李斯特菌败血症患儿临床观察与护理

目的了解22例李斯特菌败血症患儿临床特点,探讨疾病的护理体会。方法对22例李斯特菌败血症患儿临床资料及护理经验进行回顾性分析。结果 22例患儿在出生后0.5h~5d发病,低体重儿13例。患儿住院2~77d,治愈出院10例,病情好转家属签字出院7例,死亡5例,均为极低体重儿,死亡原因为脑膜炎和败血症。结论及时准确地留取标本送检,严密的病情观察,注重患儿喂养,实施发育支持护理对提高疾病治愈率具有重要意义。     

Immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobial agents. Part I: antibacterial and antiviral agents

Toxicity has limited the use of aminoglycosides and adult studies report high rates of both ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Conversely paediatric studies have shown lower rates and extended interval dosing may have reduced toxicity further. We review the animal and human evidence for aminoglycoside toxicity in neonates including mechanisms, measurement and rates of toxicity; and differences between aminoglycosides and dosing regimens. We discuss genetic susceptibility and the impact of other synergistic effects.     

新生儿脓毒症无休克和休克关键基因筛选及验证

目的 用权重基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)方法筛选新生儿脓毒症无休克和休克关键基因.方法 从基因表达数据库(GEO)下载新生儿脓毒症相关的表达矩阵GSE119217,WGCNA输出模块基因,Limma包筛选新生儿脓毒症无休克和休克差异表达基因(DEG),进行基因本体(GO)和KEGG分析;确定并检测关键(hub)基因...     

Effect of insulin detemir dose frequency on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes in PREDICTIVE

Introduction  The aim was to compare clinical outcomes by different dosing frequencies of insulin detemir (detemir) used over 52 weeks in various regimens. Methods: This analysis involved French patients enrolled in PREDICTIVE (a large-scale, multinational, observational study of empirical use of detemir in everyday clinical practice) for whom data have been collected over 52 weeks. Three cohorts were considered: patients with type 1 diabetes; patients with type 2 diabetes using detemir in a basal insulin plus oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) regimen; patients with type 2 diabetes using detemir as part of basal-bolus insulin therapy. In each cohort, data were stratified according to detemir dosing frequency at the beginning and end of 52 weeks: once daily (o.d.) at the beginning and end; twice daily (b.i.d.) at the beginning and end; o.d. at the beginning, but b.i.d. at the end. Endpoints assessed included glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, hypoglycemia, weight, and insulin dose. Results  There were improvements in glycemic control and tolerability in all subgroups. Patients completing on o.d. dosing tended to have better outcomes than those completing on b.i.d. dosing in all cohorts, and o.d. administration was associated with lower insulin dosing. There was little evidence that switching from o.d. to b.i.d. dosing influenced outcomes other than insulin dose. However, there were some baseline differences between subgroups selected for o.d. and b.i.d. dosing that might have influenced outcomes: many patients appeared to have been continued on previous basal dosing frequencies; for others, b.i.d. detemir dosing seemed to be used to intensify previous therapy. Conclusions  With the caveat that empirical choices of dose frequency were made, this analy-sis shows that empirical use of o.d. detemir produces results at least as good as empirical use of b.i.d. detemir in basal-bolus-treated type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and in basal plus OAD-treated type 2 diabetes.     

降钙素原和高敏C-反应蛋白对新生儿败血症的诊断意义

目的探讨降钙素原（PCT）和高敏C-反应蛋白（SCRP）对新生几败血症的早期诊断价值。方法用半定量固相免疫层析法和免疫速率浊度法分剐测定263例新生儿败血症患儿的血清PCT和SCRP浓度,并与白细胞计数进行比较;测定实验组中214例抗生素治疗有效的患儿血清SCRP浓度,并进行治疗前后的比较。结果PCT、SCRP对诊断新生儿败血症均有较高的灵敏度;PCT的特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数、准确性都是最高的,SCRP的特异性最低。治疗前后SCRP水平下降差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,能很好地评价疗效。结论PCT和SCRP对新生儿败血症的早期诊断有一定价值。     

Maternal colonisation with group B streptococcus and effectiveness of a culture-based protocol to prevent early-onset neonatal sepsis

This study was conducted to find out the group B streptococcus colonisation of pregnant women in Kocaeli, Turkey. A culture plus individualised high-risk-based antibiotic prophylaxis was compared with high-risk-based approach alone. The screening of women was performed via vaginal and anal cultures for group B streptococcus (GBS). The maternal GBS colonisation rate was found to be 6.5%. All colonised women or preterm labours with unavailable culture results until delivery received prophylactic antibiotics. Neonatal colonisation rate and early-onset neonatal sepsis due to GBS was 1/200. The unscreened 900 women received prophylactic antibiotics due to a risk factor-based approach. The neonatal colonisation rate was 17/900 (p = 0.1), and the rate of early-onset neonatal sepsis was 3/900 (p = 0.6). A culture plus individualised high-risk-based antibiotic prophylaxis provided an insignificant change in neonatal colonisation and early-onset neonatal sepsis with GBS when compared with high-risk-based approach alone.     

血小板计数和血小板平均体积在新生儿败血症的意义

目的：了解新生儿败血症血小板计数（BPC）和平均体积（MPV）的变化,分析其临床意义。方法：收集52例符合新生儿败血症确诊标准的患儿临床资料,比较败血症发生前后BPC及MPV相关变化;根据病原菌分为革兰阴性菌（G-）组和革兰阳性菌（G＋）组,根据转归分为存活组和死亡组,进行上述相关参数分析。结果：败血症患儿血小板减少发生率53．8％;发病后与发病前相比,BPC显著降低,MPV增加（P％0．05）。G～组与G＋组相比,血小板减少发生率显著升高（63．89％：31．25％）;BPC平均水平明显降低[（109．83±71.02）×10^9／L：（164．5±85．23）×10^9/L],且最低点水平显著降低[（75．31±42．87）×10^9：（112．06±58．18）×10^9]。死亡组BPC和MPV较存活组降低[（59．91±28．83）×10^9：（144．49±78．80）×10^9]、[（9．61±0．98）：（11．22±1．27）fl]。结论：血小板减少和MPV增加与新生儿败血症相关,能较好地反映病情及预后。     

Accuracy of presepsin in neonatal sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. No diagnostic test has been demonstrated to be sufficiently accurate to confirm or exclude neonatal sepsis. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of presepsin (P-SEP) for neonatal sepsis.

Areas covered: A systematic review of literature was performed on Medline and EMBASE. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic of P-SEP for neonatal sepsis. Eight studies were included, involving 636 neonates. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.90 and 0.90, respectively. The pooled DOR was 120.94, and the Area Under Curve (AUC) was 0.968, indicating a high level of diagnostic accuracy. Using cut-off values <600 ng/L, sensitivity reached 0.93, with a specificity of 0.81 and AUC 0.8195, while using a threshold >600 ng/L, sensitivity was 0.87 and specificity 0.97, with higher diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.976). Significant heterogeneity was found between studies.

Expert commentary: Diagnostic accuracy of P-SEP resulted high in detecting neonatal sepsis. Even though it cannot be recommended as a single diagnostic test, P-SEP could be a helpful and valuable biomarker in neonates with suspected sepsis.     

86例新生儿败血症血清降钙素原和C反应蛋白的水平研究

目的探讨血清降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）和C反应蛋白（c—reactive protein,CRP）检测在诊断新生儿败血症中的作用。方法采用固相免疫色谱法和免疫比浊法分别测定新生儿败血症患儿的PCT、CRP浓度,并与白细胞（WBC）计数作比较。结果与对照组相比,败血症患儿中PCT和CRP水平明显升高（P〈0．01）,而WBC计数在两组中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;PCT和CRP水平与患儿病情的严重程度呈正相关。结论PCT与CRP均可作为早期识别新生儿败血症及其严重性的重要指标,PCT水平检测对早期诊断与估计预后有重要意义。     

A prospective comparative study of gentamicin- and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with normal baseline renal function

The aim of this study was to compare the nephrotoxic potential of amikacin (AK) and gentamicin (GM) in patients with normal baseline renal function. This study was a 1-year, non-interventional prospective study of patients administered either GM or AK. The study was carried out at the internal medicine department of Al-Watani governmental study. Nephrotoxicity was defined as a serum creatinine (SCr) increase of ≥0.5 mg/dL from the basal (normal) SCr level. The two groups (GM, n  = 45 and AK, n  = 49) were similar in population composition, and underlying pathological and infectious processes requiring antimicrobials. No significant difference in age was found between patients in the GM and AK groups, P  = 0.83. Patients in the GM group received comparatively lower doses than those in the AK group (mean = 2.5 mg/kg/day and 14.4 mg/kg/day, respectively) but the duration of treatment was similar. Sixteen of 45 patients receiving GM (35.6%) and eight of 49 patients receiving AK (16.3%) developed nephrotoxicity, P  = 0.033. Single daily dosing with GM, regardless of the total daily dose, produced less nephrotoxicity than multiple dosing. In contrast, AK given at a total dose of 1 g daily, showed no benefit of single dosing compared with multiple dosing. In patients with initial normal renal function, GM was significantly more nephrotoxic than AK. Multiple dosing of GM was more nephrotoxic than single dosing. AK-induced nephrotoxicity was not significantly dependent on dosing frequency.     

Higher blood urea nitrogen level is independently linked with the presence and severity of neonatal sepsis

BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is strongly associated with sepsis. However, no data are currently available regarding the association of BUN levels and neonatal sepsis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of BUN in predicting the presence and severity of neonatal sepsis.MethodsIn this study, we enrolled 925 neonates. Among them, 737 neonates were diagnosed with sepsis, including 426 neonates with severe sepsis. Neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (n = 188) served as controls. We collected complete clinical and laboratory data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the potential independent risk factor for neonatal sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of BUN in predicting neonatal sepsis. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS 24.0.ResultsNeonates with sepsis and severe sepsis had a higher level of BUN. The prevalence of neonates with severe sepsis was dramatically increased according to BUN tertiles. Correlation analysis showed that BUN levels were positively correlated with the levels of infection marker procalcitonin (PCT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that BUN was an independent risk factor for the presence and severity of neonatal sepsis. ROC curve analysis showed that BUN had a well discriminatory power in predicting sepsis (area under curve (AUC) = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.66–0.74, p < .001) and severe sepsis (AUC = 0.72, 95% CI, 0.67–0.78, p < .001).ConclusionHigher BUN level is independently linked with the presence and severity of neonatal sepsis.     

血浆滤过透析治疗肝衰竭合并脓毒症的疗效

目的 探讨血浆滤过透析（Plasmadiafiltration,PDF）治疗肝衰竭合并脓毒症的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年1月我院ICU收治的31例肝衰竭合并脓毒症患者临床资料,上述患者行PDF及抗感染等内科综合性治疗,观察治疗前后临床症状及体征的改善;观察治疗前后凝血酶原活动度(PTA)及纤维蛋白原、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、血氨及终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分变化;观察治疗前后降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素6(IL 6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血常规、乳酸及序贯性器官功能衰竭(SOFA)评分变化;观察治疗过程中的不良反应。结果 PDF治疗后临床有效率达61.29%,不良反应为8.21%;PDF 治疗前后PTA、纤维蛋白原、TBIL 、AST、Na+、K+、PCT、IL 6、CRP、白细胞(WBC)、乳酸、SOFA及MELD评分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 PDF结合内科治疗显著改善肝衰竭合并脓毒症患者的凝血功能和肝功能,同时能清除炎症因子从而有效缓解病情。     

低分子肝素治疗新生儿脓毒症并DIC的临床研究

目的:为患有脓毒症合并DIC的新生儿使用低分子肝素治疗,研究其疗效。方法:按照入院单双数将74例于2013年4月~2016年6月入诊我院儿科的脓毒症合并DIC的新生儿分为A、B组各37例,其中A组使用普通肝素进行治疗,B组采用低分子肝素治疗,对比两组患者治疗疗效、临床症状改善时间以及DIC指标变化情况。结果:B组总有效率为94.59%,高于A组的78.38%,P0.05。B组患儿肝素使用时间、出血停止时间以及DIC指标恢复正常时间均短于A组,P0.05。治疗前两组患儿DIC指标水平比较无明显差异,P0.05;治疗后B组患儿APTT、PT、D-D、FDP、Fbg以及PLT水平均明显优于A组,P0.05。结论:对新生儿脓毒症并DIC患儿使用低分子肝素疗效更佳,且临床症状改善时间和肝素使用时间更短,DIC指标恢复情况较好,值得临床应用及推广。     

感染性休克集束治疗对病死率影响的前瞻性临床研究

目的 探讨集束治疗对感染性休克患者病死率的影响.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,将2007年1月-2008年6月重症加强治疗病房(ICU)收治的成人感染性休克患者分为培训前(2007年1-9月)和培训后(2007年10月-2008年6月)两个阶段进行感染性休克集束治疗.分析6 h及24 h感染性休克集柬治疗各指标与预后的关系;采用多元回归分析方法,筛选出集束治疗对感染性休克预后影响的独立相关因素,并研究两个阶段感染性休克集束治疗的依从性、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间以及28 d病死率.结果 研究期间共收治符合条件的感染性休克患者100例,其中培训前51例,培训后49例;存活36例,死亡64例.多元回归分析显示,6 h早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)、24 h EGDT是与感染性休克28 d病死率相关的两个独立保护因素,优势比(OR)分别为0.046和0.120(P均<0.01).培训后集束治疗依从性均有明显提高,其中6 h EGDT和24 h EGDT分别从19.6%、35.3%提升至55.1%、65.3%(P均<0.01).培训后机械通气时间[(166.6±156.4)h比(113.6±73.6)h3、ICU住院时间[(9.4±7.6)d比(6.0±3.9)d]及28 d病死率(72.5%比55.1%)较培训前明显缩短(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 继续教育培训可提高医务人员对感染性休克集束治疗的依从性,降低感染性休克患者的病死率.     

出生24 h内外周血炎性标志物在NEOS中的水平及NEOS病原菌分布

目的分析外周血炎性标志物在新生儿早发型败血症(NEOS)患儿出生24 h内的水平,并调查该院NEOS病原菌分布。方法回顾性分析该院2014年7月至2017年12月收治的451例新生儿,分为NEOS组(363例)和对照组(88例),比较两组一般资料,围生期影响因素,外周血炎性标志物超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、血清降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞计数(WBC)及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)水平,评估新生儿出生24 h内外周血炎性标志物对NEOS的诊断效能。结果两组的胎龄、体质量、低出生体质量患儿比例、住院时间、5 min Apgar评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患儿母亲在孕次、产次、胎膜早破、产前发热、羊水异常方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而生产方式差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NEOS患儿病原菌培养出革兰阳性菌177例,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性菌168例,以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主。血清PCT对NEOS具有较高的诊断效能。动态分析两组血清PCT变化趋势,NEOS组24~<48 h达到高峰,72 h后下降,而对照组在24 h内达到峰值。结论引起NEOS的革兰阳性菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主。血清PCT水平在出生24 h内即可预测NEOS,动态监测血清PCT水平有助于早期诊断NEOS及监测疗效。     

Review: Deficiencies in the neutrophil system of newborn infants,and the use of leukocyte transfusions in the treatment of neonatal sepsis

Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period. Deficiencies in neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing have all been proposed as factors possibly responsible for this problem. In addition, the neutrophil storage pool, or all segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils, and meramyelocytes/kg body weight stored within the marrow, appears to be very small in neonates compared to that in adults, and when an infection develops in a neonate, neutrophil production from stem cells may be limited. In this paper we review the evidence for these neonatal neutrophil deficiencies and examine the animal and clinical studies which have tested leukocyte transfusion as a possible adjunctive therapeutic modality for sepsis neonatorum.     

Exchange transfusion as an alternative to granulocyte concentrate administration in neonates with bacterial sepsis and profound neutropenia

A high rate of mortality is observed in the subset of neonates with early-onset bacterial sepsis who develop profound neutropenia and depletion of the marrow neutrophil reserve. Several studies suggest that transfusion of apheresis-collected adult neutrophils into such subjects can be beneficial, yet inherent delays in preparation of neutrophil concentrates can limit their clinical utility. In six neonates with sepsis and profound neutropenia, we performed double-volume exchange transfusions using freshly drawn donor blood and determined that a net gain of 0.3-0.7 X 10(9) neutrophils/kg body weight had occurred. The blood neutrophil count of the patients increased from 220 to 1,660/mm3 before the transfusion to 1,650-5,140/mm3 immediately afterward. We next attempted to further increase the number of neutrophils delivered by exchange transfusion by subjecting blood donors to 2 min of physical exercise in order to induce neutrophilia. After such exercise, 30% (range 18-55%) more neutrophils were harvested. The metabolic burst activity and in vitro migration of neutrophils after exercise did not differ from paired preexercise values.     

实验室联合检测在新生儿败血症早期诊断中的应用

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)和血小板(PLT)联合检测在新生儿败血症诊断中的应用。方法选取同期住院符合条件的败血症患儿37例、局部感染患儿36例、非感染患儿30例,用酶联荧光分析法定量测定PCT,用免疫比浊法检测CRP,用LH750血细胞分析仪检测白细胞计数和血小板。结果 PCT和CRP水平在败血症组治疗前均显著高于局部感染组和非感染组(P<0.01),且二者间呈显著正相关(P<0.05),经有效抗生素治疗后显著下降(P<0.01);而败血症组WBC计数和PLT水平与局部感染组和非感染组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PCT的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数、阳性似然比分别为89.2%、90.0%、91.7%、87.1%、0.79和8.92,为4项指标中最高。联合检测PCT、CRP、WBC、PLT,则其诊断新生儿败血症的特异度和阳性预测值均达100%。4项指标受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)下面积分别为0.970、0.733、0.580、0.621。结论联合检测PCT、CRP、WBC计数和PLT能提高新生儿败血症早期诊断的特异度,诊断价值比单项检测更高。     

鱼腥草素钠联合阿米卡星体外抗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的作用分析

目的探讨鱼腥草素钠(SH)联合阿米卡星(AMK)对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDR-AB)的体外抑制作用。方法从川北医学院附属医院微生物室收集10株MDR-AB菌株,采用棋盘法设计实验,以微量肉汤稀释法、琼脂稀释法分别测定两种药物不同水平组合对MDR-AB的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,计算部分抑菌浓度指数(FICI)及抑制率,判断两者的联合抗菌效果。结果两种方法测得SH、AMK联用时的FICI值为>0.5~1.0,表现出“相加”作用。与单用AMK相比,SH与AMK(<1024μg/mL)联用时的抑制率降低(P<0.05),SH与AMK(≥1024μg/mL)联用时的抑制率升高(P<0.05)。结论SH能够在体外抑制MDR-AB,与单用AMK比较,联用后随着AMK水平的升高对细菌的抑制作用先降低后升高。