Prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain as risk factors for preeclampsia and transient hypertension

PURPOSE: Recent studies suggest prepregnancy obesity is a risk factor for preeclampsia, although only a handful of studies have examined the effect of gestational weight gain. The authors analyzed the effect of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy on risk of preeclampsia and transient hypertension.METHODS: Subjects were participants in a prospective cohort study of women who received prenatal care from thirteen obstetric practices in southern Connecticut (4/88-12/91). The women were interviewed in-person before 16 weeks gestation and in the immediate postpartum period. All subjects' hospital delivery charts were abstracted. BMI was categorized as: <19.8 (underweight), 19.8-26 (normal: referent), 26-29 (overweight), >29 (obese). A gestational weight gain index, created using multiple linear regression, compared observed weight gain to the weight gain expected after adjustment for significant covariables (e.g. gestational aged at delivery). Logistic regression was used to estimate risk of preeclampsia (N = 44) and transient hypertension (N = 172) associated with prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain.RESULTS: Obese women had a mild increased risk of preeclampsia (OR = 1.81; 0.73-4.52); women in the other BMI categories had risks similar to that of normal BMI subjects. In contrast, risk of transient hypertension was substantially decreased among underweight women (OR = 0.35; 0.14-0.87) and substantially increased among obese women (OR = 3.43; 2.27-5.21). Higher than expected gestational weight gain did not increase the risk of preeclampsia. In contrast, risk of transient hypertension was increased over twofold among women in the highest quartile of the weight gain index (OR = 2.55; 1.66-3.92).CONCLUSIONS: Obesity appears to be a strong risk factor for transient hypertension and a milder risk factor for preeclampsia. High gestational weight gain was associated with increased risk of transient hypertension but not preeclampsia.     

Postpartum weight retention in relation to gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index: A prospective cohort study in Vietnam

BackgroundThe prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity is increasing in Asia. This study prospectively investigated the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and 12-month postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in a large cohort of Vietnamese mothers.MethodsOf the 2030 pregnant women recruited from three cities in Vietnam at 24–28 weeks of gestation, a total of 1666 mothers were followed up for 12 months after delivery and available for analysis. The outcome variable PPWR was determined by subtracting the pre-pregnancy weight from the 12-month postpartum measured weight, while GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI were classified according to the Institute of Medicine and WHO criteria for adults, respectively. Linear regression models were used to ascertain the association between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and PPWR accounting for the effects of plausible confounding factors.ResultsBoth pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG were significantly associated with PPWR (P < 0.001). The adjusted mean weight retention in underweight women before pregnancy (3.71 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37–4.05) was significantly higher than that in those with normal pre-pregnancy weight (2.34 kg, 95% CI 2.13–2.54). Women with excessive GWG retained significantly more weight (5.07 kg, 95% CI 4.63–5.50) on average at 12 months, when compared to mothers with adequate GWG (2.92 kg, 95% CI 2.67–3.17).ConclusionsBeing underweight before pregnancy and excessive GWG contribute to greater weight retention twelve months after giving birth. Interventions to prevent postpartum maternal obesity should target at risk women at the first antenatal visit and control their weight gain during the course of pregnancy.     

马鞍山市妇女孕前体质指数和孕期增重与妊娠期高血压疾病的队列研究

目的探讨马鞍山市妇女孕前体质指数和孕期增重与妊娠期高血压疾病的关联。方法 2013年5月—2014年9月,在安徽省马鞍山市妇幼保健院招募初次建卡的孕妇(孕周≤14周),建立以孕妇人群为基础的队列并随访至分娩。孕早、中、晚期分别填写《孕产期母婴健康记录表》;测量孕妇的身高、体重和血压并检测尿蛋白。结果 3219名单胎活产儿孕妇的妊娠期高血压疾病发生率为6.09%(196/3219),其中子痫前期的发生率为1.77%(57/3219)。二分类Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,在调整混杂因素后,孕前超重、孕前肥胖及孕期过度增重是妊娠期高血压疾病的危险因素,其OR值分别为2.33(95%CI 1.56~3.47)、7.85(95%CI 4.65~13.24)和1.86(95%CI 1.24~2.79)。结论孕前超重或肥胖和孕期过度增重可增加妊娠期高血压疾病的发病风险。     

孕前体质指数及妊娠期体重增长与妊娠期糖尿病及高血压的关系

目的 研究孕前体质指数(pBMI)及妊娠期体重增长(GWG)与产妇患妊娠期糖尿病及高血压的关系.方法 回顾性分析2011年2月至2012年2月行常规产前检查并住院分娩的产妇1240例,记录pBMI、GWG、第24～ 28孕周的空腹血糖及血压水平.采用相关性分析及Logistic回归分析的方法研究pBMI及GWG与妊娠期糖尿病及高血压的关系.结果 根据pBMI分组,轻体重组260例,正常体重组917例,超重组36例,肥胖组27例.根据GWG分组,低度增长组104例,正常增长组758例,中度增长组249例,高度增长组129例.pBMI与GWG呈负相关(r=-0.646,P＜0.01).以正常体重组为参照,超重组妊娠期糖尿病发病率为11.11％(4/36),OR值为4.120,P＜0.05;肥胖组妊娠期糖尿病发病率为18.52％(5/27),OR值为7.492,P＜0.05;肥胖组妊娠期高血压发病率为11.11％(3/27),OR值为6.243,P＜0.05.以正常增长组为参照,低度增长组妊娠期糖尿病发病率为15.38％(16/104),OR值为9.006,P＜0.05;低度增长组妊娠期高血压发病率为4.81％(5/104),OR值为3.140,P＜0.05;高度增长组妊娠期高血压发病率为4.65％(6/129),OR值为3.033,P＜0.05.各组空腹血糖及血压水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 pBMI与GWG呈负相关,pBMI偏高及GWG偏低均是患妊娠期糖尿病及高血压的危险因素.     

妇女孕前体质量指数、孕期增重对子痫前期-子痫影响研究

目的 分析孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期各阶段增重、孕期总增重与子痫前期-子痫（PE-E)发生的相关性。方法 采用概率比例规模抽样法(PPS抽样),招募西南三省5 396例单胎妊娠孕妇为研究对象,收集其一般人口学资料,测量获得其身高、孕前体质量、每次产前检查的体质量等指标,并计算孕期各阶段增重和孕期总增重。根据美国医学研究院(IOM)标准定义其孕期增重是否适宜。采用logistic回归分析孕前BMI、孕期增重指标与PE-E的关系。结果 与孕前BMI处于正常范围内的孕妇相比,孕前BMI较低者PE-E发生的可能性较低(OR=0.19,95%CI:0.03～0.62),孕前超重、肥胖的孕妇发病风险增加(超重OR=3.69,95%CI:2.21～6.01;肥胖OR=6.12,95%CI:1.68～17.30)。孕中期增重速率过大(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.25～4.35)、妊娠期总增重过高者(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.02～2.85)发生PE-E的风险增加。结论 孕前BMI、孕期增重和PE-E的发生密切相关,育龄妇女孕前应尽量达到正常体质量标准,孕期保持适宜的体质量增加,以减少PE-E发生的可能性。     

孕前体重指数及孕期增重对围生结局的影响

目的 分析孕前体重指数(BMI)及孕期体重增长对围生结局的影响,为孕期保健、孕前和孕期体重管理提供依据。方法 采用历史性队列研究方法,将深圳市龙岗区2014-2017年26家助产医院95 849例单胎足月产妇按孕前BMI及孕期增重情况分组,观察各组围生结局。结果 95 849例孕妇平均孕前BMI为(20.49±2.83) kg/m²,平均孕期增重(14.49±5.89) kg。相比孕前正常BMI 和孕期增重适宜的孕妇,孕前消瘦(BMI<18.5kg/m²)和孕期增重不足是低出生体重儿发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.80(1.61~2.00)、1.83(1.63~2.05);孕前超重(BMI≥24 kg/m²)是妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、巨大儿、剖宫产、出生窒息发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.84(1.68~2.02)、2.40(1.90~3.04)、3.07(2.39~3.96)、2.70(2.49~2.92)、1.89(1.81~1.97)及1.33(1.05~1.67);孕期增重过度是巨大儿、剖宫产、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、胎膜早破、产后出血发生的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为2.59(2.40~2.79)、1.45(1.40~1.50)、2.83(2.21~3.62)、2.18(1.69~2.81)、1.26(1.13~1.40)及1.26(1.07~1.48)。结论 孕前BMI和孕期增重均是剖宫产、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期/子痫、低出生体重和巨大儿发生的影响因素,因此将孕前BMI、孕期增重控制在合理范围有利于获得良好的围生结局。     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与婴幼儿血红蛋白的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、孕期增重与婴幼儿血红蛋白的关系。方法 选择按期体检与分娩的孕妇及婴儿作为研究对象,孕妇一般情况及分娩情况将由问卷调查的方式收集。并采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归模型进行数据分析。结果 受检对象共980例,按孕前BMI分组,孕前消瘦者占19.0%,孕前体重正常者占71.0%,孕前超重肥胖者占10.0%。孕期增重按美国国家科学院（institute of medicine,IOM）标准分组,孕期增重低于IOM推荐标准者占27.8%,符合IOM推荐标准者占31.4%,高于IOM推荐标准者占40.8%。贫血发生率为49.7%。单因素分析中孕前BMI、孕期增重对贫血均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。同时多因素分析显示,孕前消瘦者（OR=2.027,95%CI：1.433～2.867）,孕期增重不足者（OR=2.499,95%CI：1.772～3.523）是婴幼儿贫血的危险因素。结论 孕前BMI、孕期增重情况可能是婴幼儿贫血的危险因素,控制孕前BMI、孕期增重情况可以有效降低贫血的发生风险。     

孕前体重指数及孕期增重与小于胎龄儿的关系

目的 探讨孕前BMI、孕期增重与小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)的关系,为预防小于胎龄儿的发生提供理论依据.方法 以2012年3月至2014年7月在山西医科大学第一医院产科分娩的4 754例单胎孕妇为研究对象,收集其一般人口学特征及健康状况、分娩情况等资料,测量其孕前身高、体重和分娩前体重,计算孕前BMI及孕期增重并分组,收集新生儿出生结局,了解孕前BMI和孕期增重对SGA的影响.结果 SGA发生率为9.26%(440/4 754).孕前体重较低组、正常组及超重/肥胖组SGA发生率为9.85%、8.54%和9.45%,调整孕妇年龄、孕产史等因素后,孕前BMI过高和超重/肥胖者SGA发生率低于孕前BMI正常范围的孕妇(OR=0.714,95%CI:0.535～0.953);不同孕期增重组SGA发生率分别为孕期增重低于美国医学研究所(IOM)建议范围下限组12.20%、增重在建议范围组9.23%、增重超过建议范围上限组8.45%;调整孕妇年龄、孕产史等因素后,孕期增重低于IOM建议范围下限增加SGA的发生风险(OR=1.999,95%CI:1.487～2.685),无论是孕前BMI较低、适宜还是超重/肥胖,分别以增重适宜作为参照,孕期增重低于IOM建议范围下限均增加SGA的发生风险,OR值分别为2.558(95%CI:1.313～4.981)、1.804(95%CI:1.258～2.587)、3.108(95%CI:1.237～7.811).孕前高BMI和孕期增重不足间未发现相加和相乘交互作用.结论 孕前BMI超重/肥胖者SGA发生率低于孕前BMI正常范围的孕妇,孕期增重不足增加SGA的发生风险,无论孕前BMI较低、正常还是超重/肥胖的孕妇增重均应避免低于IOM推荐的增重范围下限,以减少SGA的发生.     

孕周别体重和体质指数分析

目的 建立孕周别体重和体质指数（BMI）参考值范围,探讨其孕期变化规律. 方法 对2009年6月—2011年5月在北京市顺义区医院和顺义区妇幼保健院进行第1次产前检查（9周≤孕周＜14周）的孕妇进行间隔为5（±1）周的定期随访至分娩,采用偏度-中位数-变异系数法修匀其孕期体重和BMI百分位数,并探讨其每周环比增长规律. 结果 获得顺义区孕周别体重和BMI修匀百分位数,二者随孕周增加呈现直线增长的趋势,孕期体重和BMI每周环比增长曲线变化规律相似,均在13周时开始上升,24周后缓慢下降,32 ～38周平稳,体重每周环比增长曲线38周之后又缓慢升高,BMI则保持平坦. 结论 本研究建立了北京市顺义区孕周别体重和BMI百分位数修匀曲线,可为该地区及其它类似地区的孕妇孕期增重和营养评价提供新的参考依据.     

Maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain and their association with perinatal outcomes in Viet Nam

Objective

To examine the association between gestational weight gain and maternal body mass index (BMI) among Vietnamese women and the risk of delivering an infant too small or too large for gestational age.

Methods

A prospective health-facility-based study of 2989 pregnant Vietnamese women was conducted in the city of Nha Trang in 2007–2008. Cubic logistic regression was used to investigate the association of interest. Infants were classified into weight-for-gestational-age categories according to weight centiles for the Asian population. Gestational age was based on the date of last menstrual period and adjusted by the results of first-trimester ultrasound.

Findings

BMI was low (< 18.5), normal (18.5–22.9) and high (≥ 23.0) in 26.1%, 65.4% and 8.5% of the women, respectively. In each of these BMI categories, the percentage of women who delivered infants too small for gestational age was 18.1, 10.0 and 9.4, respectively, and the mean gestational weight gain was 12.5 kg (standard deviation, SD: ± 3.6), 12.2 kg (SD: ± 3.8) and 11.5 kg (SD: ± 4.7), respectively. Among women with low BMI, the risk of delivering an infant too small for gestational age ranged from approximately 40% if the gestational weight gain was < 5 kg to 20% if it was 5–10 kg.

Conclusion

Having a low BMI, commonly found in Viet Nam, puts women at risk of delivering an infant too small for gestational age, especially when total maternal gestational weight gain is < 10 kg.     

Combined associations of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with the outcome of pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Although both maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) may affect birth weight, their separate and joint associations with complications of pregnancy and delivery and with postpartum weight retention are unclear. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the combined associations of prepregnancy BMI and GWG with pregnancy outcomes and to evaluate the trade-offs between mother and infant for different weight gains. DESIGN: Data for 60892 term pregnancies in the Danish National Birth Cohort were linked to birth and hospital discharge registers. Self-reported total GWG was categorized as low (<10 kg), medium (10-15 kg), high (16-19 kg), or very high (>or=20 kg). Adjusted associations of prepregnancy BMI and GWG with outcomes of interest were estimated by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: High and very high GWG added to the associations of high prepregnancy BMI with cesarean delivery and were strongly associated with high postpartum weight retention. Moreover, greater weight gains and high maternal BMI decreased the risk of growth restriction and increased the risk of the infant's being born large-for-gestational-age or with a low Apgar score. Generally, low GWG was advantageous for the mother, but it increased the risk of having a small baby, particularly for underweight women. CONCLUSIONS: Heavier women may benefit from avoiding high and very high GWG, which brings only a slight increase in the risk of growth restriction for the infant. High weight gain in underweight women does not appear to have deleterious consequences for them or their infants, but they may want to avoid low GWG to prevent having a small baby.     

妊娠期间增重及妊娠晚期体质量指数对产后泌乳的影响

目的 探讨妊娠期间增重状况及妊娠晚期体质量指数对产后泌乳的影响.方法 选取2012年7月至2015年9月在温州市中心医院妇产科分娩的产妇623例,依据泌乳水平分为A组(泌乳量>45mL,泌乳始动时间≤48h)和B组(泌乳量≤45mL,泌乳始动时间>48h),比较两组产妇分娩后24h泌乳素、泌乳量及泌乳始动率,对两组产妇的临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 A组产妇的泌乳素、泌乳量均显著高于B组(t值分别为2.357、2.093,均P<0.05),且泌乳始动率显著高于B组(χ2=6.108,P<0.05).两组产妇的年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式、妊娠晚期体质量指数、妊娠期增重、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病比较均有显著性差异(χ2=3.893~8.324,均P<0.05),而产次、新生儿体重比较无显著性差异(χ2值分别为0.687、2.451,均P>0.05).对单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示产妇年龄大、妊娠晚期体质量指数高、妊娠期增重过多是影响产妇泌乳水平的独立危险因素(OR值分别为2.942、2.012、3.522,均P<0.05).结论 妊娠晚期体质量指数过高、增重过多是影响产妇泌乳水平的独立危险因素,产妇应在妊娠期加强锻炼,避免肥胖.     

母亲孕前体质指数和孕期体重增加及其交互作用对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的 研究孕妇孕前BMI和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响及其交互作用。方法 应用队列研究方法,选取2014年1月至2015年3月在安徽省安庆市立医院住院分娩的孕妇进行问卷调查,收集孕妇基本情况,并通过医院电子病历信息系统获取孕妇及新生儿信息。采用χ²检验、多分类logistic回归、相乘模型和相加模型分析孕妇孕前BMI、孕期增重及其交互作用与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果 共纳入单胎活产孕妇2 881例,其中小于胎龄儿359例（12.46%）,大于胎龄儿273例（9.48%）。多分类logistic回归分析显示,控制可能的混杂因素后,孕前体重过低（aRR=1.33,95%CI：1.02~1.73）与孕期增重不足（aRR=1.64,95%CI：1.23~2.19）可增加小于胎龄儿发生风险,孕前超重/肥胖（aRR=1.86,95%CI：1.33~2.60）与孕期增重过多（aRR=2.03,95%CI：1.49~2.78）可增加大于胎龄儿发生风险;交互作用分析显示,未发现二者对新生儿出生体重存在交互作用。结论 母亲孕前体重和孕期增重与新生儿出生体重相关,但未发现二者之间的交互作用。     

孕前体质指数及孕期增重对新生儿出生体重影响的前瞻性队列研究

目的  分析孕妇孕前体质指数(body mass index, BMI)及孕期增重(gestational weight gain, GWG)与新生儿出生体重的关联性, 并探究孕妇孕前及孕中体重动态变化对新生儿低出生体重(low birth weight, LBW)及巨大儿的影响。 方法  收集中国孕产妇队列·协和纳入的孕早期孕妇孕前体重, 并随访至分娩后, 收集分娩前体重及新生儿出生结局。将孕妇孕前BMI分为低体重组、正常体重组及超重/肥胖组, 将GWG分为适宜、不足及过多组。采用多因素多分类(多项)Logistic回归分析模型探讨孕前BMI及GWG与新生儿出生体重的关系。 结果  孕前BMI及GWG与子代出生体重相关(均有P < 0.05)。孕前超重/肥胖(OR=2.339, 95%CI:1.674~2.282, P < 0.001)、GWG过多(OR=1.398, 95%CI:1.188~1.978, P=0.048)显示为巨大儿的危险因素, GWG不足(OR=1.479, 95%CI:1.461~1.679, P=0.035)显示为LBW的危险因素, GWG过多会降低LBW的发生风险(OR=0.428, 95%CI:0.225~0.817, P=0.010)。低BMI-GWG不足(OR=1.335, 95%CI:1.048~2.319, P=0.048)是LBW的危险因素; 正常BMI-GWG过多(OR=1.088, 95%CI:1.016~1.675, P=0.038)和超重/肥胖-GWG过多(OR=1.498, 95%CI:1.244~2.017, P=0.046)是巨大儿的危险因素。 结论  孕前BMI及GWG是影响新生儿出生体重的重要因素, 提示女性应合理控制孕前及孕中体重变化。     

孕前体重指数和孕期体重增加对大于胎龄儿和巨大儿发生风险的影响

  目的  探讨孕早期超重肥胖和孕中期高血糖对巨大儿和大于胎龄儿（LGA）发生的单独和联合作用。  方法  利用天津市妇幼卫生信息系统,收集分析2009 — 2010年在天津市市内6区和滨海新区妊娠早期接受第1次产检的35 554名孕妇的基本信息、孕早期体质指数（BMI）和50 g葡萄糖负荷试验（GCT）检测结果以及分娩信息,通过logistic回归分析孕早期超重肥胖单独/联合孕中期高血糖对巨大儿和LGA发生的影响。  结果  多因素logistics回归分析显示,同孕早期BMI 18.5～23.9 kg/m²者相比,超重和肥胖孕妇发生巨大儿的风险升高（OR = 1.886,95 % CI = 1.730～2.057;OR = 3.724,95 % CI = 3.280～4.228）;超重和肥胖孕妇发生LGA的风险也升高（OR = 1.721,95 % CI = 1.606～1.845;OR = 3.230,95 % CI = 2.908～3.586）。同GCT < 7.8 mmol/L相比,GCT ≥ 7.8 mmol/L的孕妇发生巨大儿的风险升高（OR = 1.402,95 % CI = 1.287～1.529）,发生LGA的风险也升高（OR = 1.342,95 % CI = 1.253～1.437）。多因素分析显示,同孕早期BMI < 24.0 kg/m²且GCT < 7.8 mmol/L相比,孕早期超重/肥胖使高血糖对巨大儿的风险OR值由1.392增加到3.438,对LGA的风险OR值由1.365增加到2.948。  结论  孕早期超重/肥胖和孕中期高血糖是巨大儿和LGA发生的独立危险因素,且二者对巨大儿和LGA的发生存在相加交互作用。     

孕前体质指数和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式影响的队列研究

目的 本研究旨在分析母亲孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、孕期增重（gestational weight gain,GWG）对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式的影响。方法 2015年7月 - 2018年12月,在天津市纳入1 868对母婴,进行问卷调查。采用多重线性回归与logistic回归模型探索母亲孕前BMI和GWG对新生儿出生体重及分娩方式的影响。结果 新生儿出生体重随孕前BMI的增加而增加（β = 0.010, 95%CI: 0.005-0.016, P＜0.001）;与GWG不足组对比,GWG过多组新生儿出生体重较高（β = 0.100, 95%CI: 0.053-0.148, P＜0.001）。巨大儿的出生率随孕前BMI的增加而增加（OR = 1.086, 95%CI: 1.028-1.147, P = 0.003）。剖宫产的发生率随着孕前BMI的增加而增加（OR = 1.054, 95%CI: 1.021-1.087, P = 0.001）。结论 合理控制孕前BMI,避免孕期体重过度增长,有利于新生儿体重的控制,降低巨大儿和剖宫产的发生率。