枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位

目的：明确枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位。方法：观测干燥成人枢椎标本，对新鲜枢椎行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的枢椎上终板痕迹，以明确枢椎椎弓根的部位。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形突起部位，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎椎体相似；三角形突起与上关节突锥形跨越约1．8～2．4mm。侧方椎弓上下关节突间部分，以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角大，后者内倾角小。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，侧方椎弓上下关节突问的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部。     

枢椎椎弓根内固定的解剖学研究

目的通过标本测量,研究以下关节突中心点为入钉点,枢椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉方法及要点。方法50枚人尸体骨干骨标本,以下关节突中心点A为进针点,在枢椎腹侧测量椎弓根的内倾角α;在椎弓背侧,选择上关节突内缘C点为标志点,测量AC连线的冠状面内倾角β,探讨α与β的相关性。结果枢椎腹侧测量的椎弓根冠状面内倾角为43°±4°(左侧),45°±5°(右侧),均值44°±6°;枢椎背侧测量的下关节突中心点A与上关节面内缘点C的连线内倾角β为39°±5°(左侧),37°±6°(右侧),均值38°±7°;α,β差值平均为5°±2°。结论①椎椎弓根部的解剖特点决定了其椎弓根螺钉的进入方向必须非常精确,否则很容易穿出椎弓根内外壁,造成椎动脉或脊髓的损伤;②枢椎下关节中心点与上关节面内缘点的连线对于确定合理的钉道方向具有较好的参考价值。     

枢椎椎弓根的解剖观测及临床意义

目的:为枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术提供解剖学依据.方法:采用15具枢椎干骨标本,观察枢椎椎弓根的形态特点及其与横突孔的毗邻关系,测量椎弓根的高度、宽度,以及椎弓根的轴线在水平面和矢状面的角度.结果:枢椎椎弓根被峡部和上关节突的一部分所覆盖,可分成前(内)后(外)两部分:前部位于上关节突内侧部的下面,连接椎体;后部位于峡部的下面连接下关突.横突孔存在一定的解剖变异,以左侧为多.椎弓根的上宽(7.90±1.41)mm、下宽(4.90±0.82)mm、高度(6.70±0.90)mm,内倾角(32.33±3.45 )°、上倾角(24.07±5.30)°.结论:90%的人适合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,了解枢椎椎弓根的正常解剖参数及其与横突孔的毗邻关系,对枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术的应用有重要的参考意义.     

枢椎各结构的解剖学部位研究

目的：明确枢椎各结构的解剖部位。方法：对57例干燥成人标本进行观察与测量，对8例新鲜枢椎标本进行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的C1-2椎体间连接痕迹。以此为依据，明确枢椎各结构的具体部位。对20例志愿者的枢椎CT三维重建以及MRI图像进行分析，验证前述结论。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形的突起部分，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎的椎体相似；两侧的三角形突起与上关节突之间为皮质凹陷区域；CT扫描见枢椎上终板残留位于三角形突起的上厅1．2～1．8mm处，呈圆饼形跨越约1．8～2．4mm同齿突的下终板残留结合在一起。位于椎弓侧方的上下关节突间部分以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角、上倾角大，后者小。前者外壁菲薄，多数有滋养血管孔存在，而后者内外侧皮质厚度较一致。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，椎弓侧方为上下关节突之间的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部两个部分，后者为典型Hangman骨折的部位。     

腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型的建立与验证

目的建立腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,通过生物力学实验进行有效性验证。方法利用临床1例腰椎椎弓峡部裂病例影像学资料,采用Simpleware建模软件分别模拟下腰椎骨性结构、椎间盘组织,并在Ansys软件附加腰椎相关韧带和关节囊,建立L5双侧椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,并通过体外力学实验结果验证模型有效性。结果重建模型构建了椎体皮质骨、松质骨、腰椎关节突关节、椎弓根、椎板、横突、棘突等骨性结构,还构建了纤维环、髓核、上下终板组织,并成功附加了前纵、后纵韧带、黄韧带、棘上、棘间韧带以及关节突的关节囊。模型共计有281261个节点和661150个单元。腰椎椎弓峡部裂重建成功。通过与体外生物力学在不同工况下L4下关节突、L5上、下关节突、S1上关节突应力/应变趋势以及L4下关节突内外侧力学应力/应变趋势比较,验证了模型的有效性。结论建立了下腰椎椎弓峡部裂的三维有限元模型,此模型可以用来进一步实施有关峡部裂治疗的力学研究。     

寰枕关节后路经关节螺钉固定的解剖学

目的:为国人提供枕寰枢复合体的相关解剖学参数,寻求枕寰枢后路经关节螺钉固定的解剖学依据和可行性。方法:测量枕骨髁和寰椎干燥标本;观察新鲜尸体标本的枕寰枢后部结构。结果:枕髁关节面舌下神经管间距约9.66mm,两侧枕髁前端间距约14.93mm,枕髁关节面内倾角,左侧约12.5°,右侧约11.6°。枕髁关节面的前后径和横径、寰椎侧块上关节面前后径、侧块上关节面横径、侧块与后弓移行处侧块厚度均在5mm以上。椎动脉第3段恒定行走于椎动脉沟。第1、2颈神经背侧支与寰椎侧块下关节突后方几无交叉,并有一定的活动度。结论:寰枕关节后路经关节螺钉内固定在解剖可行,其理想入钉点在寰椎后弓与侧块下关节突移行处的中点,螺钉指向枕骨髁前上方。     

正常腰椎峡部CT解剖学研究

目的:为提供腰椎峡部CT解剖学资料。方法:50例正常成年人腰椎峡部定位CT扫描,观察与腰椎峡部裂行多孔面螺钉进针方向、角度等的有关数据。结果:L_(1～3)两侧峡部外侧宽基本接近,平均为26.3±4.4mm;L_4宽度略增,L_5宽度最大,为40.3±5.8mm。L_(1～3)与L_5间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。在矢状面上,L_(1～4)峡部的走行方向基本上呈垂直向下,连接于上下关节突之间,L_5峡部明显向后上倾斜,故在上关节突与峡部之间形成平均角度为103°±7°(90°～110°)的仰角。在冠状位上,随着椎间孔渐增大,腰椎峡部逐渐外移.L_5峡部极度外移,使下关节突移至上关节突外下方。结论:作L_5峡部裂多孔面螺钉内固定时,应考虑上关节突与峡部间呈向后上方的仰角。     

椎板侧方入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的应用解剖

目的:为后正中经椎板侧方入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症提供显微外科解部学基础。方法:20具经防腐固定的成人尸体标本,观测横突间韧带厚度、前后方血管和腰神经前支走行。结果:横突间韧带厚度0.60～1.39mm;L3～5节段动脉前支及伴行静脉90%以上位于相邻横突间韧带腹侧上1/2处,横突间韧带背侧中1/3处有一恒定节段动脉分支;腰神经前支与矢状面夹角18.9°～39.2°,下位横突的副突处距前方走行腰神经前支距离为5.63～8.05mm,椎弓峡部侧缘至腰神经前支的距离为1.73～3.64mm。结论:横突间韧带是该入路重要的解剖学标志,熟悉其应用解剖对手术治疗极侧腰椎间盘突出症具有重大指导意义。     

腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器研制的解剖学基础

目的　解剖测量L1～5, S1形态学参数为研制腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器提供解剖学依据。 方法　采用20套正常成人腰骶椎标本测量L1～5,S1的相关参数,据此设计机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器。 结果 以L4/L5为例：(1)腰椎棘突下面两侧缘与椎板的交点至同侧横突根部上缘的距离(DITR)为(35.30±2.38)mm;(2)腰椎横突根部上缘前后两侧面的夹角(AFR)为(30.47±6.38)°;横突根部上下缘宽度(WRT)为(11.43±1.76)mm;(3)腰椎两侧横突、上关节突及椎弓根交界处中心点间距(DTAP) 为(46.44±2.55)mm;(4)腰骶椎棘突的厚度(TSP)为(9.04±1.12)mm;(5)腰骶椎棘突间距 (DAP)为(7.10±1.83)　mm;(6)腰椎棘突下面两侧缘与椎板的交点到横突根部、上关节突、椎弓根交界处中心点的连线和相应棘突下面侧缘的夹角（ATL）为(58.31±7.02)°;(7) 腰骶椎棘突后面到椎板的距离（LSP）为(20.40±2.80)mm。该内固定器由“U”形体部及两侧翼构成,初步设计大、中、小3个型号。 结论 机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的设计在形态学上具有可行性,且利用了镍钛合金的记忆效应、超弹性、耐腐蚀等特性,是一种牢靠安全,操作简便的新型内固定器。     

胸腰椎横突副突和乳突的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的：寻求椎弓根螺丝钉较便捷的进钉点。方法：观测２０具成年干燥Ｔ１１～Ｌ５共１４０块椎骨的横突副突、乳突，行穿针操作，椎骨Ｘ线拍片，用卡尺及角度测量仪测量。结果：腰椎横突副突、乳突及下关节突关节面外上缘连线，所形成的三角形顶角角分线中点与椎弓根长轴线相重合或极其接近，故此三角形的顶角角分线中点可作为椎弓根螺丝钉的进钉点。结论：通过１２例胸腰椎骨折病人临床应用证明是一种简捷、确实可行的椎弓根螺丝钉进钉点的定位方法。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.