抗凝血与抗血小板治疗老年患者拔牙的临床研究

目的：观察抗凝血治疗和抗血小板治疗的老年患者拔牙术后出血及拔牙创的愈合,评价拔牙术后明胶海绵加缝合创口的止血效果。方法：老年患者分为抗凝血治疗需要拔牙组、抗血小板治疗需要拔牙组和随机选择需要拔牙的老年患者作正常对照。抗凝血治疗组拔牙前均进行凝血酶原时间国际标准化率检测。三组均采用局部纱布压迫止衄,比较拔牙术后出血情况,拔牙术后出血的病人采用局部明胶海绵加缝合创口处理。结果：抗凝血治疗与其他2组出血有显著性差异,3组均未出现局部不可控制的出血;3组创口愈合没有明显差别。结论：接受抗凝血治疗和抗血小板治疗的老年病人,在不停药和不减少药物剂量的情况下可以行拔牙术,明胶海绵加上局部缝合可达到止血目的。     

不同方法治疗拔牙术后出血的临床观察

目的 :观察施必止局部应用 ,明胶海绵拔牙创填塞及拔牙创缝合等不同方法治疗拔牙术后出血的临床效果。方法 :拔牙术后出血病例 188例。分别采用施必止局部应用、拔牙创缝合、明胶海绵填塞拔牙创等方法处理。并对三种方法的疗效进行比较。结果 :施必止局部应用组与拔牙创缝合组之间比较无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;施必止局部应用组、拔牙创缝合组与明胶海绵填塞组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :施必止局部应用与拔牙创缝合是治疗拔牙术后出血的可靠方法。     

口服抗凝剂患者拔牙创缝合止血效果的观察

目的观察缝合拔牙创对口服抗凝剂患者拔牙后的止血效果。方法选择正在接受口服抗凝剂治疗且需要拔牙的患者43例,术前调整抗凝剂的抗凝强度即国际标准化比率(international normalized ratio,INR)值在2.0～3.0,随机分成两组,23例拔牙后水平褥式缝合两侧牙龈止血(缝合组),20例拔牙后不缝合(未缝合组)。31例未服用抗凝剂患者作为对照组,拔牙后不缝合创口。拔牙后均咬纱球压迫止血30 min。结果缝合组术后出血1例,出血发生率为4.35%(1/23);未缝合组术后出血6例,出血发生率为30.00%(6/20);对照组术后出血2例,出血发生率为6.45%(2/31)。3组患者出血发生率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=8.218,P=0.016);对照组与缝合组比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.111,P=0.739);未缝合组与缝合组(χ2=5.165,P=0.023)、对照组(χ2=5.097,P=0.024)比较,差异均有统计学意义。结论正接受口服抗凝剂治疗的患者,调整INR值在2.0～3.0,在不停止抗凝治疗情况下,采取缝合拔牙创口措施,可有效避免拔牙后出血。     

自体富血小板血浆在颌骨囊肿术后骨腔修复中的应用

目的:探讨富血小板血浆应用于颌骨囊肿术后骨腔修复的临床效果。方法:将24例颌骨囊肿患者随机分成实验组和对照组。实验组:12例颌骨囊肿摘除后用自体富血小板血浆+可溶止血纱布充填;对照组:术后骨腔放置可溶止血纱布。观察术后6个月X线的变化。结果:术后6个月骨缺损区骨密度实验组优于对照组。结论:富血小板血浆的局部应用有利于颌骨囊肿术后骨腔修复。     

即刻种植即刻负重中PRF对软组织愈合的促进作用

目的:观察即刻种植即刻负重中应用富血小板纤维蛋白(PRF)种植体周围软组织的生长情况.方法:拔除5只beagle犬双侧下颌第四前磨牙(PM4),立即植入柱形螺纹纯钛种植体并即刻负重.采用自身对照方式,实验侧采用PRF填塞种植体颊侧缺损和远中拔牙窝;对照侧种植体颊侧缺损以血凝块充填,远中拔牙窝用明胶海绵填塞.术后第二天开始观察软组织的愈合情况,连续观察10天.结果:种植后实验组软组织的愈合时间平均为5.80天,对照组为8.20天.结论:即刻种植即刻负重种植中使用PRF,可促进软组织的愈合,缩短软组织愈合的时间.     

口服抗凝药物老年患者拔牙术中的临床治疗体会

目的:总结在服用抗凝药物的老年患者拔牙术中的治疗经验。方法:选择2018年1月~2019年6月口腔科就诊的46例(服用阿司匹林患者28例,波立维11例,法华林7例)长期口服抗凝药物且需要拔牙老年患者,拔牙前行凝血酶原时间和国际标准化率检测,分别在术后30分钟、1和24小时对治疗结果进行观察和分析。结果:拔牙术后30分钟出血15例,术后1小时内出血4例,术后24小时复诊出血1例。结论:INR在1.5~2.5范围,拔牙创局部止血处理,且压迫观察1小时,有效地预防抗凝治疗的老年患者在不停用抗凝药的情况下拔牙术后出血的情况。     

注射用血凝酶在抗凝血治疗患者拔牙术中的应用

目的:观察注射用血凝酶对抗凝血治疗患者拔牙创的止血效果。方法:336例需拔牙同时仍继续接受抗凝血治疗的患者,随机分为试验组与对照组各168例,试验组术前于患牙处局部软组织注射血凝酶,拔牙创口采用纱卷压迫止血,对照组直接进行拔牙术,拔牙创口采用云南白药+纱卷压迫止血。结果:试验组168例患者术后均未发生明显出血现象,有效率100%,高于对照组82.14%,经统计学分析,两者间有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论:注射用血凝酶用于抗凝血治疗患者的拔牙术中,可有效控制拔牙创口出血。     

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目的评价自体富血小板血浆应用于颌骨囊肿手术的临床疗效。方法将2007年8月至2008年8月浙江嘉兴医学院附属第二医院口腔科收治的颌骨囊肿患者30例随机分成试验组和对照组各15例。颌骨囊肿摘除后骨腔用含自体富血小板血浆的数字纱布充填为试验组,术后骨腔只用数字纱布充填为对照组。比较两组术后10d创口愈合情况和术后6个月骨缺损区骨密度的变化。结果术后10d创口软组织愈合和术后6个月骨缺损区骨密度的变化,试验组优于对照组。结论富血小板血浆局部应用能促进软硬组织的生长。     

36例人工心脏瓣膜置换术后长期抗凝患者的拔牙

本篇报道自１９９３年－１９９６年对人工心脏瓣膜置换术后服用华法令长期抗凝治疗的患者，在不中止抗凝治疗情况下，进行拔牙手术３６例，拔除５７颗牙，术前患者心功能１￣２有，凝血酶元时间在１８￣２５秒的抗凝治疗范围内，术后局部使用特效吸收性止血灵辅以局部缝合止血，除３例轻度出血外，其余病例均达到良好的止血效果，本文提示换瓣术后，患者不停抗凝，进行拔牙手术，采用局部措施控制出血的方法是可行的，本文还介绍了目     

脱钙人牙基质材料在埋伏牙拔牙创中的应用

目的:观察脱钙人牙基质材料在埋伏牙拔除后促进骨组织愈合的临床效果。方法:共40例埋伏牙拔除患者,随机平均分为A、B组:A组拔牙创直接缝合,为空白对照;B组拔牙窝内即刻植入脱钙人牙基质材料。所有患者均在术前摄全口曲面断层片,术后1周、1个月行局部数字牙片检查;结合临床检查进行比较,观察骨腔愈合及骨重建情况。结果:2组患者创口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后1月X线片检查,A组拔牙窝骨密度仍低于周围正常骨,B组拔牙创骨密度已与正常骨接近。结论:采用脱钙人牙基质材料填入拔牙窝内的方法,骨诱导作用明显,能加速骨组织的修复重建,缩短了拔牙创愈合时间。     

Prevention of postoperative bleeding in anticoagulated patients undergoing oral surgery: use of platelet-rich plasma gel.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a protocol using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to prevent bleeding after dental extraction in patients treated with anticoagulant oral therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with mechanical heart-value replacement who were treated with anticoagulant oral therapy were selected for the study. Each patient was treated with PRP gel placed into residual alveolar bone after extraction without heparin administration after suspension of oral anticoagulant drugs (36 hours). RESULTS: Only 2 patients reported hemorrhagic complications (5%). Sixteen patients (40%) had mild bleeding that was easy to control with hemostatic topical agents; this mild bleeding terminated completely 1 to 3 days after the surgical procedures. The remaining 22 patients (55%) presented with adequate hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Oral surgery in heart surgical patients under oral anticoagulant therapy may be facilitated with PRP gel. Its use is an advanced and safe procedure. This biological and therapeutical improvement can simplify systemic management and help avoid hemorrhagic and/or thromboembolic complications.     

Hemostatic effect of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (histoacryl) glue in warfarin-treated patients undergoing oral surgery

PURPOSE: Our goal was to evaluate the local hemostatic effect of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl; B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) glue in warfarin-treated patients who undergo outpatient oral surgery without a change in their level of anticoagulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive warfarin-treated patients randomly assigned to study and control groups and 10 patients who had never been on anticoagulant therapy serving as the negative control group were included in this trial. Before multiple teeth extractions, all patients had a prothrombin time and the international normalized ratio (INR) determined. To gain hemostasis and primary closure, gelatin sponge and multiple interrupted resorbable sutures were used in the control and negative control groups, and Histoacryl glue and the minimal number of interrupted resorbable sutures were used in the study group. Postoperatively, patients were to contact the oral surgeon if abnormal bleeding occurred. Patients who did not have postoperative bleeding were seen on the 10th postoperative day. Data were collected, and statistical differences in age and gender distributions, number of teeth extracted, INR levels, and bleeding that required treatment were analyzed with the Mantel-Haenzel test. Statistical significance was defined as a value of P <.05. RESULTS: Local hemostasis was obtained immediately in study patients and only after 10 to 20 minutes in the control and negative control patients. In relation to bleeding complications, there were no cases of postoperative bleeding requiring treatment in both the negative control patients and study patients. In the control patients, 5 cases had postoperative spontaneous bleeding that required treatment. This difference was statistically significant. No patient had wound infection and the healing process appeared to be normal. CONCLUSION: Multiple extractions can be performed in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy without a change in their level of anticoagulation provided an efficient local hemostatic measure is instituted. And, in this regard, Histoacryl glue, used as a topical adhesive over approximated wound edges, is an effective and easily applicable local hemostatic for oral surgery in such patients.     

Prevention of hemorrhagic complications after dental extractions into open heart surgery patients under anticoagulant therapy: the use of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin

Leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) is a biomaterial commonly used in periodontology and implant dentistry to improve healing and tissue regeneration, particularly as filling material in alveolar sockets to regenerate bone for optimal dental implant placement. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of L-PRF as a safe filling and hemostatic material after dental extractions (or avulsions) for the prevention of hemorrhagic complications in heart surgery patients without modification of the anticoagulant oral therapy. Fifty heart surgery patients under oral anticoagulant therapy who needed dental extractions were selected for the study. Patients were treated with L-PRF clots placed into 168 postextraction sockets without modification of anticoagulant therapy (mean international normalized ratio = 3.16 ± 0.39). Only 2 patients reported hemorrhagic complications (4%), all of which resolved a few hours after the surgery by compression and hemostatic topical agents. Ten patients (20%) showed mild bleeding, which spontaneously resolved or was resolved by minimal compression less than 2 hours after surgery. No case of delayed bleeding was reported. The remaining 38 patients (76%) showed an adequate hemostasis after the dental extractions. In all cases, no alveolitis or painful events were reported, soft tissue healing was quick, and wound closure was always complete at the time of suture removal one week after surgery. The proposed protocol is a reliable therapeutic option to avoid significant bleeding after dental extractions without the suspension of the continuous oral anticoagulant therapy in heart surgery patients. Other applications of the hemostatic and healing properties of L-PRF should be investigated in oral implantology.     

The effects of combined oral anticoagulant-aspirin therapy in patients undergoing tooth extractions: a prospective study

BackgroundThe authors conducted a study to evaluate the effect of combined oral anticoagulant–aspirin therapy on postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing tooth extractions.MethodsA total of 213 patients were divided into three groups of 71 participants each. Patients in group A received combined anticoagulant-aspirin (100-milligram prophylactic dose) therapy. Patients in group B received oral anticoagulant therapy. Patients in group C received aspirin therapy (100-mg prophylactic dose). Bleeding was marked as an “event” if it met the following criteria: the bleeding continued beyond 12 hours, patient had to call the surgeon or return to dental practice or emergency department, bleeding resolved with large hematoma or ecchymosis within the oral soft tissues, or required a blood transfusion.ResultsMean international normalized ratio (INR) (standard deviation) was 2.43 (0.61) in group A, and 2.45 (0.60) in group B. Postoperative bleeding occurred in three (4.2 percent) participants in group A, two (2.8 percent) participants in group B and no (0.0 percent) participants in group C. The authors found no statistical significance in postoperative bleeding between these three groups (χ² = 2.867, P = .238). All cases of hemorrhage were controlled easily by using local hemostatic measures.ConclusionTooth extractions can be performed safely while patients continue to receive combinedanticoagulant-aspirin therapy.Clinical ImplicationsIn patients receiving combined anticoagulant-aspirin therapy, simple tooth extractions can be performed safely without discontinuing either oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy if their INRs are within therapeutic range and appropriate local hemostasis measures are provided.     

Dental extractions in patients maintained on continued oral anticoagulant: comparison of local hemostatic modalities.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative bleeding in patients treated with oral anticoagulant drugs who underwent dental extractions without interruption of the treatment and to compare the effect of 3 different hemostatic modalities. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 150 patients who underwent dental extractions were divided into 3 groups. Local hemostasis was carried out as follows: group 1 (119 extractions), with gelatin sponge and sutures; group 2 (117 extractions), with gelatin sponge, sutures, and mouthwash with tranexamic acid; group 3 (123 extractions), with fibrin glue, gelatin sponge, and sutures. RESULTS: Of 150 patients, 13 (8.6%) presented with postoperative bleeding: 3 patients from group 1, 6 patients from group 2, and 4 patients from group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Dental extractions can be performed without interruption in patients treated with oral anticoagulant. Local hemostasis with gelatin sponge and sutures is sufficient.     

Influence of the application of platelet-enriched plasma in oral mucosal wound healing

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the therapeutic value of platelet concentrate on the capillary density in oral mucosal wound healing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The subjects included 10 healthy edentulous patients who underwent bilaterally a sinus floor elevation procedure and a buccal onlay graft with autologous iliac crest bone for maxillary reconstruction. During surgery, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from a blood sample taken from the patient. After randomization in a split-mouth design, at one side PRP was administered in the wound and at the contralateral side a placebo. At baseline, microvascular capillary density was scored with the orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging technique and repeated measurements were performed postoperatively on a daily basis until the tenth day, after which measurements were continued weekly until the fifth postoperative week. RESULTS: Ten patients, five males and five females, were included in the study with a mean age of 54.2+/-9.1 years for females and 57.6+/-6.9 years for males. Donor platelet counts from whole blood had a mean value of 248.5+/-13.5 x 10(9)/l, while the value of platelet counts in the PRP had a mean of 975.9+/-97.9 x 10(9)/l. Wound healing was significantly accelerated in the PRP-treated mucosal wounds during the first 10 postoperative days. After the second week, no obvious differences between the PRP or placebo side could be noted. CONCLUSION: PRP has a strong stimulant effect on capillary regeneration in wound healing. These effects are mainly noticeable during the early stages of wound healing.     

Safety of dental implant surgery in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy: a prospective case-control study

Objectives: Several studies have described oral surgical procedures in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy, but no prospective studies on dental implant surgery during anticoagulant treatment are currently available, and only a limited number of case reports refer to endosseous dental implant treatment in these patients. In the setting of oral surgery, it has been suggested that anticoagulant treatment is not required when the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is <4 and local haemostatic measures are applied. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the incidence of bleeding complications following surgical implant therapy in a group of 50 consecutive patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy (warfarin) without interruption or modifications to their therapy (group A). Materials and methods: One hundred and nine otherwise healthy patients comparable for age, sex, extent and site of the implant surgical procedure formed the control group (group B). In both groups, a standard protocol of local haemostasis, including non‐reabsorbable sutures and compressive gauzes soaked with tranexamic acid, was applied. Surgeons, blind to the group allocation, performed all the procedures in an outpatient setting. Results: Two and three late‐bleeding complications were reported in group A and group B, respectively, without significant difference in the bleeding risk (relative risk = 1.45; P= 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.2506–8.4271). These complications were managed using a compressive gauze soaked with tranexamic acid at the site of the surgical wound. Conclusion: According to our preliminary results, local haemostasis in dental implant surgery is able to prevent bleeding complications in patients on oral anticoagulants, allowing these surgical procedures to be performed on an outpatient basis. To cite this article:
Bacci C, Berengo M, Favero L, Zanon E. Safety of dental implant surgery in patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy: a prospective case–control study.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22 , 2011; 151–156.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01963.x