基于Aβ与tau蛋白过度磷酸化损伤机制的阿尔茨海默病治疗靶点

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的发病机制主要包括Aβ蛋白表达增高在脑内聚集形成老年斑和tau蛋白过度磷酸化在胞内形成神经原纤维缠结.尽管Aβ与tau蛋白的损伤机制一直是AD研究的重点,但目前仍未找到能有效治疗AD的药物.本文主要概述了Aβ蛋白聚集与tau蛋白过度磷酸化对大脑损伤作用的分子机...     

MAPK信号通路与阿尔茨海默病中tau蛋白磷酸化的关系

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一类神经退行性疾病,tau蛋白过度磷酸化形成的神经原纤维缠结为其主要病理特征之一,是AD发病的重要因素.促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类脯氨酸依赖的蛋白激酶,在AD病人体内参与诱导tau蛋白的过度磷酸化.MAPK的三条途径ERK、JNK、p38都参与诱导tau蛋白过度磷酸化,且与Aβ、氧化应激、炎性因子及蛋白磷酸酯酶等因素相关,由此阐述MAPK在AD进程中的重要作用,并提示MAPK可成为AD治疗中的新靶点.     

基于Aβ与tau蛋白过度磷酸化损伤机制的阿尔茨海默病治疗靶点(英文)

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发病机制主要包括Aβ蛋白表达增高在脑内聚集形成老年斑和tau蛋白过度磷酸化在胞内形成神经原纤维缠结。尽管Aβ与tau蛋白的损伤机制一直是AD研究的重点,但目前仍未找到能有效治疗AD 的药物。本文主要概述了Aβ蛋白聚集与tau蛋白过度磷酸化对大脑损伤作用的分子机制,并从中寻找治疗AD的潜在靶点,有助于阐明AD发病机理以及寻找有效的AD治疗药物。     

β淀粉样蛋白25-35诱导皮质神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化

目前阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimerdisease,AD)研究仍缺乏理想的动物模型,细胞模型通过复制AD的某些分子生化改变,可用于研究AD的发病机制和筛选治疗药物。脑内β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的大量沉积和tau蛋白过度磷酸化是AD的两大主要分子生化改变。淀粉样瀑布学说认为Aβ可直接诱导神经元tau     

突触改变与Alzheimer病发病的关系

Alzheimer病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)是以细胞外β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积与淀粉样斑块形成、tau蛋白过度磷酸化与神经原纤维缠结产生为突出病理特征的神经变性疾病。长时间以来，在AD发病机制中占主导地位的理论是Aβ学说和tau蛋白学说，但两者均不能完整地解释AD的发病机制。因此，人们一直在寻找其他可能的病因。近年来突触的病理改变在AD发病中的作用日益受到重视。我们就AD突触研究的进展做一综述。     

tau 蛋白在阿尔茨海默病中的病理生理机制及 tau 示踪剂研究现状

随着社会人口老龄化,老年性痴呆的患病率逐年增加,已成为继心血管疾病和肿瘤后第三大危及人类生命健康的疾病。通过近二、三十年来对阿尔茨海默病（A D ）的深入研究,已明确了细胞外淀粉样老年斑（Senile Plaques ,SP ）和细胞内神经原纤维缠结（Neurofibrillary Tangles ,NFTs）是AD患者脑中最经典的组织病理变化,也是AD区别于其他痴呆最显著的特征。尸解研究显示,大脑皮质过度磷酸化tau的密度与生前认知障碍及神经元丢失的病理改变明确相关［1］,tau异常是神经退行性变的主要介质,由于匹兹堡化合物B （Pittsburgh Compound B , PiB）对淀粉样蛋白β（Amyloid β,Aβ）的成像成功地用于临床,促进了世界范围内对tau示踪剂及tau成像的纵向研究。目前利用已发现的选择性正电子发射断层扫描（Positron Emission Tomography ,PET ）配体,包括18 F － T HK523,18 F － T HK5105,18 F －T HK5117,18 F － T HK5351,18 F － T807和18 F －T808,进一步确定了 tau蛋白在不同阶段 AD患者脑中的沉积及病理机制,揭示了选择性 tau PET 示踪剂在活体内评估 tau沉积的作用及其与 Aβ的关系［2－4］,tau和 Aβ成像的结合将提高 AD 诊断的特异性,有助于进一步阐明部分认知功能正常个体中无Aβ沉积,但发生AD样神经变性改变的病理学机制［5］,目前认为 tau PET 示踪剂可以作为预测认知功能减退和疾病进展的替代性标记物［6］,对AD和非AD tau病的早期诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

硫胺素缺乏引起脑内β淀粉样蛋白沉积和tau蛋白磷酸化的增加

目的：探讨硫胺素缺乏（TD）对脑内β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积、tau蛋白磷酸化的影响。方法：硫胺素剥夺饮食结合腹腔注射吡啶硫胺制作TD小鼠模型,正常对照组给予正常饮食及腹腔注射生理盐水。造模13d后取脑,行苏木精-伊红染色观察两组小鼠脑内易损区域病理改变,免疫组织化学染色检测脑内Aβ沉积、tau蛋白磷酸化及β-分泌酶（BACE）的表达情况。结果：苏木精-伊红染色显示TD模型组小鼠内侧丘脑出现典型的对称性针尖样出血;免疫组化显示TD模型组小鼠皮质、海马及丘脑均出现Aβ沉积,且丘脑Aβ沉积较皮质及海马更为明显,tau蛋白磷酸化及BACE的阳性细胞数显著增加。正常对照组小鼠苏木精-伊红染色脑内未见病理损伤,皮质、海马及丘脑均未发现Aβ沉积,tau蛋白磷酸化及表达BACE的阳性细胞数均明显低于TD模型组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：TD可引起Aβ沉积、tau蛋白磷酸化增加等阿尔茨海默病的特征性病理改变,且Aβ沉积可能与上调BACE的表达有关。     

海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型的实验研究

目的：海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）建立阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠模型，并进行初步评价。方法：应用凝聚态Aβ1-40进行大鼠右侧海马齿状回（DG）背侧细胞带微量注射，2周后从学州记忆、海马组织病理和异常磷酸化tau蛋白表达的变化3个方面评价大鼠模型。结果：Aβ1-40注射后大鼠Morris水迷宫学习记忆能力明显受损（P〈0．01）；注射区内DG背侧细胞带神经元丢失（P〈0．01）；注射侧海乌内Aβ沉积；海马神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：凝聚态Aβ1-40海马注射具有明确的在体神经毒性作用，可导致大鼠认知功能下降以及海马内Aβ沉积、神经元丢失和神经元内异常磷酸化tau蛋白的表达，可成功建立AD大鼠模型。     

神经内分泌轴与阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是常见的进行性大脑神经退行性疾病,同时也是导致痴呆的主要原因,而且AD患病率持续增长.AD的病理特点是脑内β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)聚集和tau蛋白过度磷酸化,致记忆减退和认知损害,最终导致神经退行性变.激素是大脑发育的主要生理调节因子之一,内分泌系统功能障碍可能导致AD发生,研究表明部分神经内分泌轴参与...     

tau蛋白正电子发射断层显像在阿尔茨海默病及其他神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

异常磷酸化的tau蛋白组成神经原纤维缠结(NFT)和β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)聚集形成老年斑是阿尔茨海默病(AD)的主要病理改变。NFT负荷与神经元丢失、脑萎缩以及认知状况相关。正电子发射断层显像(PET)能客观显示活体脑内NFT的沉积量以及分布情况,在AD的诊断和病情评估方面具有重要参考价值。文中总结tau蛋白示踪剂的开发情况及其在AD和其他神经退行性疾病中的研究进展。     

阿尔茨海默病症状出现前阶段研究的战略意义

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's Disease,AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,临床上以进行性记忆丢失和随之而来的痴呆为特点,而神经病理上则以老年斑、神经纤维缠结和突触丢失为特点.临床前期AD(preclinical AD,PCAD)定义为能够在患者的脑和血液、脑脊液等检测到AD特定的生物标记物,但AD的临床症状并没有出现,因此也被称为“症状出现前AD(presymptomatic AD)”.PCAD和对照组比较、发现氧化应激指标和高度不溶性Aβ42有显著性升高.AD研究应该着眼于PCAD和MCI时间窗及始动因素(initiator),紧密围绕导致神经元死亡的核心机制,研究PCAD的始动因素(基因、表观遗传、代谢关键酶、微量元素)、PCAD相关蛋白代谢的结构与功能基础以及PCAD相关蛋白相互作用与神经元功能紊乱之间的关系,阐明PCAD相关始动因素的特定改变导致AD相关蛋白结构与功能异常进而导致神经元功能紊乱、神经细胞死亡的机制,并在此基础上,寻找早期PCAD发病过程中新的可用于临床早期诊断的生物标记物、药物靶点.这可以推动相关认知科学及神经科学研究的发展,减轻家庭和国家的经济负担,契合国家十二五战略方针,具有重要的科学、经济和社会意义.     

Zinc and its effects on oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The patho-physiological characteristic of AD is abnormal deposition of fibrillar amyloid β protein, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative damage and neuronal death in the brain. Zinc is an important trace element in human body regulating many physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that the etiology of AD may involve disruptions of zinc homeostasis, and oxidative stress facilitating reactive oxygen species production is an early and sustained event in AD disease progression. Both Zn deficiency and Zn overload may affect cellular Zn distribution and be linked to neurodegeneration in AD. Meanwhile, Zn may play paradoxical roles in initiating and inhibiting oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. This review will focus on aspects of the role of zinc in AD, which includes a large body of research regarding zinc dyshomeostasis and its relation with oxidative stress.     

Oxidative stress,perturbed calcium homeostasis,and immune dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) may not involve a transmissible agent, it does involve a pathogenic process similar to that of transmissible prion disorders (both involve a protein that adopts an abnormal pathogenic conformation in which it self-aggregates, forming amyloid deposits in and surrounding neurons) and viral dementias such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis. The clinical presentation of patients with AD is dominated by cognitive deficits and emotional disturbances that result from dysfunction and degeneration of neurons in the limbic system and cerebral cortex. The pathogenic process in the brain involves deposition of insoluble aggregates of amyloid beta-peptide, oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation in neurons, and activation of inflammatory cytokine cascades involving microglia. However, AD patients also exhibit alterations in immune function. Studies of lymphocytes and lymphoblast cell lines from AD patients and age-matched normal control patients have documented alterations in cytokine and calcium signaling and increased levels of oxidative stress in immune cells from the AD patients. Studies of the pathogenic actions of mutations in presenilins and amyloid precursor protein that cause early-onset familial AD have established central roles for perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress in the neurodegenerative process. Presenilin and amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations also increase oxidative stress and perturb calcium signaling in lymphocytes in ways that alter their production of cytokines that are critical for proper immune responses. Immune dysfunction occurs prior to clinical symptoms in mouse models of AD, and brain cytokine responses to immune challenge are altered in presenilin mutant mice, suggesting a causal role for altered immune function in the disease process. Interestingly, immunization of AD mice with amyloid beta-peptide can stimulate the immune system to remove amyloid from the brain and can ameliorate memory deficits, suggesting that it may be possible to prevent AD by bolstering immune function.     

In vivo protective effects of ferulic acid ethyl ester against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-induced oxidative stress

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), a peptide that as both oligomers and fibrils is believed to play a central role in the development and progress of AD by inducing oxidative stress in brain. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants might, in principle, prevent propagation of tissue damage and neurological dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo protective effect of the antioxidant compound ferulic acid ethyl ester (FAEE) against Abeta-induced oxidative damage on isolated synaptosomes. Gerbils were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with FAEE or with dimethylsulfoxide, and synaptosomes were isolated from the brain. Synaptosomes isolated from FAEE-injected gerbils and then treated ex vivo with Abeta(1-42) showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress parameters: reactive oxygen species levels, protein oxidation (protein carbonyl and 3-nitrotyrosine levels), and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal levels). Consistent with these results, both FAEE and Abeta(1-42) increased levels of antioxidant defense systems, evidenced by increased levels of heme oxygenase 1 and heat shock protein 72. FAEE led to decreased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results are discussed with potential therapeutic implications of FAEE, a brain accessible, multifunctional antioxidant compound, for AD involving modulation of free radicals generated by Abeta.     

Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer''s disease brain

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain oxidative stress is observed indexed by several markers, among which are protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine, markers for protein oxidation. We hypothesized that identity of these oxidatively modified proteins would lead to greater understanding of some of the potential molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration in this dementing disorder. Proteomics is an emerging method for identification of proteins, and its application to neurodegenerative disorders, especially AD, is just beginning. Posttranslational modification of brain proteins, particularly that due of oxidation of proteins, provides an effective means of screening a subset of proteins within the brain proteome that likely reflects the extensive oxidative stress under which the AD brain exists, and this new methodology provides insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration in and new therapeutic targets for AD. In this review, the use of proteomics to identify specifically oxidized proteins in AD brain is presented, from which new insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration and synapse loss in this dementing disorder that is associated with oxidative stress have emerged.     

Presenilin1/Presenilin2双基因敲除小鼠中氧化损伤增加

目的观察3,6,9,12月龄presenilin1和presenilin2双敲除小鼠（dKO）脑组织氧化损伤情况,探讨氧化损伤与presenilins功能丧失所引起的阿尔茨海默病样症状之间的关系。方法酶联免疫反应（ELISA）检测dKO小鼠大脑皮层中Aβ42水平和尿液中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG）水平;硫代巴比妥酸法检测脂质过氧化水平,分光光度计测定DNPH法检测蛋白质损伤水平;试剂盒法检测超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性。结果与对照组相比,dKO小鼠大脑皮层中Aβ42水平显著降低。同时,除了在3月龄dKO小鼠大脑皮层中发现脂质过氧化水平有显著增加外,蛋白质损伤在各年龄段dKO小鼠中均没有明显变化。ELISA检测结果显示尿液中游离的8-OHdG水平在各年龄段的dKO小鼠中均显著降低。SOD和GSH-PX活性均无明显变化,只有9月龄dKO小鼠中的GSH-PX活性有显著增高。结论氧化损伤特别是DNA损伤参与dKO小鼠神经退行性症状的发生过程;由于dKO小鼠大脑皮层中没有Aβ42的沉积,推测造成氧化损伤的原因可能是由活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞所释放的免疫因子介导的。     

Induced pluripotent stem cells as tools for disease modelling and drug discovery in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that leads to a progressive decline in a person’s memory and ability to communicate and carry out daily activities. The brain pathology in AD is characterized by extensive neuronal loss, particularly of cholinergic neurons, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of the tau protein (NFTs) and extracellular deposition of plaques composed of β-amyloid (Aβ), a cleavage product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). These two insoluble protein aggregates are accompanied by a chronic inflammatory response and extensive oxidative damage. Whereas dys-regulation of APP expression or processing appears to be important for the familial, early-onset form of AD, controversy exists between the “Baptists” (in favour of Aβ) and the “Tauists” (in favour of tau) as to which of these two protein dysfunctions occur at the earliest stages or are the most important contributors to the disease process in sporadic AD. However, more and more “non-amyloid” and “non-tau” causes have been proposed, including, glycation, inflammation, oxidative stress and dys-regulation of the cell cycle. However, to get an insight into the ultimate cause of AD, and to prove that any drug target is valuable in AD, disease-relevant models giving insight into the pathogenic processes in AD are urgently needed. In the absence of a good animal model for sporadic AD, we propose in this review that induced pluripotent stem cells, derived from dermal fibroblasts of AD patients, and differentiated into cholinergic neurons, might be a promising novel tool for disease modelling and drug discovery for the sporadic form of AD.     

Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified brain proteins in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: insights into the progression of this dementing disorder

Alzheimer disease is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized pathologically by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic disruption, and progressive neuronal deficits. The senile plaques contain amyloid-beta (1-42) and amyloid-beta (1-40), that has been shown by a number of laboratories to induce oxidative stress and as well as neurodegeneration, although the exact mechanisms remained to be defined. Our laboratory showed an increased oxidative stress in AD and MCI brain as indexed by protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. In the present review, we summarize our finding of oxidatively modified proteins using a redox proteomics approach in AD and MCI brain to investigate the mechanism that may be involved in MCI and AD pathogenesis and discuss our findings in terms of AD progression and pathogenesis.     

The role of the phosphoinositide signalling system in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a hypothesis

Great advances have been made in recent years in our knowledge of the genetic mutations found in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their pathological consequences. The pathogenesis of sporadic AD, on the other hand, is less clear, although a central role of oxidative stress is indicated. In the AD brain, severe dysfunctions in the phosphoinositide signalling pathway have been reported. In view of the fact that (a) oxidative stress can adversely affect phosphoinositide breakdown and hence diacylglycerol-mediated activation of protein kinase C and (b) protein kinase C activation reduces the production of β-amyloid peptide from amyloid precursor protein, it is possible that this represents a pathogenic pathway whereby oxidative stress can lead to amyloid deposition and the development of the disease.