超声造影对典型与非典型肝癌的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨超声造影诊断典型与非典型肝癌的声像学特征.方法 选择行肝脏占位性病变超声造影患者148例,其中不符合欧洲超声造影剂指导原则中原发性肝癌典型表现的患者47例作为非典型肝癌组,符合原发性肝癌典型表现者80例作为典型肝癌组.所有病例经病理检查确诊,比较2组与病理检查结果的一致性和2组声像学的不同.结果 超产造影与病理检测结果一致性比较,Kappa =0.784,两者诊断一致性较好.超声造影诊断典型肝癌的准确率为98.75％,诊断非典型肝癌的准确率为95.74％,两者差异无统计学意义(x2=0.847,P ＞0.05).典型肝癌和非典型肝癌开始增强时间和持续时间比较,差异无统计学意义,JPP＞ 0.05.典型肝癌和非典型肝癌开始消退时间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).非典型肝癌组与典型肝癌组Ⅰ型高分化者(x2=0.554)、Ⅱ～Ⅲ型低分化者(x2=0.478)动脉期增强表现比较,差异无统计学意义,P均＞0.05.门脉期,非典型肝癌组和典型肝癌组Ⅰ型高分化者表现为等回声的比例(x2 =6.987)、Ⅱ～Ⅲ型(x2=6.014)比较,差异具有统计学意义,p均＜0.05;非典型肝癌组与典型肝癌组Ⅰ型(x2=6.845)、Ⅱ～Ⅲ型(x2=5.995)的增强方式比较,P均＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义.结论 超声造影可敏感地反映肝肿瘤的血流动力学特性,因对不同分化程度的肝癌有不同的造影表现而可对典型与非典型肝癌进行鉴别诊断.     

超声造影对脂肪肝背景下肝脏单个低回声局灶性病变的鉴别诊断

目的探讨实时超声造影对脂肪肝背景下肝脏单个低回声局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法应用常规超声和超声造影对106例脂肪肝患者肝脏单个低回声局灶性病变进行分析,并与病理诊断进行比较。结果 106例脂肪肝背景下肝脏低回声病灶中,超声造影诊断原发肝癌28例,转移性肝癌16例,肝血管瘤27例,肝脓肿9例,肝腺瘤1例,肝局灶性结增生5例,非均匀性脂肪肝11例。超声造影的诊断准确率为91.5%,明显优于常规超声的64.2%。结论超声造影可以提高脂肪肝背景下肝脏低回声局灶性病变的诊断准确率,是鉴别诊断脂肪肝背景下肝低回声结节的有效方法。     

原发性肝癌的临床诊断与分期标准

 2001年9月在广州召开的第八届全国肝癌学术会议上正式通过了“原发性肝癌的临床诊断与分期标准”。现介绍如下。希望全国临床工作者采用，并在实践中不断加以完善。诊断标准：1.AFP≥400μg/L，能排除妊娠、生殖系胚胎源性肿瘤、活动性肝病及转移性肝癌,并能触及肿大、坚硬及有大结节状肿块的肝脏或影像学检查有肝癌特征的占位性病变者。     

容易误诊为原发性肝癌的肝脏良性占位性病变(附74例临床病理报告)

目的　通过对容易误诊为肝细胞癌的肝脏良性占位性病变临床病理特征总结分析 ,有助提高其诊断率。方法　复阅 74例经过病理诊断证实的肝脏良性病变临床及其病理资料 ,并进行相关标志蛋白表达的免疫组化检测。结果　在 74例肝脏良性占位性病变中 ,证实肝细胞腺瘤是所有肝脏占位性病变中与肝细胞癌鉴别诊断最为困难的肿瘤。结论　肝脏良性病变手术前往往误诊为肝癌 ,核磁共振检查具有一定的特征性 ,必要时可作肝脏活检病理检查明确诊断 ,为临床治疗提供依据。     

超声造影对166例肝脏占位性病变的诊断价值

[目的]探讨超声造影对肝脏占位性病变的诊断价值。[方法]166例肝脏占位性病变患者共182个结节分别行常规超声和超声造影检查,比较两者诊断的准确率。[结果]超声造影明确诊断148例共163个结节,诊断准确率为89.6%（163/182）;常规超声明确诊断102例共115个结节,诊断准确率为63.2%（115/182）,两者诊断准确率比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。[结论]超声造影为不同类型的肝脏占位性病变提供了重要的诊断依据,提高了超声影像学的诊断准确率。     

超声造影在肝脏占位性病变诊断中的应用及研究进展

超声造影在临床上应用广泛，在肝脏占位病变的诊断中也应用较多。超声造影提供的影像诊疗信息，为临床治疗肝占位性病变提供有意义的诊疗信息。然而不同病理类型的肝占位病变有不一样的超声造影表现。本文对几种较常见的肝占位病变及非手术治疗后肝占位病变的超声造影表现及其诊断价值进行综述。     

超声造影评估原发性与转移性小肝癌的血流动力学比较研究

【摘 要】目的 探讨原发性和转移性小肝癌超声造影的血流动力学差异。方法 回顾性分析经病理及临床证实的210个原发性小肝癌和93个转移性小肝癌的超声造影表现,比较两组小肝癌在动脉期、门脉期和延迟期增强表现的异同。结果（1）303个小肝癌病灶,超声造影表现为动脉期快速增强、门脉期或延迟期消退,转移性小肝癌增强达峰时间和开始消退呈低回声时间明显早于原发性小肝癌（P＜0.05）。（2）超声造影动脉期显示,95.7％（201／210）的原发性和2.3％（2／93）的转移性小肝癌呈高回声（P＜0.05）,门脉期及延迟期显示原发性和转移性小肝癌的血流动力学变化差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。（3）在超声造影动脉期增强形态上,原发性小肝癌和转移性小肝癌分别有93.4％（196／210）和35.5％（33／93）的病灶呈整体均匀性增强（P＜0.05）;转移性小肝癌中,54.8％（51／93）的病灶周边呈环状或不规则状增强,明显高于原发性小肝癌的5.2％ （11／210）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 转移性和原发性小肝癌在超声造影动脉期均呈快速增强,但在增强方式和开始消退呈低回声的时间上均存在一定差异。超声造影为原发性与转移性小肝癌的诊断与鉴别诊断提供了重要的影像学依据。     

肝癌患者FcγR表达及rIFNγ对FCγR的调控

ABC-ELISA方法测定了43例肝癌及8例肝良性占位性病变患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)FcγR,并对其中12例肝癌切除术后病人追踪测定。用rIFNγ刺激PBMC,观察FcγR表达量的变化。结果,肝癌组FcγR水平明显低于肝脏良性占位性病变和正常对照组,而后两组比较相差不显著。手术后病人FcγR表达水平提高。肝癌病人内源性IFNγ产生缺陷。外源性IFNγ刺激后FcγR表达显著增强,但仍低于正常对照组。上述结果提示:1.FcγR对鉴别肝脏良恶性占位性病变有参考价值;2.肝癌者FcγR水平低下可能与癌组织分泌某种抑制因子及内源性IFNγ产生低下有关;3.外源性IFNγ促进FcγR表达,是其抗肿瘤机制之一。     

超声造影在不同分化程度原发性小肝癌诊断中的临床价值

目的 分析不同分化程度原发性小肝癌的超声造影特征,探讨超声造影在其诊断中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析47例原发性小肝癌(均有手术病理结果)患者的超声造影资料,比较并分析不同分化程度小肝癌病灶的超声造影定量参数以及与病理诊断符合率.结果 47例患者术后病理结果显示高分化22例、中分化20例和低分化5例.不同分化程度原发性小肝癌开始增强时间及达峰时间相近,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但是造影剂消退时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).超声造影正确诊断原发性小肝癌43例,与病理诊断符合率为91.49％.结论 超声造影诊断原发性小肝癌具有较高的正确率,且不同分化程度原发性小肝癌超声造影表现特征存在差异,可为临床治疗方式选择提供参考依据.     

乳腺占位性病变的超声图像特点

目的:分析乳腺占位性病变的超声图像特点,探讨高频黑白超声对乳腺占位性病变诊断的价值.方法:对我院2001年～2003年住院收治的230例乳腺占位性病变患者使用高频超声检查的结果进行回顾性分析,并与病理结果对比研究.结果:184例乳腺良性占位性病变与46例恶性占位性病变的B超诊断与术后病理结论符合率分别为94.5%、91.3%.结论:普通高频超声对乳腺良恶性占位性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值,而且经济实惠、对人体无创伤.诊断的准确率取决于检查者的技术、经验及责任心.超声检查可以作为乳腺占位性病变诊断的手段之一.不同性质的乳腺占位性病变具有不同的超声图象特点.     

三阴性乳腺癌与基底细胞样乳腺癌临床病理分析

目的研究CK5／6、CK14在三阴性乳腺癌（triple negativebreast carcinoma,TNBC）中的表达情况,并探讨基底细胞样乳腺癌（basal—like breast carcinoma,BLBC）与TNBC的关系。方法利用免疫组化方法从浸润性乳腺癌中筛选TNBC病例,然后利用CK5／6和CK14从TNBC中筛选出BLBC的病例,分析两者的临床与病理资料及免疫组化表达情况并复习有关文献。结果TNBC的发病率占浸润性乳腺癌的16．1％。TNBC中的CK5／6和CK14表达有正相关性（γ=0．463）。应用CK5／6、CK14从TNBC中筛选出的BLBC的百分率为54％。结论BLBC与TNBC有大部分交叉。CK5／6和CK14可以用来从TNBC中筛选出大部分的BLBC的病例。BLBC相对其他类型乳腺癌,预后不良,有必要将其从TNBC中鉴别出来。     

Carcinoma Penis

Between 1954 and 1984, 102 cases of carcinoma of the penis were seen at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute. Their mean age was 62.5 years. Nearly twice as many patients were referred in the last decade as in the first, and this observation may be linked to the reduction in numbers of neonatal circumcisions in the last forty years. The material reported is selected by referral patterns of recurrence following surgery elsewhere or the patient's preference for conservative management. As a result the overall survival figures have little meaning. However it is apparent that where possible and where acceptable, partial surgical amputation is more likely to achieve local cure and to be less disturbing for patients with invasive disease. Radiotherapy can be effective in controlling superficial primaries and may be curative in early, or rarely in late, stage nodal disease. Prevention by circumcision in infancy is still the best policy.     

Parathyroid Carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy. The reported incidence is from 0.5 to 5% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases in various series. The cause is unknown, but clinical correlations with different genetic syndromes exist. Mutations in the HPRT2 gene seem to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Men and women are equally affected, usually in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Most patients will present with signs and symptoms of hypercalcaemia. Cases of non-functioning carcinoma are exceedingly rare. Surgical resection is the most effective method of treatment and palliation. A significant proportion of patients will experience recurrence, and will need further surgical and, eventually, medical management of hypercalcaemia. The disease is progressive but slow growing. Most patients will require multiple operations to resect recurrent disease. The main cause of morbidity and mortality is the sequela of uncontrolled chronic hypercalcaemia rather than tumour burden. The current paper will review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnostic work-up of this disease. Surgical management in different scenarios is reviewed in detail, followed by other types of treatment and management of incurable disease.     

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. Most patients still present late in the course of the disease so that curative therapy is rarely possible. Strategies developed to improve the prognosis include primary prevention, directed at the underlying liver diseases, secondary prevention by cancer surveillance and early intervention, and more effective therapies. Only childhood vaccination against hepatitis B (HBV) infection has been clearly documented to reduce the incidence of HCC. Eradication of the hepatitis B and C viruses by interferon in noncirrhotic patients may reduce the incidence of HCC. Removal of iron by phlebotomy in noncirrhotic patients with genetic hemochromatosis will largely prevent HCC. Many physicians offer secondary prevention by surveillance and early intervention involving repeated abdominal ultrasound and serial serum α-fetoprotein estimations in order to identify early malignant lesions, but such strategies have yet to be proven to reduce mortality from HCC. Nonetheless, early detection would seem to offer a greater chance for application of potentially curative therapy. Different surveillance strategies may be necessary in different patient groups. For example, in chronic hepatitis C the increased risk of HCC seems to be confined to patients with established cirrhosis, whereas even noncirrhotic patients with HBV have a substantially increased risk of HCC. In high-risk patients, such as those with cirrhosis following chronic viral hepatitis, several factors can be identified which appear to confer additional risk. Examples are hepatocyte dysplasia found on biopsy, or non-neoplastic vascular nodules on computed tomography scanning. The management of such patients needs urgent resolution. Potentially curative treatment options include resection, liver transplantation, and alcohol injection or radiofrequency ablation. Resection in ideal candidates may provide up to 60% survival at 5 years. Liver transplantation may result in a 5-year survival of up to 70%. However, the shortage of organ donors means that tumor progression while on the waiting list will disqualify some patients, while others will die before an organ becomes available. Local ablation has been reported to be as effective as resection and is applicable to a larger proportion of patients. Of the palliative forms of therapy only chemoembolization has been shown to provide a significant improvement in life-span, although other forms of adjuvant and palliative therapy are under investigation.     

子宫内膜癌与宫颈癌淋巴结转移分布的比较

目的:分析子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移模式并比较子宫内膜癌与宫颈癌淋巴结转移分布的不同.方法:回顾性分析接受系统的盆腔和腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的104例子宫内膜癌以及253例宫颈癌患者淋巴结转移情况,比较二者的不同.结果:与宫颈癌相比,子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移率较高(22.1%vs 16.2%),并且子宫内膜癌的淋巴结转移与病理分级(G_1:12.1%;G_2:21.4%;G_3:34.5%)、肌层浸润深度(≤1/2:11.9%>1/2:29%)有关;子宫内膜癌单纯盆腔淋巴结转移率偏低(34.8% vs 68.3%),单纯腹腔淋巴结转移率偏高(4.3%vs 0),盆腹淋巴结共同受累的发生率偏高(60.9%vs 31.7%).宫颈癌中腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的患者100%有盆腔淋巴结转移,而内膜癌93.3%的腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性的患者有盆腔淋巴结转移.内膜癌与宫颈癌最易受累淋巴结均为闭孔淋巴结(内膜癌:73.9%、宫颈癌:70.7%),受累最少的均为腹股沟淋巴结(内膜癌:8.7%、宫颈癌:7.3%),与宫颈癌相比,子宫内膜癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结(65.2%vs 31.7%)、骶前淋巴结(21.7%vs 17.1%)的受累几率较高,而髂外淋巴结受累的几率偏低(17.4%vs 41.5%).结论:子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移方式不同于宫颈癌,虽然内膜癌主要向盆腔淋巴结转移,但是仍然存在直接向腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的病例并且各病理分级的内膜癌均有淋巴结转移的可能.     

Oncologic Outcomes of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Urothelial Carcinoma With Squamous Differentiation After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Carcinoma

IntroductionIn this study we aim to compare clinicopathological characteristics and cancer specific survival between patients treated with radical cystectomy for pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (SqD).Patients and MethodsWe reviewed data of 1737 consecutive patients treated with radical cystectomy and urinary diversion between January 2004 and February 2014. Only patients with pure SCC or SqD were included in the analysis. Squamous differentiation was defined as intercellular bridges or keratinization in the tumor. Clinicopathological data and recurrence free survival (RFS) were compared between patients diagnosed with SCC and SqD.ResultsSCC and SqD were found in 318 and 223 patients, respectively. Mean age was 57 ± 8.3 years in SCC and 58.8 ± 7.8 in SqD (P = .008). A higher proportion of female patients was observed in SCC group compared to SqD (31.8% vs. 22% P < .0001). Patients with SqD were more likely to have extravesical (58.3% vs. 46.2%: P = .006) and nodal positive disease (34.5% vs. 14.5%: P < .0001) than pure SCC patients. Bilharzial eggs were found in 61% of SCC vs. 46% of SqD (P = .001).; The median (IQR) follow up period for SCC and SqD was 63 (12-112) months and 23 months (9-74.7), respectively. The 5-year RFS for SCC and SqD were 77% and 59.8 %, respectively (P < .0001).; Multivariate cox regression analysis identified advanced pT stage (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.86, P = .0001), nodal positive disease (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.48, P = .01) and SqD histology (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.14-2.31, P = .007 as independent predictors of 5-year RFS.ConclusionPatient with SCC had significantly higher 5-year RFS in comparison to SqD. The higher rate of extravesical disease and lymph node metastasis in SqD patients is indicative of aggressive behavior of this histologic type.     

Comparison of the Characteristics of Medullary Breast Carcinoma and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

Purpose

Medullary breast carcinomas (MBC) have been known to represent a rare breast cancer subtype associated with a more favorable prognosis than invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). The purpose of this study was to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of MBC with those of IDC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with invasive breast cancer who were managed surgically from August 1995 to June 2010.

Results

Fifty-two patients were identified with MBC and 5,716 patients were identified with IDC. The clinicopathologic features, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) of patients with MBC were compared with those of patients with IDC. The MBC group presented at a younger age (p=0.005) and had a significant association with a higher histological grade (p=0.003) and nuclear grade (p<0.001) as well as negative estrogen receptor (p<0.001) and progesterone receptor (p<0.001) status. Lymphatic invasion was absent (p<0.001) and lymph node metastasis was rare (p<0.001). The DFS and OS did not differ significantly between the two groups (5-year DFS: 88.0% vs. 89.2%, p=0.920; 5-year OS: 93.4% vs. 94.4%, p=0.503). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with DFS and OS were nuclear grade, histological grade, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. However, DFS and OS were not significantly different between IDC and MBC according to histological type itself (DFS: hazard ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.12-6.05, p=0.866; OS: hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 0.21-10.77, p=0.692).

Conclusion

Although MBC has specific clinicopathologic features, its prognosis does not differ from IDC and is determined by prognostic factors such as tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Therefore, patients with MBC also require the same intensive treatment provided for IDC.