鼻咽癌组织学类型与EB病毒感染的关系

[目的]研究不同组织学类型鼻咽癌与EB病毒感染的关系.[方法]收集4种主要组织学类型的鼻咽癌288例,用原位杂交方法检测癌巢及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的EB病毒编码小RNAs(EBERs)的表达,其中EBERs阳性的31例非角化性癌和19例角化性鳞状细胞癌,进一步用原位杂交法检测EB病毒溶解期产物EA-D(early antigen-diffuse,EA-D)mRNA的表达.[结果]接近100%的鼻咽非角化性癌(99.32%,145/146)显示出EBERs阳性信号,鼻咽腺癌EBERs阳性率明显小于角化性鳞状细胞癌,分别是35.90%(14/39)、84.38%(81/96).双向分化的腺鳞癌的EBERs阳性率(71.43%,5/7)处于非角化性癌/角化性鳞状细胞癌(93.39%,226/242)与腺癌(35.90%,14/39)之间.非角化性鳞状细胞癌、腺癌、角化性鳞状细胞癌分别有23例(23/146,15.75%)、16例(41.03%,16/39)、31例(31/96,32.29%)可见表达EBERs的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞.角化性鳞状细胞癌的EA-D mRNA表达率高于非角化性癌,分别是78.95%(15/19)、16.13%(5/31).[结论]4种不同组织学类型鼻咽癌的EB病毒感染率与感染状态不完全一致.鼻咽非角化性癌总是与EB病毒的潜伏感染密切相关,角化性鳞状细胞癌组织中的分化不良成分也与EB病毒潜伏感染关系密切,其中分化良好的癌细胞经常可以检测到EB病毒的溶解性感染产物表达.鼻咽腺癌与EB病毒感染的关系并不密切.     

鼻咽癌手术治疗的地位与手术治疗方式

鼻咽癌是发生于鼻咽被覆上皮的恶性肿瘤。由于其独特的解剖部位,在我国南方高发的特点,对于鼻咽癌治疗的研究一直是热点。按照WHO组织学分类,鼻咽癌的病理类型分为角化性鳞癌(Ⅰ型)和非角化性癌,后者包括分化性非角化性癌(Ⅱ型)和未分化癌(Ⅲ型)。我国三种病理类型鼻咽癌分别占     

局部复发性鼻咽癌的临床病理特征(附240例分析)

目的　探讨经放疗后局部复发的鼻咽癌临床和病理组织学特征。方法　收集确诊为鼻咽癌患者 2 6 10例病理资料 ,复查病历记录及活检切片。结果　 2 4 0例局部复发性鼻咽癌占 9.2 % ( 2 4 0 / 2 6 10 ) ,男女比率为 5 .32∶1( 2 0 2 / 38) ,较 2 370例未经治疗的鼻咽癌者男女之比 ( 2 .98∶ 1,1775 / 5 95 )为高。在有确诊到复发间隔记录的 2 37例中 ,平均间隔期为 3年 10个月。 <1年内复发 4 8例 ( 2 0 .3% ) ,1～ <5年内复发 14 1例 ( 5 9.5 % ) ,5～ <10年内复发 2 9例 ( 12 .2 % ) ,>10年才复发 19例 ( 8.0 % )。与 2 370例未经治疗的鼻咽癌相比 ,角化性鳞状细胞癌在局部复发性鼻咽癌中所占的百分率以及分化型非角化性癌在非角化性癌中所占的百分率分别为 10 .0 %与 2 .3%和 18.7%与 8.9% ,均有显著增高 ( P<0 .0 0 1)。结论　 ( 1)鼻咽癌经放疗后局部复发多发生在 5年内。 ( 2 )相当一部分局部复发性鼻咽癌在局部复发时 ,癌细胞的鳞化程度要较原发时为高。     

鼻咽癌中B7-H3的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究鼻咽癌中T淋巴细胞共刺激分子B7-H3表达与临床病理因素的相关性.方法: 采用免疫组化SP法检测B7-H3在56例鼻咽癌标本中的表达情况,分析其与肿瘤类型,大小,淋巴结转移情况的关系.结果: 在鼻咽非角化型分化性癌和鼻咽非角化型未分化性癌中B7-H3阳性表达率差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),有颈部淋巴结转移和无颈部淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌标本中B7-H3的阳性表达率差别有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:B7-H3的表达可能与鼻咽癌的转移和进展有关,与鼻咽癌组织学类型无关.     

ΔNp63在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及意义

背景与目的：鼻咽癌致病的分子机理至今仍不清楚。有研究表明△Np63以显性失活的方式抑制p53的反式激活，并与鳞状细胞的恶性增生与失分化有关。本研究旨在探讨△Np63蛋白在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及意义。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法检测60例鼻咽癌组织、37例癌旁粘膜及30例鼻咽粘膜慢性炎症组织中△Np63蛋白的表达。60例鼻咽癌的类型为角化性鳞癌3例，非角化性癌57例，其中后者包括未分化癌12例。结果：全部60例鼻咽癌组织△Np63染色呈阳性表达。角化性鳞癌均呈弱阳性表达，非角化性癌的强阳性表达率为66．67％(38／57)，未分化癌的强阳性表达率为83．33％(10／12)。慢性炎症组织及癌旁粘膜仅基底层及上基层细胞阳性。结论：△Np63蛋白与细胞的恶性增生密切相关；△Np63蛋白表达在幼稚或间变鳞状细胞中有明显的倾向性，是诊断间变鳞状细胞有价值的标志物。     

△Np63在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及意义

背景与目的:鼻咽癌致病的分子机理至今仍不清楚.有研究表明△Np63以显性失活的方式抑制p53的反式激活,并与鳞状细胞的恶性增生与失分化有关.本研究旨在探讨△Np63蛋白在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学方法检测60例鼻咽癌组织、37例癌旁粘膜及30例鼻咽粘膜慢性炎症组织中△Np63蛋白的表达.60例鼻咽癌的类型为角化性鳞癌3例,非角化性癌57例,其中后者包括未分化癌12例.结果:全部60例鼻咽癌组织△Np63染色呈阳性表达.角化性鳞癌均呈弱阳性表达,非角化性癌的强阳性表达率为66.67%(38/57),未分化癌的强阳性表达率为83.33%(10/12).慢性炎症组织及癌旁粘膜仅基底层及上基层细胞阳性.结论:△Np63蛋白与细胞的恶性增生密切相关;△Np63蛋白表达在幼稚或间变鳞状细胞中有明显的倾向性,是诊断间变鳞状细胞有价值的标志物.     

鼻咽癌中B7一H3的表达及其临床意义

目的：研究鼻咽癌中T淋巴细胞共刺激分子B7一H3表达与临床病理因素的相关性。方法：采用免疫组化sP法检测B7一H3在56例鼻咽癌标本中的表达情况,分析其与肿瘤类型,大小,淋巴结转移情况的关系。结果：在鼻咽非角化型分化性癌和鼻咽非角化型未分化性癌中B7～H3阳性表达率差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,有颈部淋巴结转移和无颈部淋巴结转移的鼻咽癌标本中B7一H3的阳性表达率差别有统计学意义（p〈0．05）。结论：B7一H3的表达可能与鼻咽癌的转移和进展有关,与鼻咽癌组织学类型无关。     

TGF-β1及其信号转导通路分子在鼻咽癌组织芯片中的表达及意义

目的探讨转化生长因子TGF-β1及其信号转导通路分子在鼻咽癌中的表达情况及临床病理意义。方法利用组织芯片及免疫组织化学技术检测163例鼻咽癌和42例鼻咽黏膜慢性炎组织中TGF-β1、TGF-βRⅠ、TGF-βRⅡ和Smad4蛋白的表达,分析其与各临床病理因素的关系。结果（1）TGF-β1在鼻咽癌组织中的阳性表达率为52.8％(86／163) ,明显高于鼻咽慢性炎组织中的阳性表达率19.0%（8/42）(P＜0．01);TGF-βRⅠ在鼻咽慢性炎组织中阳性表达率为57.1％(24／42),与鼻咽癌组织中的阳性表达率66.3％(108／163)比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;TGF-βRⅡ在鼻咽癌组织中的阳性表达率为49.1％(80／163),明显低于慢性鼻咽炎组织的阳性表达率71.4％(30／42) (P＜0．01);Smad4蛋白表达于胞质和(或)胞核中,在鼻咽癌组织中的阳性率为63.8％(104／163),明显低于鼻咽慢性炎组织的阳性表达率［83.3％(35／42) ］(P＜0．05)。（2）TGF-β1与Smad4的表达与鼻咽癌的临床分期和5年生存率有一定相关性(P＜0．05);TGF-βRⅠ在非角化性分化型鳞状细胞癌中的阳性表达明显低于非角化性未分化型鳞状细胞癌的表达（P＜0．05)。（3）TGF-β1、TGF-βRⅡ和Smad4蛋白的表达与鼻咽癌患者的年龄、性别和组织学类型无关,TGF-β1、TGF-βRⅠ、TGF-βRⅡ和Smad4蛋白在鼻咽癌组织中的表达不存在相关性(P>0.05)。结论TGF-β1、TGF-βRⅠ、TGF-βRⅡ和Smad4在鼻咽癌的发生、发展中起一定的作用。     

鼻咽癌及癌前病变组织中p16蛋白表达的研究

目的观察p16蛋白在鼻咽癌组织中的表达状态,探讨其与鼻咽癌的发生、发展关系。方法应用S-P免疫组化法检测p16蛋白在50例鼻咽癌、20例鼻咽粘膜慢性炎组织中的表达。结果鼻咽癌p16蛋白表达率为24.0%,显著低于鼻咽粘膜慢性炎组(P<0.01)。角化性鳞癌p16蛋白的表达率明显高于分化型非角化性癌和未分化癌(P<0.05)。20例淋巴结转移阳性组中p16蛋白表达率显著低于14例阴性组(P<0.05)。结论p16蛋白的缺失可能涉及鼻咽癌的发生、发展过程,且与鼻咽癌的转移、组织学分型有关。     

鼻咽癌组织中上皮-间叶转换的检测及与其转移的相关性

目的检测鼻咽癌组织中上皮-间叶转换(EMT),探讨其与肿瘤转移的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学SP法,检测130例鼻咽未分化型非角化性癌,23例鼻咽癌及其配对淋巴结转移癌中E-钙黏连蛋白(E-cd)和波形蛋白(Vimentin)的表达。结果鼻咽癌转移组与非转移组中E-cadherin和Vimentin阳性表达率分别为62.3%(33/53)、60.4%(32/53)和84.4%(65/77)、27.3%(21/77)。转移组与非转移组E-cadherin和Vimentin表达率比较有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。鼻咽癌原发灶与其配对淋巴结转移灶E-cadherin和Vimentin阳性表达率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示Vimentin与E-cadherin表达呈负相关。结论鼻咽未分化型非角化性癌具有上皮-间叶转换(EMT)样作用,同时其EMT与鼻咽癌的转移密切相关。     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.