缺血性卒中静脉溶栓药物的发展和展望

正缺血性卒中是指由于脑的供血动脉狭窄或闭塞导致的脑组织坏死,可导致残疾或死亡,是我国居民主要死因之一。缺血性卒中的急性期治疗主要是溶栓和血管内治疗,目的是实现血管再通,恢复脑组织血流灌注[1]。国外有研究显示,约25%的急性缺血性卒中患者符合溶栓条件,10%～12%符合血管内治疗条件[2]。溶栓是急性缺血性卒中最主要的治疗方式。经过多年的研究,缺血性卒中静脉溶栓药物有了长足的发展,并显示出广阔的前景。     

健康指导对预防脑卒中患者便秘的效果观察

便秘是卒中患者常见的并发症,临床有40%~65·38%的脑卒中急性期患者可伴有便秘的症状,尤以出血性脑卒中急性期2周内最为多见[1]。便秘的发生不仅影响脑卒中的康复及转归,有时因排便过度用力可导致腹内压、颅内压增高,诱发心脏猝死、脑疝而危及生命。本文通过健康指导方法干预脑卒中患者,以观察对便秘发生产生的影响。现报道如下。     

急性缺血性脑卒中的血压管理

<正>急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)通常是指因脑的供血动脉狭窄或闭塞导致血液循环障碍,缺血、缺氧所致的局部脑组织的缺血性坏死。虽然静脉溶栓是缺血性卒中急性期最有效的治疗方案[1],但仅有不到1/3的患者能够接受rt-PA静脉溶栓,更多的患者由于时间窗的限制、存在溶栓禁忌证等原因,不能从中获益[2]。高血压作     

卒中急性期血压管理的研究现状

高血压为卒中的独立危险因素,适当降低血压是卒中一级和二级预防的重要组成部分[1].血压升高是卒中急性期的常见并发症,与预后不良相关.由于缺乏确切的临床试验证据,卒中急性期血压水平与临床预后的相关性及血压控制原则目前仍未达成一致意见[2].国际高血压协会对此提出了3个尚待解决的问题[3]:急性缺血性卒中患者血压升高时是否需要降压治疗;无高血压者是否应在不增加出血风险的前提下行升压治疗以改善缺血区的血流灌注?原发性脑出血急性期的患者是否需要降压治疗?长期降压治疗的患者,急性卒中后应继续使用还是停用降压药物?我们综述卒中急性期血压变化及血压管理的研究,并总结目前卒中急性期的血压治疗指南.     

急性脑卒中后DTI成像与运动神经损伤康复疗效的预测研究

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)在急性脑卒中患者运动神经损伤康复疗效预测中的价值.方法 采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活能力(ADL)量表、缺血性脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)风险评估(ESSEN)量表、缺血性脑卒中/TIA风险评估(ABCD2)评分量表挑选我院2009年3月～2011年12月中重度急性脑卒中住院患者17例,发病1周内完成头颅磁共振血管显影(MRI)、弥散加权成像(DWI)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)和DTI检查、简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能(F-M量表)评分,发病2周后开始行物理康复治疗,发病10～12周复查头颅MRI和DTI、简化F-M量表评分.结果 急性脑卒中患者发病1周内病灶区平均各向异性分数(FA)值(0.39±0.10)较健侧相应部位(0.57±0.11)降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);康复治疗前、后DTI中病灶部位不同兴趣区(ROI)对应的FA差值变化和F-M量表评分差值变化均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);入院1周内DTI中ROI对应的健患侧FA差值同康复治疗前后F-M量表评分差值变化呈线性正相关关系(rs=0.497,P＜0.05).结论 DTI中FA值改变与运动神经损伤程度、康复疗效存在关联性,急性期DTI对肢体功能障碍康复治疗疗效预测有一定的价值.     

浅谈缺血性卒中二级预防

<正>脑血管病已经成为危害民众健康的主要疾病之一,具有高患病率、高病残率、高病死率和高复发率特点[1]。流行病学调查资料显示,我国每年有(1.50~2)×106例新发脑卒中患者,现有脑卒中患者7×106例,其中约85%为缺血性卒中[2]。脑卒中可以分为出血性和缺血性,从上述比例看,我们更应加强对缺血性卒中的关注[3]。脑卒中具有较高的复发率,因此更应重视缺血性卒中的二级预防。缺血性卒中的危险因素分为可预防性和     

积极开展急性缺血性卒中的静脉溶栓治疗

<正>脑卒中为我国的多发病和常见病,病死率和病残率均显著高于欧美国家,已成为我国国民首位死亡原因,超过肿瘤和冠心病[1]。鉴于缺血性卒中发病率高于出血性卒中的特点,其早期诊断、早期治疗应成为当前各医疗中心临床工作及科研的重点。在目前开展的急性缺血性卒中的治疗方法中,以超早期溶栓、卒中单元、抗血小板药物和发病后早期开始的规范化康复治疗为十分有效的管理和治疗方法。而发病后超早期溶栓则是最具针对性     

脑梗死恢复期出血转化1例病因分析

正脑血管疾病是目前人类发病率、死亡率最高的疾病之一。美国2003年～2013年卒中死亡率下降了33.7%,已排在死亡原因第5位[1]。而中国卒中的发病率、死亡率处于上升趋势,仍排在死亡原因的第一位[2]。脑梗死出血性转化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)是指缺血性脑卒中梗死区内继发性出血,脑CT显示在原有的低密度病灶内出现散在或局限性高密度影。HT是脑梗死的自然转归过程之一,亦可出现于溶栓及使用抗凝等药物治疗之后,大多为无症状性脑梗死出血性转化,但严重者可导致病情急剧恶化,甚至使患者死亡[3]。本病例从发病、治疗好转,到发病1 m脑出血转     

高分辨率磁共振成像对缺血性卒中患者的病因学评价(附1例病例报告)

正缺血性脑卒中是最常见的脑卒中类型,约占我国脑卒中的70%~[1]。最新研究数据显示,我国缺血性脑卒中的年复发率高达17.7%~[2]。对缺血性脑卒中病因学的评价有助于指导患者的二级预防,从而减少卒中复发。本文报道1例在2个多月内反复发生3次缺血性脑卒中(两次脑梗死,一次短暂性脑缺血发作)的病例,应用高分辨率磁共振成像对缺     

关于高血压卒中急性期的血压调控机制与血压管理的思考

高血压是卒中的主要原因及独立危险因素,有效控制高血压可使卒中发生率减少一半[1]。而卒中急性期的血压管理是决定卒中治疗成败的重要因素。目前高血压脑出血患者急性期的血压控制尚无统一的标准[2],对脑出血后高     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.