飞行人员耳气压伤的诊治和医学鉴定

目的 通过对40年间住我院飞行人员耳气压伤资料分析,了解耳气压伤的发病情况,并进一步探讨其临床诊治和医学鉴定. 方法 对1967年8月-2007年7月住我院的235例(375耳)耳气压伤飞行人员的资料进行分析:①统计患病年龄、住院年代、飞行机种、飞行职务和飞行时间等与飞行结论 的关系;②按原发性耳气压伤(由咽鼓管周围鼻咽科疾病所致)和继发性耳气压伤(由咽鼓管本身疾病所致)进行分类,并统计其疗效和飞行结论 的关系. 结果 ①耳气压伤在35岁以下占77.0%;在1997年8月-2007年7月仅占14.0%;歼击机飞行员占43.0%,飞行员占70.6%;飞行时间少于1000 h的占51.3%.②继发性耳气压伤治愈率68.9%(164耳/238耳)、停飞率11.2%(18例/160例),原发性耳气压伤治愈率29.2%(40耳/137耳)、停飞率57.3%(43例/75例),差异均有统计学意义(x2=53.8、73.5,P＜0.01). 结论 飞行人员耳气压伤常见,近10年耳气压伤的发生率呈下降趋势,多发生于年轻的歼击机飞行员,且继发性耳气压伤治愈率高于原发性,停飞率低于原发性耳气压伤. Abstract： Objective To summarize the clinical diagnosis, treatment and medical evaluation of barotraumas of ear (BE) by analyzing the inpatients' medical data in past 40 years. Methods The BE cases of 375 ears from 235 aircrews who were hospitalized from August of 1967 to July of 2007,hospitalization, duty, as well as the served aircraft type and flying hours, was respectively analyzed.(induced by the diseases of Eustachian tube itself) were classified and their curative effects were also was younger than 35 yrs. Only 14.0% BE occurred during the period from August of 1997 to July of 2007. In all BE cases, pilots took 70. 6% and the pilots with the flying hours less than 1000 h accounted for 51.3%. 43.0% (101 out of 235) fighter pilots appeared BE and 32.7% of them were permanently grounded, and this percentage was significantly higher than that on other types of aircraft caused 11.2% grounding rate (18 cases out of 160). The primary BE caused 57.3% pilots grounded while its healing rate was 29.2%. The differences were significantly (P＜0. 01). Conclusions BE is common in aircrew, especially in young fighter pilots. It shows a decreased trend in recent 10 year.Secondary BE has higher healing rate than primary BE's and causes lower grounding rate.     

飞行人员甲状腺疾病的特点、诊治及医学鉴定

目的 总结飞行人员甲状腺疾病的诊治和医学鉴定经验. 方法 收集我院2000年12月-2009年12月间住院飞行人员67例甲状腺疾病资料,将其归为:①无症状的良性甲状腺结节;②慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎;③甲状腺功能异常类疾病(包括甲状腺机能亢进症和甲状腺机能减退症);④甲状腺恶性肿瘤.分析4类疾病的特点及飞行结论 情况. 结果 ①良性甲状腺结节36例(占53.73%),4例手术治疗(腺瘤3例,结节性甲状腺肿1例),除5例因其他原因停飞外,其余31例均飞行合格,定期复查;②慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎5例(占7.46%),甲状腺功能正常,均飞行合格,定期复查;③甲状腺功能异常类疾病20例(占29.85%,甲状腺机能亢进18例,甲状腺机能减退2例),均行药物治疗,6例飞行合格,3例暂时飞行不合格,11例停飞;④甲状腺恶性肿瘤6例(占8.96%,4例为乳头状癌,2例为滤泡状癌),1例飞行合格,5例停飞.经统计学分析,甲状腺功能异常类疾病和甲状腺恶性肿瘤的停飞率均高于良性甲状腺结节和慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05). 结论 飞行人员甲状腺疾病以无症状的良性结节常见,要重视功能异常类疾病和恶性肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗. Abstract： Objective To summarize the experiences of diagnosis,treatment and medical evaluation of thyroid disease in flying personnel. Methods Sixty-seven cases of thyroid diseases,that were hospitalized from December 2000 to December 2009,were collected and analyzed.They were concluded such categories as:①asymptomatic benign thyroid nodules;②Hashimoto's disease;③diseases of abnormal thyroid functions (including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism);and ④thyroid cancer.Their characteristics and the relationship between different categories were analyzed correspondingly to the evaluations for flying. Results ①Among 36 cases of diagnosed asymptomatic benign thyroid nodules (53.73%),4 (3 were adenoma and 1 was nodular goiter) were surgically treated.31 Cases were evaluated as qualified for flying but should be with regular medical check-up while the other 5 were permanently grounded.②There were 5 cases of Hashimoto's disease with normal thyroid functions (7.46%).They were qualified for flying but should be with regular medical check-up.③Thyroid dysfunction took 20 cases (29.85%),among which 18 were hyperthyroidism and 2 were hypothyroidism.Drug treatment was applied.Six cases were finally qualified for flying while the other 3 and 11 were respectively assessed as temporary and permanent grounding.④Six cases were thyroid cancer (8.96%),included 4 papillary carcinoma cases and 2 follicular thyroid carcinoma cases.Only 1 case was finally qualified for flying while the others were permanently grounded.Statistical analysis showed that thyroid dysfunction diseases and thyroid cancer caused significant higher disqualification rate than benign thyroid nodules and Hashimoto's diseases (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusions Benign thyroid nodules are the common thyroid diseases in flying personnel.But the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction diseases and thyroid malignant tumors should be cared in order to win the chance of treatment and further to reduce the rate of flying disqualification.     

鼻窦气压伤临床路径研究

鼻窦气压伤或称气压性鼻窦炎是在飞行或低压舱试验[1-2]、潜水[3]、高压氧治疗[4]等气压变化环境发生的鼻科特殊疾病,在航空环境也称航空性鼻窦炎.气压的迅速改变是飞行人员和空中乘客及潜水员和潜水爱好者在飞行和潜水过程中随时面对的问题.随着国家经济的快速提升和旅游业的迅速发展,参加飞行和潜水的人员越来越多,因鼻窦气压伤就诊者也会随之增加,但目前还无规范的鼻窦气压伤临床路径.为此,笔者在我院50余年临床航空医学实践基础上,结合国内外的研究现状和临床路径的要求,提出鼻窦气压伤临床路径（附录A）.     

飞行人员甲状腺疾病的特点、诊治及医学鉴定

Objective To summarize the experiences of diagnosis,treatment and medical evaluation of thyroid disease in flying personnel. Methods Sixty-seven cases of thyroid diseases,that were hospitalized from December 2000 to December 2009,were collected and analyzed.They were concluded such categories as:①asymptomatic benign thyroid nodules;②Hashimoto's disease;③diseases of abnormal thyroid functions (including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism);and ④thyroid cancer.Their characteristics and the relationship between different categories were analyzed correspondingly to the evaluations for flying. Results ①Among 36 cases of diagnosed asymptomatic benign thyroid nodules (53.73%),4 (3 were adenoma and 1 was nodular goiter) were surgically treated.31 Cases were evaluated as qualified for flying but should be with regular medical check-up while the other 5 were permanently grounded.②There were 5 cases of Hashimoto's disease with normal thyroid functions (7.46%).They were qualified for flying but should be with regular medical check-up.③Thyroid dysfunction took 20 cases (29.85%),among which 18 were hyperthyroidism and 2 were hypothyroidism.Drug treatment was applied.Six cases were finally qualified for flying while the other 3 and 11 were respectively assessed as temporary and permanent grounding.④Six cases were thyroid cancer (8.96%),included 4 papillary carcinoma cases and 2 follicular thyroid carcinoma cases.Only 1 case was finally qualified for flying while the others were permanently grounded.Statistical analysis showed that thyroid dysfunction diseases and thyroid cancer caused significant higher disqualification rate than benign thyroid nodules and Hashimoto's diseases (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusions Benign thyroid nodules are the common thyroid diseases in flying personnel.But the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction diseases and thyroid malignant tumors should be cared in order to win the chance of treatment and further to reduce the rate of flying disqualification.     

飞行人员多系统萎缩二例并文献复习

目的 探讨2例飞行人员患罕见病多系统萎缩(multiple system atrophy,MSA)的临床特征、鉴别诊断、治疗、与飞行的关系及健康鉴定. 方法 分析2例飞行人员的临床资料及复习相关文献. 结果 2例起始表现均不典型,晚期1例表现较典型.因是罕见病,都有一定时期误诊.最终确诊主要根据临床表现,结合电生理及影像学检查.确诊后飞行结论 为飞行不合格. 结论 神经系统变性疾病起始表现隐袭,病程较长.飞行人员身体素质较好,发病后表现更加隐蔽.要求航空医生要更加仔细地观察临床表现及分析相关检查,尽早做出诊断,避免误诊.对此类神经系统变性疾病的飞行结论 要根据病情轻重、飞行机种及飞行任务综合评定. Abstract： Objective To investigate the clinical features by analyzing two flying personnel cases of multiple system atrophy (MSA) for the references to diagnosis, treatment, as well as the influence to flying and the criteria of individual aeromedical evaluation. Methods The clinical data of 2 cases of aircrew with MSA were analyzed and related literatures were reviewed. Results The clinical MSA features of both cases were not typical in their early stage but 1 case appeared typical features in late stage. These 2 cases were misdiagnosed in a certain time because of MSA's rare occurrence, but finally the definite diagnosis was made by judging clinical features, electrophysiology and imageology examinations. These 2 pilots were finally disqualified for flying. Conclusions The clinical features of degeneration diseases of neurologic system in early stage were obscure and had relative longer course of disease, especially for those physical fitness pilots. So it raised higher requirements to the aviation physician in early recognizing the features of MSA for preventing misdiagnosis. Aeromedical assessment of flying personnel with degeneration diseases of neurologic system should be synthetically evaluated according to clinical features, aircraft type and mission.     

鼻腔通气功能检查在模拟招飞体检中的应用研究

Objective To investigate the advantages, disadvantages and objectivity of applying nasal airway function examination in pilot recruitment, and to verify its fitness with traditional function examination. Such data as nasal airway resistance (NAR), nasal minimal cross-section area (NMCA) and nasal partitioning of airflow ratio (NPR) were recorded by nasal respiration measuring apparatus. Then imitating pilot recruitment they were examined by experienced doctors, who didn't know apparatus test result, and were divided into qualified group and nasal septum deviation group according to doctors' diagnosis. The results of NAR, NMCA and NPR were compared between these construction in case of they agreed. The postoperative nasal airway function was examined by previous mentioned 2 methods and the results were statistically compared. Results Among 80 volunteers,35% of them were disqualified according to doctors' examination. There were significant differences on NAR and NMCA between 2 groups (t=3. 524, 3. 137, P＜0.01) but on NPR. Twelve operation treated volunteers were finally fulfilled pilot recruitment standard according to doctor's examination,and their NAR and NMCA showed statistic difference comparing with those before operation (t =3. 274,2. 976,P＜0. 01). Conclusions In pilot recruitment, nasal airway function examination is an objective inspection method. It can provide more valuable quantitation references comparing with tradition examination.     

军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定

目的 对军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定进行综述. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关研究论文、综述与标准. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文、综述及标准42篇. 资料综合主要对梅尼埃病的研究进展、梅尼埃病对军事飞行的影响、军事飞行员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定3个相关问题进行了介绍和讨论. 结论 对于军事飞行人员梅尼埃病的医学鉴定,应该对其眩晕与耳鸣症状的控制情况、听觉及前庭功能进行全面的评估,并权衡梅尼埃病对飞行安全的影响以及飞行人员培养的巨大花费,在风险评估的基础上,个别评定,做出最佳选择. Abstract： Objective To review the medical identification of Meniere's disease (MD) in military aircrews. Literature resource and selection Research papers, reviews and standards in this field. Literature quotation Forty-two papers, reviews and standards that published in China and abroad were cited. Literature synthesis Three major issues, including progress of MD, the impact of MD to military flying, medical identification of MD in military aircrews, were reviewed and discussed. Conclusion For medical identification of MD, it's suggested to comprehensively evaluate the success rate of controlling vertigo and tinnitus, hearing level and vestibular function. In balancing the effects of MD on flight safety and expensive training cost, the best choice would be a personal assessment on the basis of risk evaluation.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

"北京-纽约"极地航线空勤人员所受光子、中子有效辐射剂量测量分析

目的 研究极地航线空勤人员(包括飞行员和空乘人员)所受宇宙辐射剂量,以评价其是否超过国家标准,确保空勤人员健康,保障飞行安全. 方法 采用外照射全身个人剂量监测胸章剂量计,对典型极地航线(北京-纽约)空勤人员(飞行员6名、空乘人员12名)的个人辐射剂量进行测定,以地面工作场所10个监测点所测得的辐射剂量作为对照组. 结果 极地航线飞行员组的年有效剂量为5.34 mSv/a,千小时有效剂量为(3.43±0.08)mSv/1000 h,极地航线空乘人员组的年有效剂量为6.06 mSv/a,千小时有效剂量为(2.94±0.14)mSv/1000 h,地面对照组分别为0.63 mSv/a及(0.07±0.02)mSv/1000 h,3组间差异均有统计学意义. 结论 极地航线飞行空勤人员的年有效剂量均未超过国家标准规定限值(20 mSv/a),极地飞行中宇宙射线辐射不会对空勤人员身体构成额外过量剂量,基本属正常航线飞行,不必产生心理恐慌. Abstract： Objective To measure the cumulative cosmic radiation dose of aircrew in polar flight and to assess whether the dose exceeds the national standard in order to ensure flight safety and their health. Methods Photoluminescence (OSL) dosimeter and CR-39 solid track detector were used to measure the cosmic radiation dose contributed by photon and neutron. The individual effective dose of pilots (6 persons) and stewards (12 persons), who were in the typical polar flight route (Beijing-New York), were measured and compared with the control group whose values were gathered from 10 monitors on ground site. Results The 1000 h effective dose from the groups of pilot and stewards was (3.43±0.08) mSv/1000 h and (2.94±0. 14) mSv/1000 h respectively comparing to (0.07±0. 02) mSv/1000 h gathered from ground sites. The statistic showed significant differences among these 3 groups. The annual effective does was then respectively summarized as 5. 34, 6.06 and 0.63 mSv/a corresponding to above groups. Conclusions The annual effective dose of aircrew's in polar flight does not exceed the limit of national standard (20 mSv/a). Such polar flight will not cause aircrew suffered from excessive cosmic radiation and it's not necessary to carry extra mental load.     

飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病诊治和医学鉴定规范

目的 规范飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病诊断、治疗和医学鉴定行为,提高航卫保障质量.方法 分析我院40年飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病住院资料,借鉴国内外该领域的研究成果,总结笔者的临床航空医学经验,提出统一的操作规范.结果 ①飞行人员人(学)员鼻科疾病的诊断分为急性和慢性[包括慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(不伴鼻息肉)和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(伴鼻息肉)],Ⅰ类(地面生活有症状或体征,包括Ia地面生活有症状和体征,Ib仅有体征)和Ⅱ类(地面生活无症状,飞行中出现气压伤表现,包括Ⅱa鼻窦气压伤、Ⅱb耳气压伤和Ⅱc鼻窦气压伤合并耳气压伤);鼻窦气压伤分为原发性(窦口本身病变所致)和继发性(窦口周围病变所致,包括I型-鼻腔结构异常型、Ⅱ型-炎症型、Ⅲ型-变态反应型、Ⅳ型-肿瘤型,窦外型和窦内型),及轻度和重度.②飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病应根据急慢性、分类分型和分度特点及有无并发症采用无创或微创治疗.③飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病应根据疗效、功能检查(包括鼻窦气压功能)进行医学鉴定.结论 按规范进行飞行人(学)员鼻科疾病诊断、治疗和医学鉴定,可以降低停飞率,提高复飞率.     

飞行人员鼻窦气压伤的临床诊治和医学鉴定

目的 总结飞行人员鼻窦气压伤的临床诊治和医学鉴定经验. 方法 整理、分析73例飞行人员鼻窦气压伤临床资料. 结果 ①Ⅱ_a类56例(仅有鼻窦气压伤),Ⅱ_c类17例(鼻窦气压伤+耳气压伤).②发生于额窦54例,上颌窦10例,筛窦3例,蝶窦2例,额窦+上颌窦和额窦+筛窦各2例.③原发性气压伤24例(由窦口本身病变所致),继发性气压伤49例(由窦口周围病变所致).④继发性鼻窦气压伤Ⅰ型(鼻腔结构异常型)15例、Ⅱ型(炎症型)25例、Ⅲ型(变态反应型)8例和Ⅳ型(肿瘤型)10例;其中7例两型并存,1例3型并存;窦内型7例、窦外型42例.⑤轻度34例(46.6%),重度39例(53.4%).⑥62例飞行合格,2例飞行暂时不合格,9例飞行不合格. 结论 额窦气压伤发生比例最高.对鼻窦气压伤进行分类、分型和分度具有重要的临床航空医学意义.继发性病变所占比例较高,炎症型是窦口周围病变的重要原因,重度鼻窦气压伤需要手术治疗,Ⅱ_c类气压伤是最易导致医学停飞的疾病.     

飞行人员变应性鼻炎的临床诊治和医学鉴定（摘要）

目的总结飞行人员变应性鼻炎的临床诊治和健康鉴定经验。方法分析飞行人员因变应性鼻炎而住院诊治的病历资料53份,对其进行分类、分型和分度,并总结与继发性气压伤之间的关系。结果飞行人员变应性鼻炎分为Ⅰ类（飞行中无继发性气压伤表现）30例,Ⅱ类（飞行中出现继发性气压伤表现,包括Ⅱa继发性鼻窦气压伤4例;Ⅱb继发性耳气压伤16例,Ⅱc继发性鼻窦气压伤＋耳气压伤3例）共23例。     

缩鼻黏膜药物在慢性鼻炎鼻窦炎性病变CT诊断中应用价值

目的进一步探讨缩鼻黏膜药物在慢性鼻炎鼻窦炎性病变CT诊断中应用价值。方法31例临床疑有鼻炎鼻窦炎患者均经CT冠状位扫描,层厚、层距5mm。首次扫描后,如鼻腔或鼻道有实变,在实变侧鼻孔滴入1％麻黄碱滴鼻液3-4滴,体位引流、擤出鼻涕。再行鼻窦扫描,体位、参数同前。CT表现按照改良法分为6型：Ⅰ型漏斗型,Ⅱ型鼻道窦口复合体型,Ⅲ型蝶筛隐窝型,Ⅳ型息肉型,Ⅴ型特发型,Ⅵ型混合型。结果31例中CT表现为：Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅴ型各3例,Ⅱ型8例,Ⅳ型5例,Ⅵ型4例。慢性鼻炎5例,伴有中下鼻甲肥大12例,鼻中隔偏曲9例,上颌窦黏膜下囊肿、右侧筛窦黏液囊肿、霉菌性上颌窦炎各2例。使用滴鼻液前,20例鼻腔或鼻道有分泌物影响观察。使用滴鼻液后,鼻腔、鼻甲黏膜收缩,分泌物排出,可明确判定有无息肉存在。2例用药前后扫捕分型改变。9例用药前后扫描无明显变化。结论在慢性鼻炎鼻窦炎性病变CT扫描前给予缩鼻黏膜药物,使分泌物排出、黏膜收缩,有助于息肉的显示。     

鼻中隔偏曲与单侧上颌窦炎性病变的临床观察与CT图像处理

目的通过临床和CT图像观察了解鼻中隔偏曲与单侧上颌窦炎性病变的关系，探讨鼻中隔偏曲在慢性鼻窦炎发病中的作用。方法前瞻性、连续收集经鼻窦冠状位CT扫描证实的鼻中隔偏曲伴单侧上颌窦炎性病变（包括慢性上颌窦炎、上颌窦浆液性囊肿、上颌窦后鼻孔息肉和霉菌性上颌窦炎）患者56例，观察单侧上颌窦炎性病变与鼻中隔偏曲的关系。随机抽取10例患者的鼻窦冠状位CT图像，按Uygur法计算钩突所在平面两侧下鼻甲、钩突和中鼻甲的横断面积（以坐标纸格数表示）在各自鼻腔所占的百分数，并与10例正常对照（鼻中隔正直、无鼻窦病变）进行比较。结果56例患者中，单侧慢性上颌窦炎25例，上颌窦后鼻孔息肉9例，上颌窦浆液性囊肿5例，霉菌性上颌窦炎17例；病变位于鼻中隔偏曲鼻腔宽大侧35例（62．5％），狭窄侧21例（37．5％）。10例鼻中隔偏曲伴单侧上颌窦炎性病变患者下鼻甲、钩突和中鼻甲的横断面积在各自鼻腔所占的百分数在鼻腔宽侧为48．8％，窄侧为44．1％，两侧无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。10例正常对照下鼻甲、钩突和中鼻甲的横断面积在各自鼻腔所占的百分数为右侧40．1％，左侧39．8％，两侧无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论鼻中隔偏曲使鼻腔宽大侧发生单侧上颌窦炎性病变的机会大于鼻腔狭窄侧；临床处理上颌窦炎性病变的同时应矫正偏曲的鼻中隔，恢复鼻腔鼻窦正常的结构和功能，阻断鼻中隔偏曲造成的代偿失调。     

军事飞行学员医学停飞疾病谱分析

目的 总结分析空军某航空大学近年军事飞行学员医学停飞病征（疾病或体征）特点,为今后军事飞行学员医学选拔和医学鉴定提供客观依据. 方法 对近年空军航空大学医学停飞的614名飞行学员按照所患疾病或病征及病征所隶属体检科室（专业）进行分类统计. 结果 614名医学停飞学员共涉及病征90余种.飞行学员停飞病征排前10位的是视力不足超标、血压超标、频发心律失常、外伤（骨折）、腰椎间盘病变、鼻中隔偏曲、慢性鼻窦炎、胆囊息肉、晕厥及其他心电图异常.医学停飞病征所涉及体检科室（专业）排序依次为眼科、内科、外科、耳鼻喉科、神经内科、心电图检查、超声检查、放射科检查和检验科检查,其中以眼科和内科病征为主,分别占全部医学停飞病征的50.00％、14.86％. 结论 导致在校军事飞行学员医学停飞的主要病征是视力不足超标、血压超标.针对飞行人员职业特点,普及航空医学教育,加强卫生监督,加强可变的功能性病征的矫治、训练,采取积极保护性的干预和心理疏导等措施,对降低在校飞行学员的医学停飞率,提高军事飞行学员的成才率具有重要意义.     

鼻腔鼻窦病变CT扫描与鼻内窥镜检查的对照观察

目的　比较CT和鼻内窥镜 (nasalendoscope ,NE)对鼻腔和鼻窦病变的诊断价值 ,为临床诊断提供理论依据。方法　收集80例同一时期内具有鼻腔鼻窦区CT和鼻内窥镜检查结果 ,并得到病理证实的病例 ,对两者进行对照分析。结果　CT、NE的检查结果与病理结果对照 ,鼻窦炎、鼻窦肿瘤诊断正确率相似 ,鼻腔、鼻窦息肉、鼻腔肿瘤、鼻甲肥大NE诊断正确率高于CT ,副鼻窦体的解剖变异、鼻窦囊肿CT高于NE。结论　NE可以了解病变的形状、质地、颜色 ,并可在镜下活检 ,有助于病变的定性。CT可以了解病变的大小、形状和病变与邻近解剖结构的关系 ,两者互补可更全面诊断病变     

鼻内窥镜手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的临床效果分析

目的分析和研究鼻内窥镜手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎以及鼻息肉的治疗效果，同时探讨鼻内窥镜下自动切割器进行鼻炎及鼻息肉的治疗方法。方法2006年7月～2011年7月在本院治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的患者1230例中选取100例进行鼻内窥镜手术的患者，其中Ⅱ型68例，Ⅲ型32例。对患者进行全身麻醉或者黏膜表面加局部麻醉；手术后随访一年。结果治愈率Ⅱ型为80．90％，治愈率Ⅲ型84．40％。结论鼻内窥镜手术对于治疗慢性鼻窦炎以及鼻息肉有着良好治疗效果，与临床分期有些密切的关系，也关系到并发症的情况和治疗的效果，但是就治愈率而言非常适合临床推广。     

Barotrauma secondary to inflammatory maxillary sinus polyp: a case report

Sinus barotrauma, secondary to mucosal disturbances, is a common finding within the aviation community. Multiple etiologies have all led to mucosal inflammation and thickening with potential obstruction of the sinus osteomeatal complex, especially during the barometric changes of flight. Obstruction can, therefore, lead to problems with sinus pressure equilibration with atmospheric pressure, and can lead to barosinusitis. We present a case of a U.S. Air Force Command Pilot with acute left sinus barotrauma during descent while flying a T-37 aircraft, along with a brief review of the pathophysiologic processes involved during barotrauma. An inflammatory polyp within his sinus was identified by plain radiography, confirmed with computed tomography, and subsequently excised. The patient had complete resolution and clearance to fly after an uneventful 4-wk convalescence and altitude chamber flight. This is the first case of sinus barotrauma secondary to an inflammatory maxillary sinus polyp, confirmed by histologic diagnosis, reported in the aeromedical literature.     

鼻及鼻窦常见病变和解剖变异的CT冠状位靶扫描(附507例分析)

目的：探讨鼻及鼻窦常见病变和解剖变异的CT特征。方法：回顾性分析507例病人的冠状位CT表现。结果：慢性鼻及鼻窦炎占61．73％(313／507)；鼻息肉占22．87％(116／507)；囊肿占4．93％(25／507)，真菌性鼻窦炎占1．38％(7／507)；恶性占位性病变占0．79％(4／507)，未见异常占7．88％(40／507)。鼻中隔弯曲占65．66％(333／507)。Onodi气房占29．19％(148／507)；Haller气房占12．42％(63／507)。蝶窦发育不良占3．94％(20／507)；上颌窦发育不良占1．97％(10／507)。结论：冠状位CT靶扫描可对各种鼻及鼻窦病变做出诊断，并可显示其解剖变异的特征。