无创性神经刺激技术治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床研究进展

正吞咽障碍是脑卒中的常见并发症之一,其发生率高达37%~78%。脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者常并发吸入性肺炎、营养不良和脱水等,导致患者的病死率显著增高~([1-2])。有研究表明,吞咽障碍是脑卒中患者死亡的独立危险因素之一~([3])。越来越多的研究报道,药物在促进受损的吞咽皮质功能恢复方面的作用甚小~([4-5])。因此,探索对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的非药物治疗尤为重要。目前,神经刺激技术     

颈动脉狭窄手术方式和手术时机的研究进展

正脑卒中是一种高发病率、高致残率、高病死率的疾病,分为出血性脑卒中和缺血性脑卒中,缺血性脑卒中占比高达80%~([1])。20%～30%的缺血性脑卒中由颈动脉狭窄所致~([2]),90%颅外段颈动脉狭窄是由动脉粥样硬化引起。颈动脉狭窄的治疗方式有颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)和颈动脉内膜斑块切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)。本文就颈动脉狭窄的手术方式和手术时机研究进展进行综述。     

缺血性脑卒中危险因素的研究进展

<正>脑卒中是常见的引起死亡和致残的原因之一,2013年全球大约有650万人因脑卒中死亡,脑卒中成为仅次于缺血性心脏疾病的第二大死亡原因~([1])。在美国每年大约有79.5万例脑卒中发生,平均每40 s发生一次脑卒中,每4 min就有1例死亡发生~([1])。缺血性脑卒中大约占脑卒中85%,局部血液供应受阻可引起一系列缺血事件,患者出现瘫痪、语言障碍、失明、甚至死亡等~([2])。缺血性脑卒中可引起两个主要区     

乳酸脱氢酶A在神经退行性疾病中的研究

正多种急性与慢性神经退行性疾病如脑卒中~([1])、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)~([2])、帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)~([3])、亨廷顿病(Huntington disease,HD)~([4])与能量衰竭密切相关。能量衰竭是指细胞不能产生足够的三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)以维持其功能~([5]),ATP主要由细胞呼吸产生,现已发现某些线粒体呼吸链复合     

CHA_2DS_2-VASc量表在东亚地区的验证与临床应用

<正>亚洲人口正在迅速老龄化,到2050年,预计亚洲老龄人口将达到7200万,其中290万人可能患有心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)有关的脑卒中~([1])。《2018中国卫生健康统计提要》~([2])的数据显示:2017年脑血管病是我国成年人致死、致残的首位病因,每5位死亡者中就至少有1人死于脑卒中,疾病负担沉重。其中,缺血性脑卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)约占60%～80%,其增长趋势与脑卒中整体趋势相当;而出血     

恶性肿瘤相关脑梗死的研究进展

<正>恶性肿瘤患者脑梗死的发生率较正常人群明显升高,提示恶性肿瘤可能会直接或间接地导致脑梗死的发生~([1-2])。新近研究显示,在恶性肿瘤合并脑梗死的患者中20%~40%无常见的脑卒中危险因素,其脑梗死的发生可能与恶性肿瘤有关,被称为恶性肿瘤相关脑梗死~([3-5])。更值得关注的是,恶性肿瘤相关脑梗死还具有外周血D二聚体水平升     

慢性偏头痛的微创治疗进展

<正>慢性偏头痛是一种神经系统疾病,以复发性中度到重度头痛为特点,严重影响生活质量~([1])。我国人群患病率为9.3%,高频率的偏头痛增加了颈部疼痛及颈部疾病的风险~([2])。偏头痛造成社会和家庭的经济负担已经高于癫痫、脑卒中和帕金森病~([3])。所以,慢性偏头痛的治疗受到国内外医学的极大关注。目前,药物是预防和治疗偏头痛的最常用方法。然而,主要用于治疗偏头痛的药物-曲坦类、镇静剂及非     

急性脑梗死早期进展相关危险因素的临床研究

正进展性脑梗死(progressive cerebral infarction,PCI)是急性脑梗死的一种特殊类型和过程,临床症状逐渐加重或经及时治疗仍不能阻止病情进展,其预后较差,增加了脑卒中患者的致残率和死亡率~([1])。PCI按照进展时间分为早期进展(发病72 h以内)和晚期进展(发病48 h～7 d)~([2]),据报道发病率高达20%～30%~([3])。早期进展危害更甚,国内外专家学者对早期进展的病因和发病机制进行了多年的研究,目前仍尚未明确,说明其发生及发展可能是复合因素共同作用的结     

乳头状胶质神经元肿瘤1例报道

<正>乳头状胶质神经元肿瘤(papillary glioneuronal tumor,PGNT)是一种罕见的,发生在中枢神经系统幕上和侧脑室附近的肿瘤~([1])。1998年Komori等第一次描述并命名PGNT~([2])。WHO 2007中枢神经系统肿瘤新分类标准中将PGNT单独列为八大肿瘤实体之一~([3])。PGNT目前被认为起源于神经胶质前体细胞或神经上皮干细胞~([4])。其具有良性生长过程,属于Ⅰ级神经胶质肿瘤~([3])。目前国内外已报道了约68例~([1])。本例瘤灶位置特殊,极易误诊,现将     

脑卒中相关性肺炎的研究进展

正最新研究表明全球脑卒中发病率虽下降缓慢,但病死率有大幅降低,而我国脑卒中发病率不降反升,病死率甚至超过心血管系统、恶性肿瘤等疾病,成为我国城乡居民死亡的首要原因~([1-2])。其中脑卒中相关感染(stroke-associated infection,SAI)尤其是肺部感染是导致患者病死率升高的主要危险因素之一,这可能与其导致脑卒中进展、恶化功能预后     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.