湘西州农村土家族、苗族6～11岁小学生忽视状况分析

目的了解湘西州农村土家族、苗族6~11岁小学生忽视状况。方法于2015年9—11月从湘西土家族苗族自治州2个县中抽取4所农村小学1 162名土家族和苗族学生,采用中国农村6~11岁小学生忽视评价常模中的量表和方法进行问卷调查,通过忽视率和忽视度反映儿童受忽视的频度和强度。结果土家族与苗族6~11岁小学生总忽视率为53.79%,男生(57.36%)高于女生(50.00%)(χ~2=6.322,P=0.012),苗族学生(64.76%)高于土家族学生(47.17%)(χ~2=33.929,P=0.000);总忽视度为(49.70±9.76),男生(50.85±9.84)高于女生(48.47±9.52)(t=4.184,P=0.000),苗族学生(51.93±10.03)高于土家族学生(48.35±9.34)(t=6.156,P=0.000),留守学生(50.29±9.67)高于非留守学生(49.10±9.82)(t=2.071,P=0.039)。医疗、教育、安全层面忽视率以及各层面忽视度男生均高于女生;各层面忽视率及忽视度苗族学生均高于土家族;身体、医疗层面忽视率以及社会层面忽视度6~8岁组学生均高于9~11岁组,情感层面忽视率、忽视度以及教育层面忽视率9~11岁组学生高于6~8岁组;身体、医疗层面忽视度留守学生均高于非留守学生,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。土家族与苗族6~11岁小学生以单项忽视为主,发生率为19.02%,构成比为35.36%;同时受到≥2项忽视的比率逐步减小。结论湘西州农村土家族、苗族6~11岁小学生忽视状况严重,应加强对农村土家族、苗族小学生家长的宣传教育,提高其对忽视问题的认识,重点关注男生、苗族以及留守学生。     

2004年济宁市中小学生常见病与营养状况调查

[目的]了解中小学生常见病患病现状,以便更好地开展预防工作.[方法]2004年5～7月,抽取济宁市辖区城乡中小学校6所,对2 607名学生的患病情况进行调查.[结果]调查学生2 607名,视力低下率为39.9%,龋患率为29.3%,沙眼患病率为2.1%,营养不良率为3.0%,肥胖率为11.1%.视力低下率城区学生高于农村学生,女生高于男生,高中生最高（P＜0.01）;沙眼患病率农村学生高于城区学生,小学生最高（P＜0.01）;龋患率农村学生高于城区学生,女生高于男生,小学生最高（P＜0.01）;营养不良率小学生最高（P＜0.01）;肥胖率城区学生高于农村学生,男生高于女生（P＜0.01）.[结论]济宁市中小学生视力不良、龋齿和肥胖患病率较高.     

佳木斯市城区小学生儿童忽视影响因素分析

目的了解佳木斯市城区小学生儿童忽视的主要影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取佳木斯市三所学校1 189名6~11岁小学生,男女比例均衡。采用"中国城区6~11岁小学生儿童忽视评价常模"中规定的量表进行问卷调查,Epi Data 3.1建立数据库,SAS 9.2.1进行忽视影响因素的单因素、非条件Logistic回归及多元线性逐步回归分析。结果佳木斯市6~8岁与9~11岁小学生的总忽视率和忽视度分别为37.01%和25.71%,(42.97±7.59)和(43.62±8.97)。6~8岁忽视率高于全国水平(X~2=12.89,P<0.001),9~11岁组忽视度高于全国水平(t=4.02,P<0.001);男、女生的忽视度(t=3.60,P<0.001)及忽视率(X~2=12.89,P<0.001)比较,男生高于女生。对6个层面及总忽视的危险因素分析,6~8岁组父亲职业及文化程度、有自己房间、家中孩子数及与父母关系为主要的影响因素;9~11岁组性别、母亲文化程度、家中孩子数、与父母亲关系及父母关系为主要的影响因素。结论佳木斯市城区小学...     

陕西省农村中、小学生忽视现状

目的：了解陕西省农村中、小学生的忽视状况。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,于2011年11月在陕西省随机抽取4个县不同学校不同年级的3084人,其中小学1～3年级664人,4～6年级685人,初中831人,高中904人。分别给予“中国农村6～11岁小学生忽视评价常模”和“中国农村12～17岁中学生忽视评价常模”进行问卷调查,并对不同年龄、性别、忽视层面（身体、情感、安全、教育、医疗、社会忽视6个层面）的忽视度与忽视率等进行统计学分析。结果忽视发生率呈现随年龄增加而增高的趋势（χ2＝14．371,P＜0．05）;男生的忽视度和忽视率均高于女生（χ2＝6．098,P＜0．05）;身体、情感、教育、安全、医疗方面的忽视率,各年级组学生比较,差异均具有统计学意义（χ2值分别为23．649、39．645、41．632、55．504和16．394,均P＜0．05）;留守学生的忽视度及忽视率高于非留守学生,具有显著性差异（χ2＝16．356,P＜0．001）。结论陕西省农村中、小学生忽视状况严重,有待于进一步探讨其影响因素,从而采取有效干预措施。     

佳木斯市城区6～11岁小学生儿童忽视现况分析

目的了解佳木斯市城区6~11岁小学生儿童忽视状况,为改善小学生受忽视现况及预防干预工作提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取佳木斯市区三所学校1 189名6~11岁小学生,男女比例均衡,构成比为1.03∶1。采用"中国城区6~11岁小学生儿童忽视评价常模"中规定的量表进行问卷调查,应用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果佳木斯市6~8岁组小学生的总体忽视率和忽视度为37.01%和42.97±7.59,忽视率高于全国水平(P0.01);9~11岁组小学生的总体忽视率和忽视度为25.71%和43.62±8.97,忽视度高于全国水平(P0.01);男生的忽视度及忽视率均高于女生(P0.01),9~11岁组的忽视率高于6~8岁组(P0.01);在6个忽视层面上,6~8岁组的忽视率为0.19%~20.00%,9~11岁组的忽视率为0.35%~15.78%,各层面上男生的忽视率及忽视度均高于女生(P0.05);无论以学段或性别分组,小学生均以受到单项忽视为主(6~8岁发生率平均为20.00%,9~11岁发生率平均为17.20%;男、女生发生率分别为20.25%和16.82%)。结论佳木斯城区6~11岁城区小学生整体受到忽视的频率及程度较大;在两个年龄组中,6岁年龄段与10岁年龄段所受忽视相对较轻,其他年龄段的忽视程度相对较重;家长、学校、媒体及社会各界应加强对小学生的关注。     

2017年北京市中小学生营养状况及饮食行为分析

目的 本次调查旨在分析2017年北京市中小学生肥胖、消瘦及一些营养相关行为的流行情况,为制定更有效的干预措施提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,共调查18所学校3488名学生,其中城区学生1782名(51.09%),农村学生1706名(48.91%)。小学生2262名(64.85%),中学生1226名(35.15%);男生1786名(51.20%),女生1702名(48.80%)。结果 北京市中小学生肥胖率为12.76%,消瘦率为13.39%。城乡学生肥胖率分别为10.83%、14.77%,农村高于城区(P<0.001)。男女生肥胖率分别为16.52%、8.81%,男生高于女生(P<0.001)。小学生的肥胖率和消瘦率都高于中学生(χ2=4.259,P=0.039;χ2=14.171,P<0.001)。16.40%的学生报告早餐常吃不饱。女生饮水不足率为18.20%,将近是男生的2倍,而男生经常喝饮料率高达35.05%,女生中也有28.32%经常喝饮料。小学生比中学生盲目吃减肥药的多(χ2=9.363,P=0.002)。46例体重正常的学生和50例消瘦的学生报告盲目吃减肥药。结论 北京市中小学生的营养状况不容乐观,肥胖和营养不良并存。     

城乡不同膳食模式对大学新生骨密度、体重指数值影响的研究

目的 了解城乡来源大学新生膳食模式差异,分析膳食模式与骨密度、体重指数(BMI)的关系.方法 采取分层整群随机抽样方法,调查1319名17～20岁大学新生膳食模式及其与骨密度、BMI的关系.结果 (1)城乡大学新生在4种膳食模式得分的差异有统计学意义.城市男女生选择“西方食物”型(x2=31.548,P=0.000;x2=13.068,P=0.001)、“动物性食物”型(x2=8.279,P=0.016;x2=41.137,P=0.000)及“钙类食物”型(x2=37.254,P=0.000;x2=15.651,P=0.000)的比例均高于农村,农村男女生选择“中国传统”型(x2=36.194,P=0.000;x2=25.936,P=0.000)膳食模式比例均高于城市,差异有统计学意义.(2)来自农村男生的平均身高、体重、BMI、骨密度值均低于城市,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.001);而农村女生仅身高和体重低于城市女生,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.001).(3)农村和城市男女生“西方食物”型膳食模式的因子得分均与BMI值呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.187、0.192、0.551和0.465,P值均＜0.001),“钙类食物”型膳食模式因子得分均与骨密度呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.680、0.342、0.841和0.786,P值均＜0.001),而“中国传统”型膳食模式的因子得分在农村和城市男生中均与BMI值呈负相关(相关系数为-0.223和-0.093,P＜0.05),与骨密度呈正相关(相关系数为0.905和0.711,P＜0.001).结论 城乡不同膳食模式对大学新生骨密度、BMI有显著影响.     

The Differences of Parental Rearing Patterns between Zhuang and Han Nationality Senior Students in Chinese Primary School

目的 探讨壮汉族高年级小学生父母教养方式的异同及特点.方法 采用父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对广西桂平3所农村小学4～6年级学生进行了调查,其中汉族151名,壮族226名.结果 壮族女生的FF2、FF5得分明显高于汉族(t=-2.28,-2.12,P＜0.05),壮族男生的MF5得分高于汉族(t=-2.00,P＜0.05).结论 壮族父母教养方式与汉族类似,壮族父母重男轻女现象较严重.     

2019年平顶山市湛河区小学生近视现状调查分析

目的 了解湛河区小学生近视现况,为制定近视干预措施和效果评价提供依据。方法 采用5米标准对数视力表检查远视力,使用5分记录法;在非睫状肌麻痹条件下,电脑验光仪测量双眼屈光度,裸眼视力＜5.0且等效球镜度数＜-0.50D者判定为近视;凡是单眼判定为近视者计入近视人数。结果 本次共调查小学生1 150人,近视298人,近视率25.91%;男生近视率26.08%,女生近视率 25.73%,两者差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.018 ,P＞0.05);城区小学生近视率为32.85%,农村小学生近视率19.53%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.51, P＜0.01);1～6年级小学生近视率分别为:11.92%、13.16%、19.40%、26.73%、34.21%、52.87%,且随着年级增高,近视率不断增高,不同年级之间近视率差异有统计学意义(χ2=112.99,P＜0.01) 。结论 小学生,特别是城区小学生,近视率较高,已成为重大的公共卫生问题。儿童青少年近视是渐进的,近视防控需从小抓起,必须动员全社会力量,切实做好幼儿和小学生视力保护。     

黄石市中小学生2014年贫血调查

目的 了解湖北省黄石市中小学生的贫血状况.方法 采用分层随机整群随机抽样方法,将黄石市中小学生分为按性别及城市、农村分为4个组,每组按6、8、10、12、14、16年龄段分层,测定血红蛋白(Hb)值,判断贫血情况.结果 共检查7 197名学生,贫血患病率为10.87％.农村学生贫血率(12.68％)高于城市学生(9.17％)(x 2=22.793,P＜0.01).,女生为贫血率(12.18％)高于男生(9.67％)(x 2=11.653,P＜0.001).结论 黄石市中小学生2014年贫血检出率仍在10％以上,应加强防控措施,特别是农村女生应作为重点防治人群.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.