胫骨高位截骨术后胫骨后倾角度的变化

目的测量胫骨高位截骨术后胫骨后倾角度,并与术前比较,探讨其改变的临床意义。方法1998～2001年,对38例(58膝)膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者行胫骨高位截骨术,男8例(11膝),女30例(47膝);年龄41～65岁,平均55.2岁。采用Gieble槽式钢板内固定的闭合楔形截骨。截骨线位于胫骨结节上方,距关节面约2 cm。在术前、术后侧位X线片上测量胫骨后倾角度,即胫骨平台关节面与胫骨纵轴的垂直线的夹角;使用Insall-Salvati指数测量髌骨高度,即髌腱长度(从髌骨下极到胫骨结节)和髌骨长度(髌骨的最长径)的比值,并计算胫骨后倾角度和髌骨高度在手术前后的变化。采用配对t检验进行统计学分析,以P<0.01为差异有显著性意义。结果胫骨高位截骨术前胫骨后倾角度平均为9.4°±3.0°,术后平均为5.6°±2.6°,术后较术前平均减小3.8°±2.0°。手术前、后胫骨后倾角度比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。Insall-Salvati比值术前平均为1.05±0.16,均大于0.8;术后平均为0.94±0.18,有7膝小于0.8;术后较术前平均减小0.15±0.10。手术前、后Insall-Salvati比值,即髌骨高度,比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论胫骨后倾角度在胫骨高位截骨术后明显减小,可导致髌骨低位等一系列并发症,将对再行全膝关节置换术产生不良影响。     

胫骨高位截骨术后髌骨低位

目的探讨胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎后髌骨低位与胫骨近端关节面后倾角度改变之间的关系,并提出预防和控制髌骨低位的措施。方法41例(48膝)膝关节内侧间隙骨性关节炎患者,男30例(33膝),女11例(15膝);年龄45～56岁,平均52岁。所有病例均行胫骨外侧高位楔形截骨术。根据术前测量的截骨角度(内翻角+正常外翻角+过度矫形3°～5°),在槽刀和导向器等辅助下切除楔形骨块,用改良Giebel槽式钢板拉力螺钉内固定,术后不需外固定。测量48膝行胫骨高位截骨术患者术前及术后X线片的Insall-Salvati比值、胫骨近端关节面后倾角度、胫骨结节高度、患肢解剖轴线角度,并用χ2检验和直线回归分析进行统计学处理。检验时假定术后胫骨近端关节面后倾角度减小≥5°以及髌骨高度下降≥10%具有临床意义。结果术后胫骨近端关节面后倾角度比术前平均减小6.14°,Insall-Salvati比值术前、术后相对变化率为10.6%,胫骨结节高度比术前平均下降3.13mm。64.6%的病例胫骨近端关节面后倾角度减小≥5°。按Insall-Salvati比值结果,56.2%的病例髌骨高度相对下降率≥10%。胫骨近端关节面后倾角度的减小与髌骨高度的相对下降具有显著的统计学相关性。结论胫骨近端关节面后倾角度的减小与髌骨低位具有相关性,提示在施行胫骨高     

胫骨内侧高位楔形截骨治疗膝关节骨性关节炎

目的　探讨胫骨内侧高位楔形截骨治疗伴有膝内翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎的疗效。方法　对 1996年 7月～ 1999年 9月 ,采用胫骨内侧高位楔形截骨结合髂骨植骨钢板内固定术治疗 19例 (2 6膝 )膝关节骨性关节炎伴膝内翻畸形 ,病程 1～ 2 4年 ,平均 6 .3年 ,按 Ahlback分类 度 10膝 , 度 9膝 , 度 6膝 , 度 1膝。患者术前、术后 8周和术后 2年进行患肢全长 X线片检查 ,测量胫股角、胫骨角、股骨角、胫股关节面切线夹角及胫股内侧关节间距大小。按膝关节功能评定标准 ,评定术后膝关节功能恢复情况。　结果　 19例 (2 6膝 )术后获随访 2 4～ 4 5个月 ;术后 2年随访膝关节功能自 (4 8.6± 16 .6 )分增至 (81.7± 14 .8)分 ,胫股内侧关节间距自 (2 .2± 1.6 ) mm增至 (4 .9± 1.5 ) mm,胫股关节面切线夹角自 7.4°± 3.1°减少至 1.7°± 3.1°。植骨愈合满意 ,无膝内翻复发。术中出现关节内骨折 1例 ;皮肤感染 2例。结论　胫骨内侧高位楔形截骨结合植骨钢板内固定 ,可作为治疗伴有膝内翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎的有效方法之一。     

胫骨高位截骨术的临床观察

目的　探讨关节镜协助下胫骨高位楔形截骨方法治疗骨性关节炎的效果。方法　选择 11例膝关节内翻畸形 ,采用胫前外侧入路 ,胫骨结节上楔形截骨 ,矫正畸形 ,钢板内固定。测定术前、术后关节间隙距离、膝关节外翻角 (FTA)、Mikritz线 ,进行JOA评分。结果　术后患者均随访 6个月 ,JOA评分由术前平均6 8 4分± 11 9分提高到 78 9分± 14 3分 ;Mikritz线由术前 34 5 %提高到 5 1 4 % ;FTA术前 183° ,术后为179°。术后JOA评分、Mikritz线和FTA与术前比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。关节间隙距离术前、术后差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　关节镜协助下胫骨结节高位截骨钢板内固定治疗伴膝内翻的中老年膝关节骨性关节炎可以缓解患者疼痛。力学轴线转移到外侧是手术关键 ,使用一个切口完成胫骨和腓骨截骨     

单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗(足,母)外翻

目的回顾分析单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗!外翻的疗效。方法1994年1月至2003年12月,采用单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗!外翻,其中35例56足资料完整并获得随访。行第一跖骨基底截骨术26例43足,行第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术9例13足,患者第二和(或)第三跖骨头下存在疼痛性胼胝体。患足均于手术前、后摄负重正侧位X线片。结果行第一跖骨基底截骨术患者术前!外翻角为30.1°±4.9°,第一跖楔关节角为12.2°±5.0°;术后!外翻角为14.7°±2.7°,第一跖楔关节角为6.9°±1.5°。术前AOFAS评分为(47.6±5.8)分,术后为(84.3±5.7)分。行第一跖骨联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术患者术前!外翻角为35.0°±5.8°,第一跖楔关节角为16.7°±1.8°;术后!外翻角为16.7°±2.4°,第一跖楔关节角为7.8°±1.4°。术前AOFAS评分为(44.7±5.7)分,术后为(85.7±4.5)分。在手术前、后X线片上测量相关解剖角度,并进行比较。!外翻角、第一跖楔关节角、第一、二跖骨间角、第一、五跖骨间角、近端关节固定角术后与术前相比,差异有统计学意义,远端关节固定角手术前、后未见明显变化。AOFAS评分手术前、后比较,差异有统计学意义。结论对于第一跖楔关节角增大的!外翻患者,应用第一跖骨基底截骨术矫正第一跖骨内收畸形可以获得优良的术后效果;而对于伴有前足疼痛性跖侧胼胝体者,建议联合行第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术,以恢复正常的跖骨头平面足横弓。     

股骨远端内翻截骨加交锁髓内钉固定治疗膝外翻畸形

目的　探讨股骨远端内翻截骨加交锁髓内钉固定 ,治疗伴有膝外翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎的疗效。方法　 1996年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年 8月 ,采用股骨远端内翻截骨加交锁髓内钉固定治疗 16例 (16膝 )伴膝外翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎 ,病程 1～ 2 1年 ,平均 5 .2年。按 Ahlback分类 度 10例 , 度 6例。股骨髁上截骨 11例 ,股骨干远端截骨 5例。术前、术后 8周和 2年均行患肢全长 X线片检查 ,以测量股胫角、胫骨角、股骨角及胫股关节面切线夹角及胫股外侧间距大小。按膝关节功能评定标准 ,评定术后膝关节功能恢复情况。　结果　 16例术后获随访 2 5～ 4 6个月 ,平均 31个月。术后 2年随访骨愈合满意 ,1例延迟愈合 ,为股骨干远端截骨患者。皮肤感染 1例。膝关节功能自 5 0 .4± 15 .9分增至 78.5± 12 .9分 ,胫股关节面切线夹角自 5 .6± 2 .9°减少至 1.6± 3.4°,胫股外侧关节间距自 2 .1± 1.8mm增至 4 .7±1.7m m。　结论　股骨远端内翻截骨加交锁髓内钉内固定 ,可作为治疗伴有膝外翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎的有效方法之一。     

关节镜下清理结合胫骨高位截骨术治疗伴内翻畸形膝骨性关节炎

目的　探讨伴内翻畸形的膝骨性关节炎的合理诊治措施。方法　 2 1例 (2 2膝 )伴内翻畸形的膝骨性关节炎患者在实施关节镜下清理术的同时进行胫骨高位截骨术 (Hightibialosteoto ,HTO)。先行关节镜下清理术 ,然后实施胫骨高位截骨术。术后适时开始康复训练。结果　本组随访时间平均 2 8个月 (14～ 4 6个月 ) ,术前平均股胫角 182° (181°～ 185°) ,术后平均股胫角 174° (172°～ 176°)。本组优 15个膝 ,占 6 8 2 % ;良 5个膝 ,占 2 2 7% ;可 2个膝 ,占 9% ;无差级病例。结论　关节镜下清理术可以改善关节内环境 ,不能改变异常的负重力线。而胫骨高位截骨术可矫正异常的负重力线 ,二者结合 ,疗效肯定。     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎

自1990年5月～1995年12月,应用膝关节外固定加压融合器行高位胫骨截骨术(HTO)治疗伴有膝内翻畸形的骨性关节炎10例10膝,并随访6个月～5年半,平均3年9个月.术后结果,股胫角(FTA)由术前平均184.7°矫正到平均170.3°.评分由术前平均47分,增加到平均85分.手术采用胫骨楔形截骨,双斯氏针加压外固定,术中同时行胫骨远端前移1cm,以改善髌股关节的负重关系.     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节骨性关节炎

自１９９０年５月－１９９５年１２月，应用膝关节外固定加压融合器行高位径骨截骨术治疗伴有膝内翻畸形的骨性关节炎１０例１０膝，并随访６个月－５年半，平均３年９个月。术后结果，股胫角由术前平均１８４．７°矫正到平均１７０．３°。评分由术前平均４７分，增加到平均８５分。手术采用胫骨楔形截骨，双期氏针加压外固定。术中同时行胫骨远端前移１ｃｍ，以改善髌股关节的负重关系。     

截骨矫形联合软组织手术治疗高弓内翻足伴跖内收的短期疗效

目的 探讨跖骨截骨联合跟骨截骨以及软组织手术治疗高弓内翻足伴跖内收的短期疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年2月至2021年9月我院采用跖骨截骨联合跟骨截骨以及软组织手术治疗的14例（16足）高弓内翻足伴跖内收病人的临床资料。男6例（6足）,女8例（10足）;单左足5例,单右足7例,双足2例;平均年龄为24.5岁（18~35岁）,病程3~10年。病人术前均有足部的高弓内翻畸形伴疼痛,保守治疗无效。根据术前负重位X线片测量跖内收角（MAA）评估前足内收程度,中度10足,重度6足。评估术前及末次随访时的MAA、距骨第1跖骨角、跟骨倾斜角、后足力线位跟骨外翻角和美国足踝外科医师协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足功能评分系统评分。结果 术后病人伤口均一期愈合。1例（1足）术后4个月穿正常鞋下地行走时出现转移性跖痛,配矫形鞋垫后症状消失。14例（16足）病人均获得了随访,随访时间为18~24个月,平均21.4个月。末次随访时,MAA为8.53°±0.69°,距骨第1跖骨角为3.58°±0.52°,跟骨倾斜角为24.75°±2.77°,跟骨外翻角为2.67°±1.78°,AOFAS评分为（90.08±5.62）分,均明显优于术前［25.89°±3.62°,8.67°±1.97°,38.17°±7.83°,-29.08°±8.51°,（45.08±9.09）分］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 跖骨截骨联合跟骨截骨以及软组织手术治疗高弓内翻足伴跖内收的短期疗效显著。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.