牡荆素减轻小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的药效作用及机制研究

目的探讨牡荆素对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)的药效作用及机制。方法将C57BL/6小鼠随机分成3组(n=10):正常对照组、模型组(4%DSS)和牡荆素组(4%DSS+牡荆素,50 mg·kg-1)。除正常对照组外,其他组小鼠饮用水中加入4%DSS造模,造模同时牡荆素灌胃给药,每天1次,并每天称重和观察血便等症状,直到实验结束。于造模7 d处死小鼠,截取结肠做HE染色并进行组织损伤和炎性细胞浸润评分;ELISA方法检测小鼠结肠黏膜髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性;反转录荧光定量PCR方法检测小鼠结肠组织肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)及环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase 2,COX-2)mRNA的表达水平。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠体重明显减轻,组织病理评分增高,同时结肠匀浆MPO水平明显升高,结肠组织TNF-α、IL-6和COX-2表达升高。与模型组比较,牡荆素组小鼠上述指标明显改善。结论牡荆素能有效减轻小鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎,缓解炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制中性粒细胞浸润和减少炎症因子释放有关。     

甘草酸二铵抗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎作用及相关机制研究

目的:研究甘草酸二铵(DG)对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的作用及可能作用途径。方法:以柳氮磺吡啶(SASP,225 mg.kg-1)为阳性对照,研究甘草酸二铵结肠给药(2,10,50 mg.kg-1,qd,共给药7 d)对TNBS性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的结肠单位长度重量、结肠黏膜损伤评分、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、结肠组织丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及血清白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量的影响;由HE染色、扫描和透射电镜观察结肠组织病理学变化;由免疫组化观察结肠组织环氧酶-2(COX-2)和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-Ⅰ)表达的变化。结果:模型动物结肠组织发生明显病理学变化,伴有充血、溃疡以及大量的炎性细胞浸润,DG组均不同程度改善结肠组织病理学变化,降低单位长度结肠重量,并呈剂量依赖关系。与正常组比较,模型组大鼠结肠组织中MPO活性和MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性明显下降;DG能显著逆转模型组MPO,MDA和SOD的变化。与模型组比较,DG组结肠组织COX-2和ICAM-Ⅰ表达下调,血清中IL-1β和TNF-α表达量也有不同程度下降。结论:甘草酸二铵能有效改善溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的结肠炎症反应,其作用机制与抗氧化、降低促炎性细胞因子水平等有关。     

布地奈德脂质体温敏凝胶对溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠的药效研究

目的:研究布地奈德脂质体温敏凝胶剂(Bud-Lip-TSG)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)致急性溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)昆明小鼠的药效作用。方法:建立DSS诱导的小鼠UC模型。实验动物分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组及Bud-Lip-TSG低、中、高剂量组。测定小鼠给药前后疾病活动指数(DAI)、肠黏膜损伤评分(CMDI)、脏器指数、结肠组织病理评分,血清中IL-6、IL-10水平,结肠组织中的TNF-α、IL-10、髓过氧化酶(MPO)水平变化。结果:Bud-Lip-TSG各剂量组小鼠的DAI评分、CMDI、结肠组织病理评分、脾脏指数降低;结肠长度、结肠湿质量、结肠指数增加;各给药组结肠组织中IL-10显著升高,TNF-α水平、MPO活力显著降低,;Bud-Lip-TSG高剂量组血液中IL-6显著降低、IL-10显著升高,Bud-Lip-TSG中、高剂量组胸腺指数显著增加。结论:Bud-Lip-TSG可改善模型小鼠UC症状,对结肠黏膜有修复作用,可改善炎症因子的表达失衡状态。     

吲哚丙酸对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的影响

目的 研究吲哚丙酸(IPA)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导急性溃疡性结肠炎(UC)小鼠的影响。方法将SPF级6～8周雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、DSS模型组(饮用3%DSS 7 d)及低、中、高剂量IPA组(在DSS给药前2 d行IPA灌胃),每组12只。每日观察小鼠的一般情况,根据体质量下降、大便性状和便血状况评定疾病活动指数(DAI); DSS给药第7日处死小鼠,测量结肠长度及评定病理学评分,ELISA检测各组小鼠血清髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及结肠组织MPO、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平。Western blot法检测各组小鼠结肠组织中核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)蛋白表达。结果 与对照组比较,DSS模型组DAI、结肠组织病理学评分、血清MPO及结肠组织TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、MPO和p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值显著升高,结肠长度明显缩短(P <0.05,P <0.01);与DSS模型组比较,中、高剂量IPA...     

枫蓼提取物对小鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎的防治作用

目的探讨枫蓼提取物对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的防治作用。方法通过小肠推进实验和番泻叶致小鼠腹泻模型观察小肠推进率、稀便率及腹泻指数。用4%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)建立小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,对正常组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组、枫蓼提取物11.7,23.4和46.8 g·kg-1剂量组小鼠进行疾病活动指数(DAI)评分,测定结肠组织中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性。结果枫蓼提取物46.8 g·kg-1能抑制小鼠小肠推进率,显著减少番泻叶致腹泻小鼠腹泻次数,降低腹泻率和腹泻指数(P<0.05)。结肠炎结果显示,与正常组比较,模型组小鼠体质量减轻,DAI评分增高(P<0.05),结肠组织中MPO活性、IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA和NO含量升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,枫蓼提取物46.8 g·kg-1组小鼠DAI评分降低29.1%(P<0.05);23.4和46.8 g·kg-1组结肠组织中MPO活性、TNF-α、MDA和NO含量均降低(P<0.05)。结论枫蓼提取物能改善DSS诱导小鼠溃疡性结肠炎,可能与解痉、止泻、抗炎、抗氧化及减少炎性介质释放等有关。     

铃兰毒苷通过PPARγ/NF-κκB信号通路抑制葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠实验性结肠炎

目的研究铃兰毒苷(CNT)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠实验性结肠炎的保护作用及其对PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法 40只雄性C57BL/6小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、CNT(50和150μg·kg~(-1))组和阳性药(柳氮磺胺嘧啶,200 mg·kg~(-1))组。除正常对照组外,各组分别给予4%DSS饮用水建立实验性结肠炎模型,各组小鼠连续7 d每天灌胃给予不同剂量的药物或生理盐水。观察小鼠体质量,结肠长度、大肠和脾重和疾病活性指数;Western印迹和免疫组化实验检测结肠组织中P65和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)蛋白表达;ELISA法检测小鼠血清和结肠组织肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和IL-1β的含量。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠体质量下降(P<0.01),结肠长度缩短(P<0.05),小鼠大肠和脾质量增加(P<0.05),疾病活性指数增加(P<0.01),结肠组织中P65和PPARγ表达水平升高(P<0.01),同时,血清和结肠中TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1β的含量升高(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,不同剂量CNT组小鼠体质量、结肠长度、大肠和脾重及疾病活动指数均有所改善(P<0.05),血清和结肠中TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1β的含量降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),结肠组织中上述炎症相关蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 CNT对DSS诱导的小鼠实验性结肠炎具有保护作用,其机制可能与PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

龙胆苦苷对慢性前列腺炎的作用及对NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路活化的研究

目的探讨龙胆苦苷对慢性前列腺炎大鼠的作用及相关分子机制。方法采用完全弗氏佐剂诱导自身免疫性慢性前列腺炎大鼠模型,评估龙胆苦苷对大鼠前列腺器官指数、组织病理形态,以及大鼠前列腺组织中炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和炎症介质COX-2、PGE2的表达水平及iNOS酶活性的影响。采用Western blot法检测大鼠前列腺组织中NF-κB和MAPKs通路相关分子蛋白表达水平。结果龙胆苦苷对慢性前列腺炎有保护作用,其可以降低前列腺器官指数,缓解前列腺组织病理损伤,此外,龙胆苦苷下调大鼠前列腺组织中炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和炎症介质COX-2、PGE2的表达水平及iNOS酶活性,下调p-p65、p-ERK/ERK、p-JNK/JNK、p-p38/p38的表达水平。结论龙胆苦苷对慢性前列腺炎具有明显的保护作用,且这种作用可能与抑制NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路活化有关。     

唐古特大黄多糖对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎细胞因子的影响

目的:观察唐古特大黄多糖(rheum tanguticumpolysaccharides,RTP)对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerativecolitis,UC)的疗效并探讨其可能存在的机制。方法:应用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)灌肠制备小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。实验设正常对照组、模型对照组、RTP治疗组(100、200、400 mg.kg-1)。观察各组实验小鼠体质量变化及组织病理学改变,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞因子(IL-8、IL-10、TNFα-、IL-4)的含量。结果:中、高剂量的RTP能够缓解小鼠体质量的减轻,减少腹泻及便血的发生;并且能够显著改善小鼠结肠组织损伤及病理学改变。溃疡性结肠炎模型组TNFα-、IL-8的表达较正常对照组显著增高,而IL-10、IL-4的表达明显降低(P<0.05);高剂量RTP治疗组的TNFα-、IL-8表达明显低于溃疡性结肠炎模型组,IL-10、IL-4的表达显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论:RTP对TNBS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎具有良好治疗作用,其机制可能与上调抗炎细胞因子(IL-10、IL-4)及下调促炎细胞因子有关。     

5-氨基水杨酸治疗结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响

目的探讨5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)灌肠治疗对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导大鼠结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响。方法建立TNBS结肠炎模型,给予5-ASA灌肠治疗,同时设正常对照组和模型组。于治疗后1、2周,评价结肠大体、组织学损伤及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平,逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测结肠组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-αmRNA表达水平。结果5-ASA灌肠治疗能明显降低结肠炎大鼠的大体、组织学评分及MPO活性(P<0.05),升高SOD活性(P<0.05),降低MDA水平(P<0.05),降低IL-1β和TNF-α表达水平(P<0.05)。结论5-ASA灌肠治疗TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎疗效显著,其机制与抗氧化作用及抑制IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有关。     

黄芩-白芍药对改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的作用及机制研究

目的:研究黄芩-白芍药对改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的作用及机制。方法:将70只小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、黄芩组(1.5 g/kg)、白芍组(1.5 g/kg)和黄芩-白芍(2∶1、1∶1、1∶2,m/m)组(黄芩和白芍总量为1.5 g/kg),每组10只。除空白组外,其余各组小鼠均复制UC模型。造模结束后次日,各给药组小鼠均按0.2 m L/10 g灌胃相应药液(以生药计质量浓度均为75 mg/m L),空白组和模型组小鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水,每日1次,连续7 d。给药结束后,对小鼠疾病活动指数进行评分,测定各组小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、D-乳酸(D-LA)及二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平,测量小鼠结肠长度并计算肠质量指数,测定结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果:与空白组比较,模型组小鼠疾病活动指数评分以及血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、D-LA、DAO水平和结肠组织中MPO、NO、MDA水平显著升高,结肠长度、肠质量指数和结肠组织中SOD水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芩组小鼠疾病活动指数评分和血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、DAO水平以及结肠组织中MDA水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);白芍组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β水平和结肠组织中MDA水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);黄芩-白芍(2∶1)组小鼠除结肠长度外的其余各指标均显著改善(P<0.05或P<0.01);黄芩-白芍(1∶1)组小鼠除血清中IL-6水平和结肠组织中SOD水平外的其余各指标均显著改善(P<0.05或P<0.01);黄芩-白芍(1∶2)组小鼠除血清中NO水平外的其余各指标均显著改善(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:黄芩-白芍药对可通过降低促炎因子的表达,增加机体抗氧化作用,降低肠道黏膜通透性,从而改善小鼠的UC症状,且以黄芩-白芍(2∶1)组效果最佳。     

Protective effect of gentiopicroside against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the pure compound gentiopicroside (Gent) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model and to explore the possible related mechanisms. Experimental colitis was induced in ICR mice by dissolving 5% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days. Gent (200, 100, and 50 mg/kg) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, 100 mg/kg) were oral administrated once a day for 7 days. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by comparing extend of colonic mucosal injury assessed by disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological examination, and biochemical test. The possible mechanisms of Gent activities were explored by evaluating expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 using real-time fluorogenic PCR and expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) using Western blotting. The results showed that oral administration of Gent significantly attenuated DSS-induced loss of body weight, diarrhea, shortening of colon length and histological changes, associated with the decrease in the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the colon. In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and the overexpression of COX-2 and iNOS proteins in the colon were down-regulated by Gent treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that Gent treatment can exert anti-inflammatory effects on experimental acute colitis through attenuating the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2, and it may present the therapeutic potential in the treatment of colitis.     

Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Does Not Contribute to Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis by Novel Indoline Carbamates

Indoline carbamates, AN680 and AN917 decrease cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mouse tissues after LPS injection. They prevent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1. Only AN917 inhibits cholinesterase (ChE) at relevant concentrations. ChE inhibitors decrease NF-κB by activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR). The current study compared the effect of rivastigmine, a ChE inhibitor, AN680 and AN917 on ulcerative colitis induced in mice by ingestion of dextran sodium sulfate (4.5%) solution. Rivastigmine (1 mg/kg), AN680 (2.5–10 mg/kg) and AN917 (2–5 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously once daily for 8 days. Disease severity was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), colonoscopy, colon length and body weight loss, colonic levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and myeloid peroxidase (MPO) activity. AN680 (5 mg/kg) reduced DAI, colon shrinkage, weight loss, histopathological signs of colon damage, MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels without inhibiting ChE. AN917 (5 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) inhibited ChE in plasma and colon by 65%, reduced DAI, MPO activity and IL-6, but not TNF-α or IL-1β. AN917 did not prevent weight loss or colon shrinkage. Mecamylamine abolished the reduction of DAI, MPO activity and IL-6 by AN917 and rivastigmine, indicating they were mediated by α7nAChR. Conclusions: AN680 is very effective in preventing DSS-induced UC in mice and may therefore have potential therapeutic application in humans. Addition of ChE inhibition and indirect activation of α7nAChR lessens the efficacy of AN917 in this model.     

当归多糖对免疫性结肠炎大鼠结肠损伤的保护作用研究

目的 研究当归多糖对免疫性结肠炎大鼠结肠损伤的保护作用及机制。方法 建立大鼠免疫性结肠炎模型,灌肠用药21 d后,评价大鼠结肠粘膜损伤指数(CMDI),检测结肠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)与SOD活性,MDA、NO含量及IL-2、TNF-α、IL-10、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)水平,同时检测血浆IL-2、TNF-α、NO水平。结果 当归多糖(250、500、 1000 mg·kg~(-1))灌肠降低模型组大鼠显著升高的CMDI值,MDA、NO含量,MPO活性及IL-2、TNF-α水平,使显著降低的SOD活性,TGF-β、IL-10水平升高,血浆NO水平降低不明显。ASP用药呈一定量效关系。结论 当归多糖通过拮抗氧化、免疫调节、损伤修复作用缓解免疫性结肠炎大鼠炎症反应,减轻结肠损伤。     

Tauroursodeoxycholate improves 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced experimental acute ulcerative colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of tauroursodeoxycholate in 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced experimental colitis in mice. After the induction of colitis for 24 h, the mice were administrated orally with tauroursodeoxycholate (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (500 mg/kg) by gavage for 7 consecutive days. The inhibition effects were evaluated by the body of weight change, survival rate, macroscopical and histological evaluations. Besides, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in colon tissue were also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with different doses of tauroursodeoxycholate (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) significantly improved the body weight change, decreased the macroscopic and histopathological scores. Compared with the model group, the accumulation of MPO activity, the colonic tissue levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly reduced in the tauroursodeoxycholate treated groups. Moreover, tauroursodeoxycholate assuaged the symptoms of colitis. These results suggested that tauroursodeoxycholate has an anti-inflammatory effect in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.     

Protective effect of taurohyodeoxycholic acid from Pulvis Fellis Suis on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis is a nonspecific inflammatory disorder characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leucocyte infiltration and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) isolated from Pulvis Fellis Suis on acute ulcerative colitis model induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice. The efficacy of THDCA was studied by macroscopical and histological scoring systems as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Serum levels, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the colons was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Treatment with THDCA in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day and sulfasalazine in a dose of 500 mg/kg/day used as reference for 7 consecutive days after the induction of colitis, significantly decreased colonic MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-6 serum levels and the expression of COX-2 in colon compared with TNBS induced ulcerative colitis model group. Moreover, THDCA attenuated the macroscopic colonic damage and the histopathological changes induced by TNBS. All the effects of these parameters were comparable to that of the standard sulfasalazine, especially at the highest dose level. The results suggested that THDCA from Pulvis Fellis Suis has a protective effect in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis which might be due to its anti-inflammatory activities, and that it may have therapeutic value in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of Vicenin-2 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Vicenin-2 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by administration of 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. In addition to DSS, Vicenin-2 (50 mg kg⁻¹/day⁻¹) was administrated orally to the test group. The ulceration extent and severity were assessed macroscopically, histopathologically, and by disease activity index. The Vicenin-2 treated group showed significant differences in physiological parameters including bodyweight, colon weight, and colon length, compared to DSS-induced colitis group. In addition, Vicenin-2 treatment effectively reduced stool consistency and bleeding scores. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and specific key inflammatory markers (iNOS and COX-2) significantly increased in DSS-induced colitis colon tissues. However, administration of Vicenin-2 effectively reduced the MPO activity, attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and key inflammatory markers, in DSS-induced colitis mice. These results were comparable with sulfasalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug used routinely for ulcerative colitis (UC). These findings suggest that Vicenin-2 effectively suppresses DSS-induced colitis by attenuating expressions of key inflammatory mediators and found to be an attractive therapeutic drug for treating UC.     

The effect of sodium valproate on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic recurrent disease with incomplete treatment options. The current article evaluated the effect of sodium valproate on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Rats were randomly distributed into six groups including Sham group, colitis control group, sodium valproate treatment groups (50, 100 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.) and dexamethasone-treatment group. Dexamethasone was used as a reference drug. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 2 mL of 3% acetic acid solution. The efficacy of sodium valproate was evaluated by macroscopical and histopathological scoring systems, hematocrit measurement as well as biochemical analysis including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines assessment. Sodium valproate, particularly with doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly improved weight loss, and macroscopic damage, reduced ulcer area, colon weight, microscopic colitis index and elevated hematocrit level. Biochemical experiments showed elevated levels of colonic MPO activity, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in colitis control group. Treatment with sodium valproate at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/Kg) decreased the MPO activity and colonic concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. The results provide evidence that sodium valproate has a protective effect in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis which might be due to its anti-inflammatory activities, and it may be useful in patients with ulcerative colitis.     

石榴皮水提物治疗溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的实验研究

目的：观察石榴皮水提物对慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法：将80只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、柳氮磺吡啶（SASP）组、石榴皮水提物低、中、高剂量组（200、400、800 mg/kg）。用2,4-二硝基氯苯（DNCB）复合乙酸法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。连续给药4周后麻醉处死动物,观察大鼠结肠大体形态的变化并进行结肠黏膜损伤指数（CMDI）评分,并测定大鼠结肠重量、肠重指数、组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活力、白介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：与模型组比较,石榴皮水提物中、高剂量组及SASP组大鼠腹泻症状明显缓解。IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA含量和MPO活力显著降低（P〈0.05）;病理学检查或尸检可见结肠组织溃疡面积明显缩小,水肿缓解,组织坏死减轻,未见肠壁增厚。石榴皮水提物高、中剂量组治疗效果明显优于SASP组（P〈0.05）。结论：石榴皮水提物能显著缓解DNCB复合乙酸法所致慢性溃疡性结肠炎的症状,治疗作用明显。     

Soluble Siglec-9 alleviates intestinal inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway

BackgroundSialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a superfamily of immunoreceptors recognizing sialic acid. Siglec-9 has been shown to mediate inhibitory immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a soluble form of Siglec-9 (sSiglec-9) on inflamed intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), murine macrophages, and experimental murine colitis models.MethodsCOLO 205 human IECs and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were pretreated with sSiglec-9 and then stimulated with TNF-α or lipopolysaccharides, respectively. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-α was measured using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. To demonstrate the inhibitory effects of sSiglec-9 on the NF-κB pathway, IκBα phosphorylation/degradation was determined using western blotting and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB was evaluated using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further, mouse models with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis and piroxicam-induced IL-10^-/- chronic colitis were generated. Intraperitoneal injections of sSiglec-9 were performed, and body weight, colon length, and histopathologic findings were examined.ResultssSiglec-9 suppressed IL-8 and TNF-α gene expression in stimulated COLO 205 and RAW 264.7 cells. sSiglec-9 inhibited IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. sSiglec-9 injections significantly ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, and the severity of intestinal inflammation in acute and chronic colitis mouse models.ConclusionsSiglec-9 may inhibit NF-κB activation in IECs and macrophages and alleviate experimental colitis in mice, suggesting that sSiglec-9 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.