视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者步态分析及跌倒风险评价

目的比较视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者与正常对照者的步态、平衡功能和行走能力,评价视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者的跌倒风险。方法共12例视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者和9例性别、年龄相匹配的正常对照者,采用德国Reha Watch步态分析系统测定步态周期参数(包括步频、步时、步长、步速、步行各时相对称性),Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡功能,起立-行走计时测验(TUGT)、站起测验和走直线步态测验(TGT)评价行走能力。结果与正常对照者相比,视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者步态周期中步频减慢(t=-5.354,P=0.000)、步时延长(t=4.045,P=0.005)、步长减小(t=-7.243,P=0.000)、步速减慢(t=-10.161,P=0.000)、支撑相对称性(t=-2.220,P=0.050)和单脚支撑对称性(t=-2.359,P=0.020)降低,以及TUGT测验计时增加(t=3.197,P=0.024),TGT测验步数减少(Z=-1.544,P=0.049)。BBS量表中静态平衡相关项目(包括无支持站立、无靠背坐位等)评分较高比例明显高于动态平衡相关项目(包括站立位从地面捡起物品等)。结论视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者步态周期参数异常,平衡功能下降,尤以动态平衡显著,存在跌倒风险,可以通过增强下肢肌力和平衡功能等予以改善。     

暗示策略对帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态的康复作用

目的探讨暗示策略对帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态的康复作用。方法共40例原发性帕金森病患者随机接受常规抗帕金森病药物治疗和常规康复训练以及在此基础上联合暗示策略,分别于训练前和训练4周时采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)、10米步行试验(10MWT)、起立-行走计时测验(TUGT)和冻结步态问卷(FOGQ)评价平衡功能和步态,10MWT计算步长和步速。结果与训练前相比,训练4周时两组患者BBS评分(P=0.000)、10MWT之步长(P=0.000)和步速(P=0.000)均增加,TUGT时间(P=0.000)和FOGQ评分(P=0.000)减少;与对照组相比,观察组患者仅10MWT之步长(P=0.048)和步速(P=0.025)均增加、TUGT时间(P=0.023)和FOGQ评分(P=0.034)减少。结论常规康复训练联合暗示策略可以明显改善帕金森病患者平衡功能和步态,尤其对步态的康复治疗效果优于常规康复训练。     

水中运动训练对帕金森病患者运动功能、平衡功能和行走能力的康复作用

目的探讨水中运动训练对帕金森病患者运动功能、平衡功能和行走能力的康复作用。方法共40例原发性帕金森病患者随机接受常规陆上康复训练(陆上组,20例)和水中运动训练(水中组,20例),分别于训练前和训练8周时采用统一帕金森病评价量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)评价运动功能、Berg平衡量表(BBS)和起立-行计时走测验(TUGT)评价平衡功能、6分钟步行试验(6MWT)和10米步行试验(10MWT)评价行走能力。结果两组患者训练8周时UPDRSⅢ评分(P=0.000)和TUGT时间(P=0.000)低于训练前,BBS评分(P=0.000)、6MWT时间(P=0.000)和10MWT步速(P=0.000)高于训练前;训练8周时水中组患者UPDRSⅢ评分(P=0.037)和TUGT时间(P=0.013)低于陆上组,BBS评分高于陆上组(P=0.018)。结论常规陆上康复训练和水中运动训练均可以改善帕金森病患者运动功能、平衡功能和行走能力,特别是在运动功能和平衡功能方面水中运动训练效果优于常规陆上康复训练。     

下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的康复作用

目的探讨下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的康复作用。方法共60例发病6个月的脑卒中偏瘫患者随机接受常规康复训练联合减重步行训练(BWSTT组,30例)或常规康复训练联合下肢康复机器人训练(Robot组,30例),分别于训练前和训练8周时采用Fugl-Meyer下肢评价量表(FMA-LE)评价下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡功能、下肢康复机器人力矩反馈系统评价下肢肌力。结果与训练前相比,两组患者训练8周时FMA-LE(P=0.000)和BBS(P=0.000)评分、步态周期中患侧髋关节(P=0.000)和膝关节(P=0.000)反馈力矩值均增加;与BWSTT组相比,训练8周时Robot组仅步态周期中患侧髋关节(P=0.000)和膝关节(P=0.000)反馈力矩值增加。结论常规康复训练联合减重步行训练和下肢康复机器人训练均可以改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能,下肢康复机器人训练在提高下肢肌力方面优于减重步行训练。     

脑白质高信号患者平衡障碍特点分析

目的总结脑白质高信号患者平衡障碍特征。方法纳入2018年9-12月确诊的82例脑白质高信号患者,采用Fazekas分级评价脑白质高信号程度,Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡功能,平衡测试仪测定静态平衡功能和稳定极限;Spearman秩相关分析探讨Fazekas分级与BBS评分(总评分、静态平衡功能评分、动态平衡功能评分)和平衡测试仪参数(重心摆动周长、面积和速度,X轴和Y轴标准差,稳定极限)之间的相关性。结果 BBS总评分(rs=-0.322,P=0.027;rs=-0.414,P=0.004)和动态平衡功能评分(rs=-0.368,P=0.011;rs=-0.440,P=0.002)与Fazekas分级侧脑室旁白质高信号和脑深部白质高信号均呈负相关。平衡测试仪各项参数中重心摆动周长(rs=0.239,P=0.030)和重心摆动速度(rs=0.240,P=0.030)仅与Fazekas分级侧脑室旁白质高信号呈正相关,重心摆动面积(rs=0.345,P=0.001;rs=0.340,P=0.002)、X轴标准差(rs=0.302,P=0.006;rs=0.260,P=0.018)、Y轴标准差(rs=0.248,P=0.025;rs=0.253,P=0.022)与Fazekas分级侧脑室旁白质高信号和脑深部白质高信号呈正相关;而稳定极限与Fazekas分级侧脑室旁白质高信号(rs=-0.258,P=0.019)和脑深部白质高信号(rs=-0.224,P=0.043)呈负相关。稳定极限与BBS总评分(rs=0.572,P=0.000)和功能性前伸测验(FRT)评分(rs=0.560,P=0.000)呈正相关。结论侧脑室旁白质高信号可能是导致脑白质高信号患者平衡障碍的影响因素之一;重度脑白质高信号患者静态稳定性、动态平衡功能、稳定极限和姿势稳定性明显下降,存在较高的跌倒风险;FRT测验可作为急诊或床旁评价患者主动姿势控制能力和跌倒风险的简捷方法。     

悬吊下躯干控制训练对脑卒中后遗症期运动功能的康复作用

目的探讨两种躯干控制训练方法对脑卒中后遗症期运动功能的康复作用。方法共42例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用传统躯干控制训练,观察组采用悬吊下躯干控制训练,两组患者均接受其他常规康复训练。分别于治疗前和治疗后20 d采用躯干控制能力测验(TCT)、功能性步行分级量表(FAC)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)和10 m最大步行速度(10 m MWS)评价运动功能。结果治疗后两组TCT评分(P=0.000)、FAC评分(P=0.000)、BBS评分(P=0.000)和10 m MWS评分(P=0.000)均高于治疗前,观察组TCT评分(P=0.000)、FAC评分(P=0.002)、BBS评分(P=0.000)和10 m MWS评分(P=0.000)亦高于对照组。结论悬吊下躯干控制训练可以有效提高脑卒中后遗症期运动功能。     

多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者执行功能障碍研究

目的探讨多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者执行功能障碍特点。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(Mo CA),以及Stroop色词测验(SCWT)、数字符号转换测验(DSST)/图形符号转换测验(GSST)、画钟测验(CDT)和连线测验(TMT)评价34例多系统萎缩患者[以小脑共济失调为主要表现型(MSA-C型)21例、以帕金森病综合征为主要表现型(MSA-P型)13例]和18例原发性帕金森病患者的整体认知功能和执行功能。结果各组受试者Mo CA评分差异有统计学意义(P=0.019),其中PD组和MSA-C型组患者评分低于对照组(P=0.015,0.002)。各组受试者SCWT测验各部分评分(P=0.035,0.013,0.012,0.037)、DSST评分(P=0.000)、GSST评分(P=0.000)、TMT评分(P=0.035)差异均有统计学意义,其中,MSA-C型组和MSA-P型组患者SCWT-A(P=0.004,0.045)、SCWT-B(P=0.001,0.036)和SCWT-D(P=0.023,0.010)评分均高于对照组,PD组、MSA-C型组和MSA-P型组患者SCWT-C评分(P=0.005,0.014,0.003)、DSST评分(P=0.003,0.000,0.000)和GSST评分(P=0.001,0.000,0.000)均高于对照组,仅MSA-P型组患者TMT评分高于对照组(P=0.006)。结论多系统萎缩和帕金森病患者均存在不同程度的执行功能障碍,SCWT和DSST/GSST测验有助于评价此类患者的执行功能障碍。     

帕金森病认知障碍及相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病认知障碍及其影响因素.方法 127例原发性帕金森病患者,收集年龄、发病年龄、病程、受教育时间、既往史、个人史和家族史等一般资料.采用帕金森病统一评价量表第3部分(UPDRSⅢ)和Hoehn-Yahr分级评价运动性症状严重程度;帕金森病统一评价量表第2部分(UPDRSⅡ)和日常生活活动能力问卷(ADL)评价日常生活活动能力;简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价轻度认知障碍;Fuld物体记忆评价(FOM)、快速词汇测验(RVR)、积木测验(BD)和数字广度测验(DS)评价短时记忆、长时记忆和语言能力、视空间结构能力及注意力和瞬时记忆;汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评价抑郁和焦虑症状.结果 帕金森病患者普遍存在轻度认知障碍,与受教育时间(r=0.510,P=0.000)和ADL评分(r=0.452,P=0.000)呈正相关,与年龄(r=-0.466,P=0.000)、发病年龄(r=-0.418,P=0.000)、UPDRSnl评分(r=-0.330,P=0.000)、Hoehn-Yahr分级(r=-0.431,P=0.000)、HAMD评分(r=-0.229,P=0.000)和HAMA评分(r=-0.222,P=0.000)呈负相关,而与病程无相关性(r=0.012,P=0.893);其中以受教育时间和Hoehn-Yahr分级对认知功能影响最为显著(R2=0.260,0.388).结论 帕金森病患者早期即存在轻度认知障碍,可影响日常生活活动能力.蒙特利尔认知评价量表是筛选轻度认知障碍患者便捷、有效的方法.     

改良强制性运动疗法对急性脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨改良强制性运动疗法(mCIMT)对急性脑卒中患者日常生活活动能力的康复疗效。方法共60例急性缺血性卒中偏瘫患者随机分为常规康复治疗组(对照组,30例)和改良强制性运动疗法组(30例)。两组患者分别于治疗前和治疗后2、6和12周时,采用改良Barthel指数(mBI)、简化Fugl.Meyer运动功能评价量表(FMA)和Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价患者日常生活活动能力和运动功能。结果两组患者治疗后2、6和12周时mBI(P=0.004,0.000,0.000)、FMA上肢功能评分(均P=0.000)、BBS评分(P=0.005,0.000,0.000)均高于治疗前,FMA下肢功能评分仅治疗后6和12周时高于治疗前(均P=0.000)。与对照组相比,mCIMT组患者治疗后2、6和12周时mBI(均P=0.000)、FMA(上肢:均P=0.000;下肢:均P=0.000)、BBS(均P=0.000)评分亦不同程度增加。结论改良强制性运动疗法对急性脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的运动功能恢复具有积极作用,可改善日常生活活动能力、提高平衡能力,从而提高患者生活质量,且疗效优于常规康复训练。     

减重步行训练在脑卒中后下肢运动及平衡功能康复中的价值

目的探讨减重步行训练在脑卒中后下肢运动及平衡功能康复的疗效。方法 72例患者随机分为治疗组42例,对照组30例,对照组给予常规的药物治疗和康复训练,治疗组在此基础上给予减重步行训练,分别采用Fugl-Meyer积分(FMA)和Berg平衡量表(Berg balance scale,BBS)评价下肢运动功能和平衡能力。结果完成减重步行训练后,对照组和治疗组FMA和BBS均较治疗前升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比较,治疗组FMA和BBS均显著升高,分别有(25.14±5.58vs 20.02±6.07,t=2.216 P=0.033)和(51.84±3.67vs 46.90±3.95,t=2.067 P=0.042)。结论常规康复治疗的基础上给予减重步行训练可促进脑卒中患者下肢运动和平衡功能的恢复。     

视觉反馈结合MOTOmed智能运动训练系统对脑卒中患者平衡以及步行能力的疗效观察

目的 观察视觉反馈结合MOTOmed智能运动训练系统治疗对脑卒中患者平衡以及步行能力的影响。方法 将脑卒中30例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各15例,2组均进行常规康复治疗以及MOTOmed智能运动训练系统训练,观察组在进行MOTOmed智能运动训练系统训练时引导并督促患者将仪器显示器上显示的两侧对称性尽量都保持在50%,直到训练结束; 对照组在进行MOTOmed智能运动训练系统训练时遮蔽显示器上的对称性显示。结果 治疗3周后2组Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、简式Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表(FMA)评分以及起立步行实验(TUGT)评分均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.05),且观察组3项评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。MOTOmed智能运动训练系统中的患侧对称性所占比、训练距离以及训练强度也较对照组有了明显的进步(P<0.05)。结论 视觉反馈结合MOTOmed智能运动训练系统通过患者自身的参与以及自我调整可以更好地提高患者的平衡及步行能力。     

Asymmetry and freezing of gait in parkinsonian patients

It has been hypothesized that freezing of gait (FOG) in parkinsonian patients (PD) might be triggered by a breakdown in the normal symmetry of gait. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between asymmetry of gait and FOG and the effects of intensive treadmill treatment on asymmetry. We studied 30 patients with (FOG+) and 30 without (FOG?) freezing in “on” stage. Patients underwent a 4-week rehabilitation treatment using a treadmill with auditory and visual cues and were evaluated at enrolment and at the end of rehabilitation. Outcome measures were gait speed, stride length, asymmetry of gait, Six-minute walking test (6MWT), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II–III, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, comfortable-fast gait speeds, freezing of gait questionnaire (FOGQ). At enrolment, no differences in gait parameters were observed between the two groups, which differed only in UPDRS_II and BBS. Both FOG+ and FOG? patients spent more time on the left foot (time on left/time on right foot 1.37, p = 0.002, 1.18, p = 0.016, respectively). Rehabilitation determined a homogeneous improvement in both groups of patients for all variables except UPDRS_II and balance, for which a better improvement was observed in FOG+ patients. The improvement in FOGQ in FOG+ patients was significantly correlated to the improvement in asymmetry of gait (Spearman R = 0.46, p = 0.013). Our data support a direct involvement of the asymmetry of gait in the development of FOG in PD. Treadmill training is effective in improving gait and balance in PD FOG+ patients and this might be related to a reduction of asymmetric gait.     

Multifactor analysis for risk factors involved in the fear of falling in patients with chronic stroke from mainland China

Abstract

Objective:

To analyze the risk factors involved in FOF in patients with chronic stroke from mainland China.

Methods:

A cohort of 245 patients with chronic stroke were included in this study. Fear of falling severity was assessed using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Physical function was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), and the lower extremity of Fugl-Meyer Assessment. Psychosocial function was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Social Support Rating Scale, respectively. All factors related to FOF severity were analyzed by regression analysis.

Results:

Statistically significant factors affecting FOF severity included age, history of falling, balance, functional mobility, economic burden, and depression. Participants with a history of falls (N?=?81) were divided into high (score?≥?70, N?=?19) and low ABC score (score?<?70, N?=?62) groups. Compared with the low ABC score group, the high ABC score group had higher BBS scores, and lower CES-D scores.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that — in addition to age, economic burden, and a history of falls — balance, functional mobility, and depression are risk factors associated with FOF in patients with chronic stroke in mainland China.     

Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability

This study evaluated the gait and balance performance of two clinically distinct groups of recently diagnosed and minimally impaired multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale range 0-2.5), compared to control subjects. Ten MS patients with mild pyramidal signs (Pyramidal Functional Systems 1.0), 10 MS patients with no pyramidal signs (Pyramidal Functional Systems 0) and 20 age- and gender-matched control subjects were assessed using laboratory-based gait analysis and clinical balance measures. Both MS groups demonstrated reduced speed and stride length (P < 0.001), and prolonged double limb support (P <0.02), compared to the control group, along with alterations in the timing of ankle muscle activity, and the pattern of ankle motion during walking, which occurred independent of gait speed. The pyramidal MS group walked with reduced speed (P = 0.03) and stride length (P = 0.04), and prolonged double limb support (P =0.01), compared to the non-pyramidal group. Both MS groups demonstrated concomitant balance impairment, performing poorly on the Functional Reach Test compared to the control group (P <0.05). The identification of incipient gait and balance impairment in MS patients with recent disease onset suggests that motor function may begin to deteriorate in the early stages of the disease, even in the absence of clinical signs of pyramidal dysfunction.     

Clinical measures are feasible and sensitive to assess balance and gait capacities in older persons with mild to moderate Intellectual Disabilities

Mobility limitations are common in persons with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). Differences in balance and gait capacities between persons with ID and controls have mainly been demonstrated by instrumented assessments (e.g. posturography and gait analysis), which require sophisticated and expensive equipment such as force plates or a 3D motion analysis system. Most physicians and allied healthcare professionals working with persons with ID do not have such equipment at their disposal, so they must rely on clinical tests to determine whether balance and gait are affected. The aim of this study was to investigate whether existing clinical balance and gait tests are feasible in older persons with mild to moderate ID and to examine whether these tests are able to show limitations in balance and gait capacities in the ID population compared to age-matched peers in the general population. Furthermore, it was aimed to identify the most important determinants of balance and gait disability in persons with the ID. A total of 76 older persons with mild to moderate ID (43 male, mean age 63.1 ± 7.6 years) and 20 healthy controls (14 male, mean age 62.2 ± 5.6 years) participated. Balance and gait abilities were assessed with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Functional Reach test (FR), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), the timed Single Leg Stance (SLS) and the Ten Metre Walking Test (TMWT). Our study showed that it is feasible to conduct standard clinical balance and gait tests in older persons with mild to moderate ID. Balance and gait performance of persons with ID is substantially worse compared to older persons of the general population. Age, number of co-morbidities, Body Mass Index (BMI), body sway and fear of falling are associated with balance and gait performance in persons with ID. These factors might help in the selection of subjects to be monitored on their balance and gait capacities.     

Balance and fear of falling in Parkinson's disease

To assess internal consistency and validity of measures of balance (Berg balance scale, BBS), postural changes (postural changes scale, PCS) and fear of falling (fear of fall measure, FFM) in 70 ambulant Parkinson's disease (PD) persons, these instruments were matched with performance-based balance and mobility tests, and other clinical, functional and quality of life PD-specific measures. The BBS, PCS and FFM showed a good internal consistency, moderate to good inter-correlation, and a significant correlation with measures of both disability (UPDRS-ADL, Schwab and England scale) and--to a lesser extent--impairment/severity of symptoms (UPDRS-ME, Hoehn and Yahr Scale). Tandem Romberg, Single-Limb Stance, Functional Reach, and the Timed Up & Go test correlated slightly better with BBS than with PCS and FFM. This study shows that problems of balance and postural control in PD patients result from complex interactions between motor impairment, functional abilities and fear of falling.