State-specific trends in U.S. live births to women born outside the 50 states and the District of Columbia--United States, 1990 and 2000

Persons born outside the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) comprised an estimated 11.1% (31.1 million) of the U.S. population in 2000, and approximately one fifth of all U.S. births in 2000 were to women in this population. Racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. health outcomes are of public health concern, and the increasing cultural and linguistic diversity of the U.S. population poses challenges to the delivery of maternal and child health services. This report presents state-specific comparisons of live births in 1990 and 2000 to women born outside the 50 states and DC and compares maternal characteristics and live-birth outcomes for these women with those of state-born mothers (i.e., women born inside the 50 states and DC). The findings indicate that women born outside the 50 states and DC had better birth outcomes than their state-born racial/ethnic counterparts. However, a larger percentage of these women began prenatal care later and had other problems accessing health care, which might reflect economic, cultural, and language barriers. The U.S. public health system and maternal healthcare providers should understand and address the health needs of an increasingly diverse population.     

剖宫产时不同胎方位使用产钳助娩的效果分析

目的 探讨剖宫产时选择不同胎方位上钳对使用产钳助娩胎头的影响及指导临床实践.方法 对134例诊断胎头高浮、剖宫产时可能娩头困难的足月妊娠患者,使用剖宫产产钳助娩,随机分为A、B两组,A组以枕横位第一次上钳,B组以枕前位第一次上钳,比较两组的剖宫产情况及新生儿出生情况并分析结果.结果 对胎头高浮患者使用剖宫产产钳助娩时,A组的胎头娩出时间、第一次上钳滑脱率均低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿颜面损伤、产后出血、切口延裂等情况A、B两组之间差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论 对胎头高浮患者、可能娩头困难时使用剖宫产产钳助娩,枕横位更易上钳成功且节约胎头娩出时间,对新生儿、产后出血及切口延裂的影响与枕前位上钳无差异.     

剖宫产术与阴道助产术在足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中的应用

目的 探讨剖宫产术与阴道助产术在足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中的应用情况.方法 选择足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫106例,其中施行剖宫产术结束分娩50例(A组),施行阴道助产术结束分娩56例(B组),比较两组的新生儿结局及胎儿窘迫时产妇宫口开大情况.结果 A、B组新生儿窒息率[14.0%(7/50)比16.1%(9/56)]比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组胎儿窘迫时产妇宫口开大处于潜伏期率高于B组[54.0%(27/50)比26.8%(15/56)](P＜0.05),处于活跃期减缓阶段率低于B组[4.0%(2/50)比23.2%(13/56)](P＜0.05).结论 剖宫产术与阴道助产术应用于足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中均能获得良好的新生儿结局.临床上应根据产妇情况选择适合的手术方式,并努力降低剖宫产率.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the application of cesarean section and vaginal delivery in parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress. Methods One hundred and six cases of parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress were selected, SO cases of cesarean section as group A, 56 cases of vaginal delivery as group B, newborn outcome and condition of the large maternal cervix data when fetal distress between two groups were compared. Results The neonatal asphyxia rate was 14.0% (7/50) in group A and 16.1 % (9/56 ) in group B, there was no significant difference between two groups (P＞0.05); the rate of the large maternal cervix data in delitescence in group A was higher than that in group B [54.0% (27/50) vs. 26.8% (15/56) ](P＜ 0.05); the rate of the large maternal cervix data in active stage deceleration phase in group A was lower than that in group B [4.0%(2/50) vs. 23.2%(13/56)](P＜0.05). Conclusion Cesarean section and vaginal delivery in parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress can get a good neonatal outcomes, maternal clinical condition should select the appropriate surgical approach, and effort to reduce cesarean section rates.     

剖宫产术与阴道助产术在足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中的应用

Objective To observe the application of cesarean section and vaginal delivery in parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress. Methods One hundred and six cases of parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress were selected, SO cases of cesarean section as group A, 56 cases of vaginal delivery as group B, newborn outcome and condition of the large maternal cervix data when fetal distress between two groups were compared. Results The neonatal asphyxia rate was 14.0% (7/50) in group A and 16.1 % (9/56 ) in group B, there was no significant difference between two groups (P＞0.05); the rate of the large maternal cervix data in delitescence in group A was higher than that in group B [54.0% (27/50) vs. 26.8% (15/56) ](P＜ 0.05); the rate of the large maternal cervix data in active stage deceleration phase in group A was lower than that in group B [4.0%(2/50) vs. 23.2%(13/56)](P＜0.05). Conclusion Cesarean section and vaginal delivery in parturient term pregnancy with fetal distress can get a good neonatal outcomes, maternal clinical condition should select the appropriate surgical approach, and effort to reduce cesarean section rates.     

Out-of-hospital births, U.S., 1978: birth weight and Apgar scores as measures of outcome

An examination of 1978 natality data for the United States disclosed that low birth weight was less common among 30,819 infants born out of hospital than among 3,294,101 infants born in hospital in that year. When controls were applied for birth attendant, infants' race, and mothers' education, age, nativity, and parity, the data revealed that white, well-educated women between 25 and 39 years of age, who were having their second babies and were attended by midwives out of hospital, were at least risk of bearing low birth weight infants. The incidence rate of low birth weight babies was lower for midwife-attended births in every category examined. For college-educated white women, for example, the incidence rate was 2.0 percent among those attended by midwives, 4.6 percent among those giving birth in hospital, and 3.6 percent among those whose out-of-hospital deliveries were attended by physicians. Apgar scores for babies born both in and out of hospital were also studied but, because of inconsistent reporting, were given less attention. Excellent (9-10) Apgar scores were more common among babies born out of hospital than among those born in hospital (63 percent compared with 49 percent), particularly for out-of-hospital births attended by physicians. At least with respect to birth weight and Apgar scores, the claim that out-of-hospital births are inherently more dangerous than hospital births receives no support from these data. The findings also suggest the need for further refinement of vital statistics categories to permit the analysis of distinctions between births attended by certified nurse-midwives and those attended by lay midwives, as well as differences between births at home and those in alternative birth centers.     

Cesarean section, fetal monitoring, and perinatal mortality in California.

The rate of cesarean section in California has been growing at a compound rate of about 10 per cent per annum since 1969, coinciding with the advent of fetal monitoring. It is of interest, therefore, to study the distribution and efficacy of obstetric interventions. Information derived from the 1977 California birth cohort and a survey questionnaire was used to study the factors associated with the rate of cesarean section in 323 hospitals. Significant positive correlations were observed between the cesarean rate (CSR) and hospital factors indicative of a high degree of technology, including the proportion of labors electronically monitored. Significant negative correlations were observed between the CSR and hospital-specific variables suggestive of socioeconomically underprivileged patient populations. Other factors being constant, hospitals characterized by prepayment health care financing also had lower CSRs. A standaridized mortality ratio (SMR) based on 2.3 million births in the 1970--1976 cohorts was used to adjust the 1977 hospital specific perinatal mortality rates for birth weight, gestational age, sex, race, and plurality. The results show that hospitals which intervene technologically in a large proportion of births have lower risk adjusted perinatal mortality rates.     

Rates of cesarean delivery among Puerto Rican women--Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland, 1992-2002

Cesarean delivery has been associated with greater risks for maternal morbidity, longer hospital stays, and rehospitalization after childbirth than vaginal delivery. On the U.S. mainland (i.e., 50 states and District of Columbia), rates of total cesarean delivery and primary cesarean delivery (i.e., for women without a previous cesarean) per 100 live births decreased from 1992 to 1996 before increasing from 1996 to 2002. During 2002, among all U.S. mainland births (approximately 4 million), 26% were by cesarean delivery; among all mainland births to women without a previous cesarean delivery, 18% were by primary cesarean. Cesarean delivery rates for Puerto Rican women who delivered on the U.S. mainland were similar to those for all women on the mainland. By contrast, among all 52,747 births in Puerto Rico in 2002, 45% were by cesarean delivery; among births in Puerto Rico to women without a previous cesarean delivery, 33% were primary cesarean deliveries. In addition, during 1996-2002, annual rates of vaginal births after cesarean delivery (VBAC) (i.e., per 100 live births to women who had a previous cesarean delivery) were lower in Puerto Rico than on the U.S. mainland. To compare trends in cesarean delivery during 1992-2002 among Puerto Rican women who delivered in Puerto Rico and on the U.S. mainland, CDC and the Puerto Rico Department of Health analyzed birth certificate data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which determined that, during 1992-2002, total and primary cesarean rates were consistently higher in Puerto Rico than among Puerto Rican women on the mainland. From 1996 to 2002, total and primary cesarean rates increased for Puerto Rican women in both places of delivery, but rates increased more sharply for women in Puerto Rico than on the mainland. The results suggest that measures to reduce the number of cesarean deliveries in Puerto Rico should focus on lowering the rate of primary cesarean deliveries, especially among women at low risk for a cesarean delivery.     

剖宫产术与阴道助产术在足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中的应用

目的:探讨剖宫产与阴道助产术在足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫中的应用效果。方法:对浙江省安吉县第三人民医院2006年2月～2010年12月120例足月妊娠临产时出现胎儿窘迫的病例按照随机原则,分别采用剖宫产及阴道助产术产钳法进行分娩,比较两种处理方式的母婴结局。结果:剖宫产组与阴道产钳组影响胎儿窘迫的脐带因素、胎盘因素、母体因素、胎儿因素发生率分别为46.03%(29/63)、35.09%(20/57),11.11%(7/63)、15.78%(9/57),9.52%(6/63)、8.77%(5/57),4.76%(3/63)、5.26%(3/57),两组脐带因素、胎盘因素比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胎心监护NST两种方式下的新生儿、胎儿窘迫症状术后改善率分别为80.95%(51/63)、87.72%(50/57),两组比较均具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:胎儿窘迫主要发生于临产过程中,应根据孕妇产程进展采取适当的方式,及时抢救新生儿,降低新生儿窒息,在严密监护条件下,阴道助产术可以减少足月妊娠临产胎儿窘迫的发生率。     

Trends in the United States cesarean section rate and reasons for the 1980-85 rise.

The rate of cesarean section delivery in the United States rose from 4.5 per 100 deliveries in 1965 to 22.7 in 1985, and in 1985 an estimated 851,000 live births were cesarean deliveries, according to data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. This increase has been observed for all ages, and within all regions of the country. The rate for teenagers and mothers aged 20 to 29 was five to six times as high in 1985 as in 1965, and four times as high for mothers aged 30 years and older. Repeat cesareans account for an increasing share of all cesarean deliveries; in 1985 one in three cesareans were repeats. The increase in the cesarean rate of 6.2 percentage points between 1980 and 1985 (from 16.5 to 22.7) was partitioned according to five complications of delivery recorded on hospital discharge records: previous cesarean delivery, breech presentation, dystocia, fetal distress, and all other complications. Nearly half (48 per cent) of the increase was associated with previous cesarean delivery, 29 per cent with dystocia, 16 per cent with fetal distress, 5 per cent with breech presentation, and 2 per cent with all other complications.     

1283例胎心监护异常行剖宫产临床分析

目的 总结胎心监护异常行剖宫产的临床经验.方法 选取2005年1月～2009年12月在上海市第六人民医院奉贤区中心医院妇产科住院因胎心监护异常行剖宫产的1 283例患者,观察胎心监护异常与术中羊水污染、新生儿窒息、脐带异常、高危妊娠等的关系,并对资料进行统计分析.结果 宫缩负荷试验阳性组羊水污染率为51.35%,新生儿Apgar评分≤7者为15.94%,宫缩负荷试验可疑组羊水污染率为30.00%,新生儿Apgar评分≤7者为7.13%,两组分别比较有显著性差异(χ2羊水污染=58.224,χ2Apgar=25.031,均P<0.01).宫缩负荷试验阳性组脐带异常为38.05%,宫缩负荷试验可疑组脐带异常为39.05%,两者比较无显著性差异(χ2=0.296,P>0.05).随着孕周的延长,羊水污染的发生率和新生儿窒息发生率增高(χ2羊水污染=173.415,χ2Apgar=54.825,均P<0.01).高危妊娠中羊水污染发生率为53.14%,新生儿Apgar评分≤7者为12.67%,非高危妊娠中羊水污染发生率为11.91%,新生儿Apgar评分≤7者为6.59%,高危妊娠与非高危妊娠羊水污染发生率和新生儿Apgar评分≤7比较有显著差异(χ2羊水污染=214.723,χ2Apgar=11.745,均P<0.01).结论 胎心监护异常是行剖宫产术的一个重要手术指征,但不是绝对手术指征,应结合胎儿其他因素综合考虑,才能做到手术指征明确,从而降低孕产妇及围产儿并发症的发病率.     

Association of electronic fetal monitoring during labor with cesarean section rate and with neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Data from the 1980 National Natality Survey by the National Center for Health Statistics were used to assess the relation of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) during labor with cesarean section rates and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In univariate analyses, EFM was associated with higher cesarean section rates, lower five-minute Apgar scores, and a higher rate of respiratory distress. Logistic regression analysis controlling for other risk factors for poor neonatal outcome indicated that the association of EFM with higher cesarean section rates persisted (odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.16, 1.81), except in certain pregnancies at very high risk for cesarean section. EFM was associated with an Apgar score less than 6 at five minutes only if delivery was by cesarean section. EFM was not found to be independently associated with respiratory distress. Neither univariate nor multivariate analyses found an association of EFM with neonatal mortality. These results suggest that EFM may identify hypoxic infants, who are frequently delivered by cesarean section. The lack of association of EFM with beneficial neonatal outcomes is consistent either with lack of effect of EFM or with uncontrolled selection bias.     

第二产程剖宫产改良式托取胎头48例临床分析

目的:探讨第二产程剖宫产改良式托取胎头的新方法.方法:选择第二产程剖宫产病例,分成改良组和对照组,分析两组的子宫切口撕裂、手术时间、术中出血量、术后病率、产褥期并发症.结果:第二产程剖宫产改良式托取胎头明显优于常规手法,在避免子宫切口撕裂、减少术中、术后并发症方面有明显作用,值得推广.     

Generational differences in U.S. public spending, 1980-2000

The balance between spending on children and spending on the elderly is important in evaluating the allocation of public welfare spending. We examine trends in public spending on social welfare programs for children and the elderly during 1980-2000. For both groups, social welfare spending as a percentage of gross domestic product changed little, even during the economic expansions of the 1990s. In constant dollars, the gap in per capita social welfare spending between children and the elderly grew 20 percent. Unlike spending for programs for the elderly, spending for children's programs suffered during recessions. Public discussion about the current imbalance in public spending is needed.     

Detecting spatiotemporal clusters of accidental poisoning mortality among Texas counties, U.S., 1980 – 2001

Background  

Accidental poisoning is one of the leading causes of injury in the United States, second only to motor vehicle accidents. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rates of accidental poisoning mortality have been increasing in the past fourteen years nationally. In Texas, mortality rates from accidental poisoning have mirrored national trends, increasing linearly from 1981 to 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are spatiotemporal clusters of accidental poisoning mortality among Texas counties, and if so, whether there are variations in clustering and risk according to gender and race/ethnicity. The Spatial Scan Statistic in combination with GIS software was used to identify potential clusters between 1980 and 2001 among Texas counties, and Poisson regression was used to evaluate risk differences.     

Detecting spatiotemporal clusters of accidental poisoning mortality among Texas counties, U.S., 1980 - 2001

BACKGROUND: Accidental poisoning is one of the leading causes of injury in the United States, second only to motor vehicle accidents. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rates of accidental poisoning mortality have been increasing in the past fourteen years nationally. In Texas, mortality rates from accidental poisoning have mirrored national trends, increasing linearly from 1981 to 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are spatiotemporal clusters of accidental poisoning mortality among Texas counties, and if so, whether there are variations in clustering and risk according to gender and race/ethnicity. The Spatial Scan Statistic in combination with GIS software was used to identify potential clusters between 1980 and 2001 among Texas counties, and Poisson regression was used to evaluate risk differences. RESULTS: Several significant (p < 0.05) accidental poisoning mortality clusters were identified in different regions of Texas. The geographic and temporal persistence of clusters was found to vary by racial group, gender, and race/gender combinations, and most of the clusters persisted into the present decade. Poisson regression revealed significant differences in risk according to race and gender. The Black population was found to be at greatest risk of accidental poisoning mortality relative to other race/ethnic groups (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.25, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.24 - 1.27), and the male population was found to be at elevated risk (RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 2.45 - 2.50) when the female population was used as a reference. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study provide evidence for the existence of accidental poisoning mortality clusters in Texas, demonstrate the persistence of these clusters into the present decade, and show the spatiotemporal variations in risk and clustering of accidental poisoning deaths by gender and race/ethnicity. By quantifying disparities in accidental poisoning mortality by place, time and person, this study demonstrates the utility of the spatial scan statistic combined with GIS and regression methods in identifying priority areas for public health planning and resource allocation.     

Logging-Type Fatalities in the U.S. Production Agriculture Industry, 1980-1992

SUMMARY

Logging activities such as felling trees for firewood and clearing farm land of trees, are conducted by many farmers throughout the country. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system, these logging-type practices resulted in 173 work-related “struck by falling object” deaths to farmers during the years 1980 through 1992, which represent 46? of all struck-by-falling-object deaths in the agricultural production industry during this 13-year time period. The majority of these deaths occurred in the midwestern (41?) and southern (46?) regions of the United States.     

Risk factors for the increasing trend in low birth weight among live births born by vaginal delivery, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for low birth weight (LBW) among live births by vaginal delivery and to determine if the disappearance of the association between LBW and socioeconomic factors was due to confounding by cesarean section. METHODS: Data were obtained from two population-based cohorts of singleton live births in Ribeir?o Preto, Southeastern Brazil. The first one comprised 4,698 newborns from June 1978 to May 1979 and the second included 1,399 infants born from May to August 1994. The risks for LBW were tested in a logistic model, including the interaction of the year of survey and all independent variables under analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of LBW among vaginal deliveries increased from 7.8% in 1978--79 to 10% in 1994. The risk was higher for: female or preterm infants; newborns of non-cohabiting mothers; newborns whose mothers had fewer prenatal visits or few years of education; first-born infants; and those who had smoking mothers. The interaction of the year of survey with gestational age indicated that the risk of LBW among preterm infants fell from 17.75 to 8.71 in 15 years. The mean birth weight decreased more significantly among newborns from qualified families, who also had the highest increase in preterm birth and non-cohabitation. CONCLUSIONS: LBW among vaginal deliveries increased mainly due to a rise in the proportion of preterm births and non-cohabiting mothers. The association between cesarean section and LBW tended to cover up socioeconomic differences in the likelihood of LBW. When vaginal deliveries were analyzed independently, these socioeconomic differences come up again.     

近5年剖宫产率及剖宫产指征的观察分析

目的:探讨剖宫产率及剖宫产指征的变化和对围生儿病死率的影响。方法:对该院近5年来剖宫产孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:①剖宫产率逐年上升;②在剖宫产指征中,难产因素始终处于第1位,胎儿宫内窘迫、妊娠合并症及并发症处在第2、3位,社会因素呈逐年上升趋势;③围生儿病死率趋于稳定。结论:剖宫产率逐年升高,围生儿病死率并未随之呈一直下降趋势,必须正确掌握剖宫产指征。