陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与枕颈不稳的手术治疗

目的　观察两种内固定方法治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与不稳的疗效。方法　自 1992—2 0 0 0年收治 36例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位与枕颈不稳的患者 ,年龄 12～ 6 1岁 ,平均 38岁 ;病程 1个月～ 8年 ,平均 16个月。 2 2例颅骨牵引复位或基本复位的 ,用 Gallie法寰枢椎固定 ,C1～ 2 髂骨植骨。 9例牵引未复位和 5例枕颈区畸形的 ,用 Ransford环固定 ,枕颈区减压 (C0 ～ C2 )和枕颈植骨融合。结果　 1例术后 4天死亡 ,35例随访 3个月～ 4年。寰枢椎固定 2 2例中 2 1例获骨性融合 ,2例复位不满意 ,其中 1例植骨不愈合。Ransford法 13例有 12例骨性融合 ,1例植骨块断裂未愈合 ,但内固定无松动。术后神经功能明显改善。结论　颅骨牵引复位的陈旧性寰枢椎脱位 ,Gallie法寰枢椎固定疗满意。 Ransford环固定对枕颈区减压和枕颈融合能提供可靠的固定作用。     

前后联合入路治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并侧块关节绞锁

 目的探讨经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并侧块关节绞锁的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2013年6月,采用经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗8例陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位合并单侧侧块关节绞锁患者资料,男4例,女4例;年龄11~57岁,平均31岁;病程29~180 d,平均70.6 d;右侧侧块关节绞锁5例,左侧侧块关节绞锁患者3例。8例患者行颅骨或枕颌带牵引2~4周均未见复位征象,改行经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术。结果8例患者中,除1例因全身情况无法耐受前后路联合手术而Ⅰ期行经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位,14 d后Ⅱ期行经后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术外,余均Ⅰ期行前后路联合手术。手术时间160~260 min,平均205 min;术中出血量100~300 ml,平均210 ml。术后除1例青少年患者取髂骨处发生疼痛,经对症治疗1周好转外,余均未发生手术相关并发症。8例患者均获得随访,随访时间5~37个月,平均14.8个月。术后植骨均融合,融合时间为2~4个月,平均3.1个月。末次随访时,无一例发生寰枢椎旋转脱位复发、植骨不融合、断钉、断棒。结论经颈前咽后入路寰枢椎撬拨复位、后路寰枢椎植骨融合内固定术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎旋转脱位伴侧块关节绞锁效果良好,手术创伤小,操作相对简单安全,手术并发症发生率低。     

寰枢椎脱位手术后翻修的原因及策略

目的 :分析寰枢椎脱位手术后翻修的原因,探讨其策略。方法 :回顾性分析15例寰枢椎脱位手术后翻修患者,男11例,女4例,翻修时年龄15~68岁(46.60±14.95岁);两次手术相隔2~120个月(28.73±38.59个月)。根据影像资料及手术探查情况分析翻修原因。翻修手术中均行8~10kg颅骨牵引及后方松解;后方结构完整患者行后路固定,根据松解后复位情况决定是否选择前路松解术;1例后路减压患者行前路松解复位固定术。导航模板辅助置入寰枢椎螺钉;自体髂骨松质骨颗粒植骨。随访观察寰枢椎复位、螺钉位置、植骨融合及手术疗效。结果:翻修原因,减压或复位不足10例,内固定失败3例,植骨未融合3例(含植骨未融合致内固定失败1例)。15例翻修手术中,14例为后路固定手术,1例为前路固定手术。通过术中颅骨牵引及充分松解,13例获得解剖复位;2例因广泛骨性融合,无法牵引复位,切除齿状突后彻底减压。导航模板辅助下共置入寰枢椎螺钉42枚,均一次性置入;置钉准确率97.6%。随访3~36个月(16.0±4.2个月),所有病例骨性融合,融合时间为3~6个月(3.7±0.5个月);末次随访JOA评分为13.8±3.1分(11~16分),较术前评分8.1±2.3分(6~11分)明显提高,改善率为(64.0±21.2)%(45.4%~88.8%)。结论:寰枢椎脱位手术后翻修的原因为减压或复位不足、内固定失败以及植骨未融合。充分的术中松解、8~10kg的颅骨牵引、恰当的骨质切除减压有利于翻修术中寰枢椎的复位,导航模板辅助有利于提高置钉准确性。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位

目的探讨颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床效果。方法对25例寰枢椎不稳或脱位患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗。结果所有患者术中无椎动脉及脊髓损伤发生,术后枕颈部不适症状均不同程度消失,受损脊髓神经功能改善明显。25例均获随访,时间12~36(18±6)个月。末次随访时,无螺钉断裂、松动或移位,颈椎复位满意,无寰枢椎再移位,失稳现象发生,全部获得骨性融合;颈椎屈曲功能良好,旋转功能轻度受限。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合术是治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的有效方法。     

用Gallie术式治疗寰枢关节不稳定的临床问题研究

目的研究寰枢椎后路内固定融合术治疗寰枢关节不稳或脱位的相关临床问题。方法回顾138例由创伤或畸形所致的寰枢关节不稳或脱位的外科治疗,其中齿突发育畸形伴寰枢椎脱位62例,齿突骨折或横韧带断裂伴寰枢关节不稳或脱位54例,寰枢椎半脱位伴旋转畸形22例,全部采用Gallie技术,6例合并使用侧块经关节螺钉固定,此6例患者术后采用简易颌胸围领固定,其余患者均采用头颈胸石膏或颌胸石膏固定。随访1～12年,平均3年5个月。结果根据Sumi评价标准：优70例(50．7％),良40例(29．0％),中15例(10．9％),差13例(9．4％)。9例植骨延迟愈合,经加强外固定治愈,2例植骨不愈合者行翻修手术,1例出现脊髓损伤并发症。结论Gallie融合术是治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的有效术式,术前的牵引复位及术后可靠的外固定是治疗成功的必要的辅助手段。精细的穿钢丝或钛缆技术、寰椎后弓去皮质、寰枢椎后弓间植骨块维持生理高度是手术成功的关键。寰枢椎后路融合失败者必须在明确适应证和目的的情况下采取翻修手术。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗陈旧性难复性寰枢椎前脱位

目的 探讨陈旧性难复性寰枢椎前脱位后路椎弓根植骨融合内固定的手术方法和疗效.方法 对2004年8月～2007年7月收治的16例因陈旧性齿状突骨折导致的难复性寰枢椎前脱位患者,采用寰枢椎经椎弓根螺钉固定术行后路植骨融合.观察术后寰枢椎复位及植骨融合效果.结果 所有患者均得到随访,随访时间11个月～3.8年,平均2.2年,寰枢椎脱位复位程度均达90%以上,所有患者椎间植骨均融合,无内固定断裂、移位.结论 后路寰枢椎经椎弓根螺钉固定术是治疗陈旧性难复性寰枢椎脱位的有效方法.     

经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。     

经C1、2关节突螺钉治疗寰枢椎创伤和不稳的疗效及手术策略

目的 探讨经C1、2关了突螺钉治疗寰枢椎创伤和不稳的疗效及手术策略.方法 11例寰枢椎骨折或不稳需行寰枢椎融合患者,经颅骨牵引基本复位后行C1、2关节突螺钉联合Gallie手术,观察术后近期疗效、植骨融合及并发症.结果 术中和术后无神经、椎动脉损伤表现.术后枕颈部冬痛消失7例,明显缓解4例.1例双上肢麻木术后明显好转.过伸过屈侧位X线片示寰枢椎稳定性好.平均随访7.8个月,11例植骨均融合,无内固定并发症.颈椎前屈、后伸、左右侧屈活动度未见明显减少,旋转活动平均丧失34.6%.结论 经C1、2关节突螺钉固定寰枢椎生物力学稳定性好,植骨融合率高,并发症发生率低,是一种安全、疗效可靠的手术方法.     

寰枢椎后路融合术治疗齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位

目的：探讨3种寰枢椎后路融合术治疗齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法：对18例齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位患行寰枢椎后路融合术：包括Callie钢丝法7例,Brooks钢丝法7例,Apofix椎板夹内固定法4例。结果：术后16例寰枢椎脱位完全复位,2例大部分复位（复位不满意才另行枕颈融合,不在此列）。经0．5－10年（平均4．5年）随访,除1例术后6个月死亡后,其余17例均获骨性融合,其中钢丝断裂而植骨已融合1例,寰椎后弓钢丝切割断裂移位后融合1例;所有患颈痛全部消失;8例有脊髓病症状中,1例无改善（术前JOA评分分别为5分）,其余7例JOA评分均较术前提高,分别为13－17分。结论：3种寰枢椎后路融合术均有其适用性,是治疗齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的有效方法：Apofix椎板夹为寰枢椎后路融合术的首选内固定方式;术前牵引复位是手术成功的关键。     

合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化手术治疗

[目的]分析后路减压枕颈融合内固定术治疗合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化临床疗效。[方法]2005年12月至2007年6月间，对8例合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化患者在行颅骨牵引治疗一段时间（12～16d，平均13．5d）后采用枕骨大孔后缘扩大，寰椎后弓切除减压取自体髂骨枕颈融合Cervifix系统内固定术，手术后采用日本骨科学会（JOA）神经功能评分分析临床疗效。[结果]8例患者随访6个月～2年，平均为15个月。8例患者无一例出现术后并发症，术前寰齿前间隙（ADI）为5～9mm，经颅骨牵引后为5～7mm，寰枢关节脱位未能完全复位。手术前后JOA评分示神经症状均有不同程度恢复，影像学检查示枕颈区减压充分植骨区获得骨性融合，无一例出现内固定松动或断裂。[结论]合并寰枢关节脱位的寰椎枕骨化患者术前仔细评估影像学改变，采用颅骨牵引一段时间后行后路减压枕颈融合内固定术的治疗方案是合理可行的，且临床效果满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.