经口咽前路枢椎体次全切除椎管减压术

目的：探讨经口咽前路枢椎体次全切除椎管扩大减压治疗寰枢椎脱位伴以C2后方脊髓受压为主的患者的疗效。方法：对12例先天畸形或外伤(10例先天畸形，2例外伤)引起的寰枢椎脱位伴高位脊髓压迫症患者，采用经口咽前路C2椎体次全切除术，11例仅行C2椎体次全切除，1例行C2椎体次全切除同时切除C1前结节和齿突。结果：无术中脊髓损伤、血管损伤及术后感染等并发症，术后平均随访18个月，按Symon和Lavender临床评定标准和影像学评定标准评定疗效，临床总有效率100％，显效率42％，术后影像学椎管减压改善率平均为75％。结论：该术式减压充分，是治疗以C2后方受压为主的脊髓压迫症较好的术式。     

Transoral operations for craniospinal malformations

The transoral approach to the lower third of the clivus and to the ventral aspect of the upper cervical spine is used in craniospinal malformations with or without dislocation as well as in basilar aneurysms, ventrally situated cranio-spinal tumours, fractures of the odontoid process, and in rheumatoid arthritis compressing the spinal cord. In consideration of the literature and ten personal cases the indications and techniques of the transoral approach in craniospinal malformations are discussed. According to our own experiences and those of other authors it is possible to expose the lower clivus and the cervical spine down to C2 by a midline incision of the pharyngeal wall using a mouth retractor and oral intubation. Splitting of the soft palate or resection of the hard palate are not necessary, a tracheotomy should be performed only in exceptional cases. In congenital craniospinal malformations without dislocation or instability causing a ventral compression of the spinal cord, for instance by the odontoid process, the transoral decompression is preferable to dorsal decompressing operations. In cases of pure instability without any space-occupying lesion the transoral and posterior approach are possible in order to perform a fusion. The last one seems more advantageous in these cases. In craniospinal malformations with dislocation causing a ventral and dorsal narrowing of the spinal canal, apart from the decompression a stabilization has to be achieved. In these usually complex malformations individual treatment is necessary. According to the rare cases in the literature and to our own experience a primary anterior decompression, followed by a most careful posterior stabilization seems to produce the most favourable results.     

前弓切除联合后路固定治疗齿突骨折畸形愈合

 目的探讨经口前路寰椎前弓切除、寰枢椎侧块关节松解联合后路复位内固定融合术治疗齿突骨折畸形愈合伴难复性寰枢椎脱位的疗效。方法2007年2月至2012年2月共收治6例齿突骨折畸形愈合伴难复性寰枢椎脱位患者,均有外伤史,均存在脊髓损伤表现。男5例,女1例;年龄36~57岁,平均45.5岁。术前日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分为4~10分,平均（7.5±2.2）分;脊髓有效空间（space available for cord,SAC）为5~11 mm,平均（8.1±2.5） mm。采用经口前路寰椎前弓切除、寰枢椎侧块关节松解联合后路枕颈复位固定融合术,术后颈托外固定3个月。术后观察神经功能改善情况,行X线、CT检查观察寰枢椎复位及融合情况。结果6例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~20个月,平均16个月。寰枢椎术中得到较好复位,术后3个月获得骨性融合,随访期间内固定无松动。6例患者神经功能末次随访时JOA评分为10~15分,平均（14.7±2.1）分,较术前明显提高（差异有统计学意义）,神经功能改善率75.5%。末次随访时SAC为11~17 mm,平均（13.5±2.6） mm,较术前明显增大,差异有统计学意义。1例术后第5天出现后路切口渗液,督促患者采取侧卧位,避免切口受压,3周后切口愈合。1例术后第3天出现神智淡漠,化验室检查显示低钠、低钾血症,经及时补液,1 d后神智恢复正常。结论经口前路寰椎前弓切除、寰枢关节松解联合后路复位固定融合术是治疗齿突骨折畸形愈合伴难复性寰枢椎脱位的安全、有效方法,临床效果满意。     

Apofix与Simmons在治疗寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤中的对照研究

目的：回顾性分析Apifix与Simmons方法在寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤，寰枢椎融合内固定中的应用价值。方法：61例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤行减压，后路融合、Apifix或Simmons内固定，Apifix29例，Simmons32例。男36例，女25例，年龄11—65岁，平均35．9岁。寰枢椎脱位23例，新鲜齿状突骨折11例，陈旧性齿状突骨折9例，先天性脱位5例，创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂8例，单侧椎弓骨折3例，一侧关节脱位2例。结果：Simmons组椎体移位1例，植骨未融合2例，钢丝断裂2例。术后脊髓功能JOA改善率两者无差异。结论：Simmons对旋转和侧移位控制能力差，无法控制平移；Apofix与之相比有独特的优点。     

上颈椎畸形不稳定后路手术中斜坡-枢椎角与疗效的相关性研究

 目的回顾性分析上颈椎畸形不稳定患者后路手术复位固定前后的斜坡-枢椎角（clivus-axial angle,CAA）改善情况和临床效果。方法自2004年4月到2014年8月,按纳入及排除标准共32例存在临床症状的上颈椎畸形不稳定患者纳入研究,其中1例再手术者未纳入统计。游离齿突10例,齿突发育不良5例,Klipple-Feil综合征4例,寰枢椎半脱位4例,寰枢椎不稳定4例,类风湿性关节炎伴寰枢椎半脱位1例,陈旧齿突骨折1例,齿突不连伴枕骨大孔狭窄症1例,颅底凹陷症并Klipple-Feil综合征1例。均采用颈椎后路手术复位固定植骨融合手术,通过对CAA的改善来解除脊髓的压迫。按术中是否减压分为两组：未减压组17例（男8例,女9例;年龄13~65岁,平均50.1岁）和减压组14例（男7例,女7例;年龄19~68岁,平均49.6岁）。手术前后测量CAA,观察其变化。临床疗效评价采用颈椎功能障碍指数（neck disability index, NDI）和Nurick脊髓功能评分。结果所有患者均得到随访,未减压组随访时间0.7~10.7年,平均2.9年;减压组随访时间0.3~5.5年,平均2.9年。未减压组与减压组术后CAA均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义,但组间比较差异均无统计学意义。未减压组和减压组患者术后NDI评分和Nurick脊髓功能评分较术前均明显降低,差异均有统计学意义。术后1例出现恶心、呕吐,1例出现小腿肌间隙血栓,1例出现面部肿胀视物模糊,1例出现椎管减压综合征,经对症处理后均好转。未出现椎动脉损伤、感染及内固定松动等严重并发症。结论对于上颈椎畸形不稳定患者术中改善CAA能够缓解脊髓受压引起的症状,颈部功能和脊髓功能得到明显改善。     

Craniocervical junction synovial cyst associated with atlanto-axial dislocation--case report.

A 51-year-old female presented with a rare case of synovial cyst at the cruciate ligament of the odontoid process associated with atlanto-axial dislocation, manifesting as a history of headache and numbness in her left extremities for 5 months, and progressive motor weakness of her left leg. Neuroimaging studies revealed a small cystic lesion behind the dens, which severely compressed the upper cervical cord, and atlanto-axial dislocation. The cyst was successfully removed via the transcondylar approach. C-1 laminectomy and foramen magnum decompression were also performed. Posterior craniocervical fusion was carried out to stabilize the atlanto-axial dislocation. The cyst contained mucinous material. Histological examination detected synovial cells lining the fibrocartilaginous capsule. Synovial cysts of this region do not have typical symptoms or characteristic radiographic features. Careful preoperative evaluation of the symptoms and a less invasive strategy for removal of the cyst are recommended.     

早期后路椎管减压伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位

目的探讨早期后路椎管减压伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗中上胸椎骨折脱位伴脊髓损伤的临床效果。方法对41例中上胸椎骨折脱位患者49椎采用早期后路椎管减压伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合,固定节段4～6节。患者均在72 h内手术。结果 41例均获随访,时间12～46(28±2)个月。脊髓神经功能按ASIA分级:A级6例恢复至B级4例,2例无恢复;B级10例恢复至C级6例、D级3例、1例无恢复;C级15例恢复至D级9例、E级2例,4例无恢复;D级6例恢复至E级3例,3例无恢复;E级4例仍为E级。椎体前缘高度:术前为35.36%±7.48%,术后纠正到91.48%±2.15%,末次随访时为90.56%±1.63%;Cobb角:术前为37°±8°,术后及末次随访为-4°±2°。骨折脱位完全复位,无内固定松动及断裂,末次随访均达到骨性融合。结论早期后路椎管减压伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定是治疗急性中上胸椎骨折脱位的有效方法,能达到椎体早期复位和脊髓减压目的 ,利于患者早期康复。     

Spinal trauma with a complete anterior vertebral body dislocation: a report of three cases

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of three cases.Objectives:Severe trauma can be responsible for a complete spinal anterior dislocation with a 100% anterior slip of the vertebral body. Three cases of this uncommon lesion are reported. SETTING: France. METHODS: The data of three cases of complete spinal anterior dislocation with a 100% anterior slip of the vertebral body were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: In all the cases, the vertebral dislocation was responsible for a severe neurological deficit and all patients had severe associated lesions. The diagnosis was made on plain radiographs. In one case of a multilevel injury, an extensive instrumented spinal fusion was necessary. In spite of the severe injury, two neurological deficits improved thanks to pedicular fractures, which widen the canal. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic goal is to achieve emergent vertebral alignment, neurological decompression and solid spinal fusion. A posterior facilitates this. Reduction of vertebral dislocation can be difficult to achieve and it is therefore mandatory to perform complete arthrectomy of the injured levels before reduction. Especially in young patients, severe disc lesions secondary to the wide vertebral displacement make it necessary to perform circumferential fusion.     

下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择

目的探讨下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择。方法回顾性分析54例下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤患者行手术治疗的临床资料。其中颈椎压缩型骨折脱位29例,颈椎爆裂性骨折脱位7例,单侧小关节脱位3例,双侧小关节脱位15例。美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)评分：A级21例,B级5例,C级22例,D级6例。43例采用前路手术,11例采用后路手术。结果术中均无大血管、气管、食道、脊髓意外损伤。术后随访12～36个月,平均18个月。无一例发生钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。植骨于术后12周均获得骨性融合,无假关节、骨不连发生。96．3％患者术后获得完全复位,术后颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度无丢失。完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均无恢复,但上肢疼痛、麻木有不同程度的缓解。不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均有一定恢复,平均ASIA评分提高1～2级。结论采用前路或后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位均能达到良好的解剖复位,根据颈椎损伤的类型采取适合的手术入路是手术成功的关键。     

前后路手术治疗颅颈交界区疾病

目的探讨前后路手术治疗颅颈交界区疾病的可行性和安全性。方法2003年6月～2007年6月期间收治颅颈交接区疾病患者44例,包括陈旧性齿突骨折脱位16例,先天性上颈椎畸形28例。首先经前路口咽进行齿突切除减压,然后再经后路进行内固定、植骨融合。结果所有患者一期完成前后路手术,无脊髓、血管损伤等严重并发症发生,1例患者前路手术中由于硬膜外粘连导致硬膜撕裂,随访期间1例患者后路内固定断裂进行翻修手术,其余患者均获得骨性融合,所有患者术后神经功能明显改善。结论根据颅颈交接区疾病具体病情,可以选择前后路一期手术,进行前路齿突切除减压和后路固定融合。     

Pure endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: anatomical study

Different disorders may produce irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation with compression of the ventral spinal cord. Among the surgical approaches available for a such condition, the transoral resection of the odontoid process is the most often used. The aim of this anatomical study is to demonstrate the possibility of an anterior cervico-medullary decompression through an endoscopic endonasal approach. Three fresh cadaver heads were used. A modified endonasal endoscopic approach was made in all cases. Endoscopic dissections were performed using a rigid endoscope, 4 mm in diameter, 18 cm in length, with 0 degree lenses. Access to the cranio-vertebral junction was possible using a lower trajectory, when compared to that necessary for the sellar region. The choana is entered and the mucosa of the rhinopharynx is dissected and transposed in the oral cavity in order to expose the cranio-vertebral junction and to obtain a mucosal flap useful for the closure. The anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of C2 are removed, thus exposing the dura mater. The endoscopic endonasal approach could be a valid alternative to the transoral approach for anterior odontoidectomy.     

不可复性寰枢椎脱位的临床分型及术式选择

 目的 探讨不可复性寰枢椎脱位（寰枢椎脱位且其间存在骨性融合）的临床分型及其术式选择策略。方法 2002年11月至2013年12月,收治不可复性寰枢椎脱位患者 20例,男8例,女12例;年龄22~57岁,平均39岁;6例无手术史,14例有手术史（前路手术史1例、后路手术史11例、前后路联合手术史2例）,其中13例残留内固定物（1例残留寰枢椎前路钢板、12例残留寰枢椎后路钉棒）。根据骨性融合范围、位置分为广泛融合型和点状融合型。在气管插管全麻下施行手术,点状融合型采取软组织松解、骨性融合点解除、复位、固定和融合手术;广泛融合型采用直接减压而不进行复位和固定。术后1周、3、6、12个月及之后每年随访时均行X线、CT和MR检查,以观察寰枢椎间复位、内固定、植骨融合和脊髓减压情况。临床评价采用日本骨科协会（ Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores,JOA）评分。结果20例患者中广泛融合型5例,点状融合型15例;自发性融合6例,医原性融合14例（3例为广泛融合型、11例为点状融合型）。5例广泛融合型患者经口前路切除寰椎前弓和齿突减压,术后MRI示脊髓压迫完全消除;15例点状融合型患者术后均获得复位。术中均未出现脊髓及椎动脉损伤。1例患者术后出现脑脊液漏,经清创、取出前路内固定,改行后路内固定后治愈。5例广泛融合型和14例点状融合型获得随访,随访时间6~72个月,平均38个月。JOA评分由术前平均11分恢复至末次随访时平均14分。5例广泛融合型患者虽未附加内固定,随访期间均未出现寰枢椎间失稳;14例点状融合型患者术后6个月寰枢椎侧块间植骨均融合。结论 点状融合型患者经彻底松解和解除骨性融合后可获得复位,广泛融合型患者通过减压仍可获得较好的疗效。     

齿突骨折与迟发性寰枢椎脱位

探讨齿突骨折特点与寰枢椎脱位关系及其外科治疗方法的选择。对56例齿突骨折合并迟发性寰枢椎脱位,全部施行手术治疗。寰枢椎后结构融合术采用改良式Callie法17例和Brooks法14例;寰椎后弓切除及枕颈融合术25例。随访11个月至10年8个月,平均3年6个月。结果显示:2例枕颈植骨不愈合,1例寰枢植骨不愈合;功能评价:优26例,良19例,可17例,无变化4例。认为陈旧性齿突骨折,造成寰枢椎不稳,最终导致寰枢椎脱位及脊髓压迫症,应积极选择外科治疗达到减压和稳定目的。     

Cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: factors affecting the effect of posterior decompression

Objective: Decompression procedures for cervical myelopathy of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) are anterior decompression with fusion, laminoplasty, and posterior decompression with fusion. Preoperative and postoperative stress analyses were performed for compression from hill-shaped cervical OPLL using 3-dimensional finite element method (FEM) spinal cord models.

Methods: Three FEM models of vertebral arch, OPLL, and spinal cord were used to develop preoperative compression models of the spinal cord to which 10%, 20%, and 30% compression was applied; a posterior compression with fusion model of the posteriorly shifted vertebral arch; an advanced kyphosis model following posterior decompression with the spinal cord stretched in the kyphotic direction; and a combined model of advanced kyphosis following posterior decompression and intervertebral mobility. The combined model had discontinuity in the middle of OPLL, assuming the presence of residual intervertebral mobility at the level of maximum cord compression, and the spinal cord was mobile according to flexion of vertebral bodies by 5°, 10°, and 15°.

Results: In the preoperative compression model, intraspinal stress increased as compression increased. In the posterior decompression with fusion model, intraspinal stress decreased, but partially persisted under 30% compression. In the advanced kyphosis model, intraspinal stress increased again. As anterior compression was higher, the stress increased more. In the advanced kyphosis +?intervertebral mobility model, intraspinal stress increased more than in the only advanced kyphosis model following decompression. Intraspinal stress increased more as intervertebral mobility increased.

Conclusion: In high residual compression or instability after posterior decompression, anterior decompression with fusion or posterior decompression with instrumented fusion should be considered.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的病因与手术疗效观察

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的病理基础，评价不同手术方法的治疗效果。方法回顾22例分别采用了前路减压、植骨、内固定或后路单开门椎管扩大成形术的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤病例，分析其术前影像学资料，探讨病理实质；根据术前、术后Frankel分级情况及影像学的变化，判断手术疗效。结果22例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤病例中，过伸型损伤16例(62．7％)，退变性椎管狭窄15例(68．2％)，先天性椎管狭窄4例(18．2％)。前路手术患者随访见内置物无松动、脱落或断裂，固定节段均获得骨性融合；后路手术患者术后X线正位片显示无再关门现象。14例患者术后MRI检查显示，椎管容积扩大，颈髓受压缓解。3例术后脊髓功能无改善，其余病例均有不同程度恢复。结论颈椎椎管狭窄是无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的重要病理基础，颈髓过伸性损伤是发生四肢瘫的直接原因。只要术式选择合理、手术操作正确，前、后路手术均能获得较理想脊髓神经功能恢复。     

枕颈钢板固定融合治疗齿突骨折伴脊髓损伤

目的　探讨齿状突骨折与迟发性脊髓损伤关系及外科治疗方法选择。方法　对 7例齿突骨折伴迟发性脊髓损伤患者全部施行槽式钢板内固定及取髂骨植骨融合术。随访 6个月～ 48个月 ,平均 2 8个月。结果　 7例枕颈植骨全部融合 ,功能评价 :优 6例 ,良 1例。结论　认为陈旧性齿突骨折 ,造成寰枢椎不稳 ,最终导致寰枢椎脱位及脊髓压迫 ,应积极选择牵引复位 ,后方减压 ,坚强内固定及枕颈融合术。     

Congenital atlanto-axial dislocation

Report about 105 personally operated cases of congenital atlanto-axial dislocation. This fairly common malformation in India occurs three times more in males than in females, 50% show symptoms before the age of 20 years, the other half during the third decade of life. Transient attacks of cervical cord compression occur with progressive motor and posterior column defect, and sometimes unconsciousness and cerebellar involvement are characteristic. The diagnosis is proved by X-rays including tomograms and dynamic studies. Three types of malformation can be differentiated: Group I with assimilation of the atlas, group II with anomalies of the odontoid process and group III with a normal atlas and axis. The different types and subtypes are described in detail as well as the pathological and pathogenic factors. The treatment and personal experiences show that the early treatment with posterior decompression, sometimes combined with posterior fusion was unsuccessful and resulted in a high mortality and morbidity. The antero-lateral approach, described by the author proved to be the method choice. The prognosis is dependent on the extent of the damage to the cord before treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment lead to excellent results.     

Simultaneous anterior decompression and posterior instrumentation of the tuberculous spine using an anterolateral extrapleural approach

Injury to the spinal cord and kyphosis are the two most feared complications of tuberculosis of the spine. Since tuberculosis affects principally the vertebral bodies, anterior decompression is usually recommended. Concomitant posterior instrumentation is indicated to neutralise gross instability from panvertebral disease, to protect the anterior bone graft, to prevent graft-related complications after anterior decompression in long-segment disease and to correct a kyphosis. Two-stage surgery is usually performed in these cases. We present 38 consecutive patients with tuberculosis of the spine for whom anterior decompression, posterior instrumentation, with or without correction of the kyphus, and anterior and posterior fusion was performed in a single stage through an anterolateral extrapleural approach. Their mean age was 20.4 years (2.0 to 57.0). The indications for surgery were panvertebral disease, neurological deficit and severe kyphosis. The patients were operated on in the left lateral position using a 'T'-shaped incision sited at the apex of kyphosis or lesion. Three ribs were removed in 34 patients and two in four and anterior decompression of the spinal cord was carried out. The posterior vertebral column was shortened to correct the kyphus, if necessary, and was stabilised by a Hartshill rectangle and sublaminar wires. Anterior and posterior bone grafting was performed. The mean number of vertebral bodies affected was 3.24 (2.0 to 9.0). The mean pre-operative kyphosis in patients operated on for correction of the kyphus was 49.08 degrees (30 degrees to 72 degrees) and there was a mean correction of 25 degrees (6 degrees to 42 degrees). All except one patient with a neural deficit recovered complete motor and sensory function. The mean intra-operative blood loss was 1175 ml (800 to 2600), and the mean duration of surgery 3.5 hours (2.7 to 5.0). Wound healing was uneventful in 33 of 38 patients. The mean follow-up was 33 months (11 to 74). None of the patients required intensive care. The extrapleural anterolateral approach provides simultaneous exposure of the anterior and posterior aspects of the spine, thereby allowing decompression of the spinal cord, posterior stabilisation and anterior and posterior bone grafting. This approach has much less morbidity than the two-stage approaches which have been previously described.     

经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。     

External immobilization of cervical spine with a halo vest--experience with 31 cases

Post-traumatic or post-operative immobilization of cervical spine often requires long term bed-rest. But, bed-rest indeed gave discomfort to patients, nonetheless, sometimes complete external fixation cannot be gained. Since 1982, we have applied Halo vest to the patients who required external immobilization of cervical spine. In this paper, we reported our experiences with 31 cases who were treated by Halo vest. Thirty-one cases comprised 19 cases of cervical spinal trauma, 5 cases of atlanto-axial dislocation, 1 case of foramen magnum meningioma, and 6 cases of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). In traumatic cases, Halo vest was used as external fixation of injured spine in 8 cases, and as an adjunct to surgical fusion in other cases. In case of atlanto-axial dislocation, 3 cases underwent posterior fusion, and 2 cases underwent anterior fusion. Anterior fusion of C1-2 was also done in case of foramen magnum meningioma after total excision of tumor. Six cases of OPLL underwent anterior decompression and anterior fusion. Mean immobilization time by Halo vest was as follows: 58 days (28-113) in case of cervical spinal trauma, 85 days (56-144) in case of atlanto-axial dislocation who underwent posterior fusion, 92 days (89-93) in case of atlanto-axial dislocation and foramen magnum meningioma who underwent anterior fusion, 59 days (54-70) in case of OPLL. Early ambulation was achieved in many cases. Good external fixation and result was obtained 27 cases out of 31 cases. Re-dislocation of cervical spine occurred in 1 case of cervical spinal trauma while he was in Halo vest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)