的23例HCC患者和23例肝FNH患者,术前均行超声造影检查,对2组患者的超声造影结果进行对比分析。结果 HCC组造影剂到达时间为(3.8±1.9)s,明显长于肝FNH组的(2.3±1.4)s;达峰时间为(21.8±11.9)s,显著短于肝FNH组的(35.3±14.8)s;峰值强度为(28.8±3.1)d B,显著高于肝FNH组的(22.3±7.9)d B,其差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。HCC组患者超声造影诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为91.3%(21/23)、87.0%(20/23)和95.7%(22/23),肝FHN组患者超声造影诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为87.0%(20/23)、91.3%(21/23)和91.3%(21/23),2组间比较其差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声造影在HCC和肝FNH的鉴别诊断中具有十分重要的应用价值,可在临床推广应用。     

活体亲属供肝部分肝移植术后肝动脉的彩色多普勒超声监测

目的探讨应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对亲属活体供肝部分肝移植术后早期监测肝动脉的价值。方法对33例活体供肝部分肝移植术后2周内每日行彩色多普勒超声检查,根据彩色血流及频谱情况判断有无肝动脉血栓形成;6例行动脉造影;所有存活者均进行随访观察。结果经彩色多普勒超声监测发现2例肝动脉血栓(HAT)形成。1例行急诊取栓和肝动脉重建术无效,再次行肝移植后存活(供肝为脑死亡者);另1例发生HAT后,经急诊取栓肝动脉重建术后恢复。结论肝移植术后行彩色多普勒超声监测对早期诊断HAT形成具有重要的价值。     

经直肠超声造影在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨经直肠超声造影在前列腺癌诊断的应用价值。方法选择98例血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)≥4ng/mL,行经直肠前列腺超声检查及造影检查,最终以病理结果作对照,分析常规超声与超声造影的图像特征。结果超声造影诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为87%、92.3%、89.8%;常规超声诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为68.3%、75.4%、75%;前列腺结节的超声造影增强模式不同。结论经直肠超声造影对于前列腺癌的敏感度、特异度及准确度均较常规超声检查高,有助于提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

超声造影联合CDFI对原发性及转移性肝癌的鉴别价值

探讨超声造影联合三维彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对原发性肝癌(PLC)及转移性肝癌(MLC)的鉴别价值。PLC、MLC患者各68例,所有患者均给予超声造影、CDFI检查,分析超声造影联合CDFI对PLC、MLC的鉴别价值。超声造影显示,PLC患者始增时间、增强速率、50%倾斜率明显低于MLC患者,PLC患者峰值时间、增强强度明显高于MLC患者(P0.05);CDFI显示,PLC患者肝动脉最小流速、门静脉流速明显低于MLC患者,PLC患者肝内部及周围血流分级和肝动脉峰值流速、内径、阻力指数明显高于MLC患者(P0.05);在鉴别PLC、MLC的敏感度、特异度、准确度中,超声造影为79.41%、85.29%、82.35%,CDFI为73.53%、82.35%、77.94%,超声造影联合CDFI为94.12%、97.06%、95.59%,超声造影联合CDFI明显高于超声造影、CDFI(P0.05)。结果表明,超声造影、CDFI可作为鉴别PLC、MLC的重要方法,且二者联合具有更佳的鉴别价值。     

经皮血氧分压激光多普勒血流系统对下肢动脉粥样硬化早期诊断的临床应用价值

目的对比分析经皮血氧分压激光多普勒血流系统对下肢动脉粥样硬化早期诊断的临床应用价值。方法选择从2014年12月至2015年10月就诊于我科134例可疑下肢动脉粥样硬化病变患者。分别应用超声多普勒技术和经皮血氧分压激光多普勒血流监测技术对全部患者的病变程度做评估,以下肢动脉造影为金标准,将超声多勒普及经皮血氧分压激光多普勒诊断结果与下肢动脉造影结果进行对照。结果多普勒超声检查组,准确度、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为69.4%,84.0%,14.3%,78.8%,19.04%。而经皮血氧分压激光多普勒检查组的准确度、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为94.0%,95.3%,89.5%,97.1%和83.3%。两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经皮血氧分压激光多普勒检查,可有效提高早期下肢动脉粥样硬化的检出率及诊断敏感性、特异性及准确性,可以在临床推广使用。     

超声造影对移植肝局灶性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨超声造影对移植肝内局灶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法对67例肝移植术后确诊有移植肝内局灶性病变的患者进行超声造影检查,观察不同病变在动脉期、门静脉期和延迟期3个时相的造影剂灌注模式。以延迟期仍保持高增强或等增强或造影中始终无增强判定为良性病变,以延迟期消退为低增强或无增强判定为恶性病变,计算超声造影诊断良性病变与恶性病变的敏感度与假阴性率。结果与良性病变比较,在动脉期表现为高增强或等增强的病灶中,恶性病变在门静脉期或延迟期有显著的增强消退倾向(P0.01)。超声造影诊断良性病变的敏感度为90%(19/21),假阴性率为10%(2/21),2例假阴性均为肝脓肿;诊断恶性病变的敏感度为100%(46/46)。结论超声造影对移植肝内局灶性病变具有较高的鉴别诊断价值,有助于区别良、恶性病变。     

Intraoperative hepatic artery blood flow predicts early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation

Hepatic artery complications after orthotopic liver transplantation are associated with a high rate of graft loss and mortality (23% to 35%) because they can lead to liver ischemia. The reported incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after adult liver transplantation is 2.5% to 6.8%. Typically, these patients are treated with urgent surgical revascularization or emergent liver retransplantation. Since January 2007, we have recorded the postanastomotic hepatic artery flow after revascularization. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between hepatic blood flow on revascularization and early HAT. Retrospectively, we reviewed perioperative variables from 110 consecutive liver transplantation performed at the Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (Seville, Spain) between January 2007 and October 2010. We evaluated the following preoperative (donor and recipient) and intraoperative variables: donor and recipient age, cytomegalovirus serology, ABO-compatibility, anatomical variations of the donor hepatic artery, number of arterial anastomoses, portal and hepatic artery flow before closure, cold ischemia time, and blood transfusion. These variables were included in a univariate analysis. Of the 110 patients included in the study, 85 (77.7%) were male. The median age was 52 years. ABO blood groups were identical between donor and recipient in all the patients. The prevalence of early HAT was 6.36% (7 of 110). Crude mortality with/without HAT was 22% versus 2% (P = .001), respectively. Crude graft loss rate with/without HAT was 27% versus 4% (P = .003), respectively. Early HAT was shown to be primarily associated with intraoperative hepatic artery blood flow (93.3 mL/min recipients with HAT versus 187.7 mL/min recipients without HAT, P < .0001). No retransplantation showed early HAT. In our experience, intraoperative hepatic artery blood flow predicts early HAT after liver transplantation.     

Hepatic artery thrombosis and intraoperative hepatic artery flow rates in adult orthotopic liver transplantation

Introduction: Thrombosis of the hepatic artery following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can be a devastating com­plication impacting on recipient outcome. The utility of routine intraoperative flow measurements of the hepatic artery in predicting subsequent hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is presented in this study. Methods: Data on all adult OLT recipients between July 1995 and May 2000 were analysed. This included the routine intra­operative flow measurements of both the hepatic artery and portal vein using a Doppler flow meter. Results: Thirteen out of 198 (6.6%) instances of OLT were complicated by HAT. The mean and median flow rates of the hepatic artery in the OLT with HAT were 262 mL/min and 220 mL/min, respectively. These were significantly lower than the respective values of 436 mL/min and 400 mL/min in the OLT without HAT (P = 0.0036). This was independent of recipient age, sex, weight and intraoperative portal flow rates. However there was extensive overlap for the intraoperative hepatic artery flow rates obtained between the HAT and non‐HAT groups. The risk of HAT was increased by a factor of 6 if the intraoperative hepatic artery flow rate was less than 200 mL/min. The average allograft survival was significantly lower in the HAT group at 373 days vs the non‐HAT group at 763 days (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The routine use of intraoperative flow measurements of the hepatic artery may be a useful adjunct in identifying the hepatic artery reconstruction, which is at risk of subsequent HAT.     

Clinical utility of microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation

To evaluate the frequency of use and the diagnostic accuracy of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. One hundred and fifty-two liver transplantations in 142 adult subjects, comprising 80 male patients and 62 female patients, were studied. After surgery, liver circulation was routinely assessed by conventional Doppler ultrasound (US). Wherever the examiners were not confident about the state of the circulation, CEUS was performed with one or more doses of a sulfur hexafluoride (SF-6)-containing second-generation contrast agent intravenously. Clinical follow up including repeat Doppler US, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the liver vasculature were used as reference standards. During the first month after transplantation, Doppler US was inconclusive with regard to patency of the hepatic artery (HA) circulation in 20 (13 %) of 152 transplantations. CEUS was performed in these patients, and detected six cases of HA thrombosis (HAT) in five transplants. CEUS correctly ruled out HA occlusion in 15 transplants. All HA occlusions occurred during the first 14 days after transplantation. In the subset of transplantations examined with CEUS, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CEUS were 100%. In approximately 13% of cases, conventional Doppler US did not provide sufficient visualization of the HA after liver transplantation. In these cases, correct diagnosis was achieved by supplementary CEUS.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后11例血管并发症的诊断

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断意义。方法回顾性分析和总结11例肝移植术后血管并发症的彩色多普勒超声检查资料,检测指标包括肝动脉及左右分支的峰值速度、阻力指数、加速度及加速时间,门静脉平均流速。结果5例经手术或造影证实为动脉并发症(血栓形成2例,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉痉挛1例),彩色多普勒超声表现有肝动脉狭窄处的高速高阻血流并伴有湍流,而狭窄远端肝内动脉峰值速度<40cm/s,阻力指数<0.5,加速时间>0.08s,加速度<300cm/s2,2例肝动脉血栓形成肝门部无动脉血流信号;6例为门静脉并发症(3例门静脉狭窄,3例门静脉血栓形成)。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation

The aim of this study was to examine the clinical presentation and time of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), stressing the role of imaging modalities. Therapeutic options are described, such as retransplantation (Re-OLT), hepatic resections and revascularization procedures, focusing on complications and outcome in a consecutive series of 687 OLT. Over the period from 1986 to 1999, 687 OLT were carried out in 601 patients, 592 of whom were adults and 95 pediatric subjects. Of these operations 601 were primary OLT and 86 Re-OLT (71 I Re-OLT, 14 II Re-OLT and 1 III Re-OLT). In this retrospective study, we reviewed rejection episodes, time of HAT (early or late), possible cause of HAT, day of suspected diagnosis of HAT and day of confirmation of diagnosis. Clinical presentation, management, complications, outcome, survival rates and the need for Re-OLT were also recorded. The incidence of HAT was 2.47% (17/687). Early HAT (n = 9, < 30 days) was diagnosed 15.6 days after OLT (range: 3-25 days), whereas late HAT (n = 8, > 30 days) occurred 295.1 days after OLT (range: 38-1830 days). In two asymptomatic patients (2/17: 11.7%), HAT was discovered incidentally. Most of the patients (11/17: 64.7%) presented with increased liver function test values and fever. Relapsing bacteremia occurred in 7/17 cases (41.1%), whereas a biliary stricture and biliary leak were diagnosed in 3/17 (17.6%) and in 1/17 patients (5.8%), respectively. Fulminant hepatic failure was the clinical presentation in 2/17 cases (11.7%). In one case the clinical presentation was acute and chronic rejection (1/17: 5.8%). Intrahepatic abscesses were diagnosed in one case (1/17: 5.8%), as well as an intrahepatic haemorrhage (1/17: 5.8%). Doppler ultrasound (DUS) correctly revealed HAT in 9 of the 17 patients (52.9% sensitivity). In 8 of the 9 patients (88.8%) in whom HAT was diagnosed by DUS, angiography was also performed to confirm the diagnosis. Overall, angiography detected HAT in 14/17 patients (82.3% sensitivity). HAT management consisted of immediate Re-OLT in 6 patients 6.8 days (range: 3-12 days) after diagnosis. Delayed Re-OLT was performed in 6 patients 529.1 days (range: 68-1920 days) after diagnosis. The overall retransplantation rate was 70.5% (12/17). Two patients died despite undergoing intraarterial urokinase treatment. Three grafts were salvaged, but suffered biliary stricture due to ischemic cholangitis and underwent hepatico-jejunostomy. A II Re-OLT was carried out in 4 of 12 patients (33.3%). The overall mortality rate was 41.1% (7/17). One-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 58.8% (10/17) and 47.0% (8/17), respectively. Both 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 11.7% (2/17). Although the results of OLT have improved dramatically over the past few years, HAT is still associated with substantial morbidity, a high incidence of graft failure and high mortality rates. The use of DUS to screen for HAT has permitted earlier diagnosis, but early angiographic evaluation of the hepatic arteries is still needed for accurate diagnosis of HAT and remains the gold standard. Retransplantation is the definitive solution for HAT in the majority of cases, though it is essentially the patient's clinical condition that dictates the form of management.     

Can antiplatelet prophylaxis reduce the incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation?

To ascertain whether postoperative antiplatelet therapy could reduce the incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after liver transplantation (LT), 838 consecutive adult whole-graft LTs performed from April 1986 to August 2005 that survived beyond the first postoperative month were reviewed. Antiplatelet prophylaxis with aspirin (100 mg per day) was given following 236 LTs; the median starting time was 8 postoperative days (range, 1 to 29 days). Early HAT was observed in 29 cases. The median time of presentation was 5 postoperative days (range, 1-28 days), and the effect of aspirin on this type of complication was therefore not assessable. A total of 14 cases of late HAT were observed (1.67 %). The median time of presentation was 500.5 days (range, 50-2,405 days). Late HAT occurred in 1 out of 236 (0.4 %) patients who were maintained under antiplatelet prophylaxis and in 13 out of 592 (2.2 %) who did not receive prophylaxis (P = 0.049). Risk factors for late HAT (grafts retrieved from donors who died of cerebrovascular accident and/or use of iliac conduit at transplantation) were present in 498 LTs: in this group the incidence of late HAT was significantly higher among cases who did not receive prophylaxis (12/338 vs 1/160; p = 0.037). There were no hemorrhagic complications associated with the use of aspirin. In conclusion,antiplatelet prophylaxis can effectively reduce the incidence of late HAT after LT, particularly in those patients at risk for this complication.     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的防治策略

目的 探讨肝移植术后不同肝动脉狭窄类型治疗时机的选择和疗效.方法 2003年10月至2007年5月,本院共有21例肝移植病人术后发生肝动脉狭窄,其中19例接受肝动脉支架放置术,2例定期随访观察;同时监测介入治疗前后肝功能、肝动脉通畅程度变化及病人临床转归等情况.结果 肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄发生率为3.43%(21/613),诊断中位时间146 d.6例早期肝动脉狭窄病人均接受介入治疗,其中病死2例,存活4例病人中有2例再移植.15例晚期肝动脉狭窄病人中,13例接受介入治疗,其中病死4例,再移植2例,7例存活但肝功能反复出现异常.另外2例在肝门及肝内分支形成良好的侧支循环,肝功能维持稳定.结论 移植术后应根据肝动脉狭窄类型、胆道缺血损伤程度以及有无良好侧支循环代偿等综合因素采取个体化治疗策略.     

原位肝移植肝动脉血栓形成的预防和治疗

目的 总结原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的防治经验，以提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率。方法 分析9年间实施的85例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。肝动脉重建采用供者腹腔动脉干Carrell’s袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉部吻合16例(18．82％)，与受者胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合61例(71．76％)，采用髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥8例(9．42％)。术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT)，使用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供。结果 1例术中发生肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)，立即行血栓切除，重新吻合动脉，现已随访13个月，肝动脉保持通畅。其余84例随访2～54个月，未见HAT发生。全组HAT发生率为1．2％。结论 正确选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗可以减少HAT的发生；多普勒超声监测能早期发现HAT，挽救移植物，避免再移植。