2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血脂谱分析

目的了解2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血脂谱的变化及其与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生的关系。方法选取2型糖尿病患者224例,分为无视网膜病变(NDR)组110例,DR组114例。进行血脂和糖化血红蛋白等生化指标的检测,分析两组患者间病程、糖化血红蛋白及各项血脂指标与视网膜病变的相关性。结果在各项血脂指标中,DR组载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]高于NDR组,而载脂蛋白A(ApoA)/ApoB低于NDR组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,DR的发生与Lp(a)水平(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.01～1.67),ApoA/ApoB(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.33～0.87)及病程(OR=1.73,95%CI=1.30～2.30)相关联。结论 Lp(a)及ApoA/ApoB等血脂异常可能是DR的危险因素之一,积极地纠正血脂紊乱有利于糖尿病视网膜病变的防治。     

2型糖尿病患者尿路感染危险因素的Meta分析

目的 明确2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染的危险因素,为预防尿路感染发生提供依据。方法 计算机检索 Cochrane 图书馆、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库和维普数据库,搜集自建库至 2020年4月发表的相关文献,利用Endnote X9软件进行文献筛选,Rev Man 5.3 软件进行 meta 分析。结果 共纳入20篇文献,共计87 696例,提取14项危险因素,在年龄（MD = 10.08,95％CI:7.61～12.54）、住院时间（MD = 5.98,95％CI:3.41～8.55）、病程（OR = 0.42,95％CI:0.20～0.90）、空腹血糖（OR = 0.62,95％CI:0.46～0.84）、糖化血红蛋白（SMD = 1.37,95％CI:0.93～1.81）、性别（OR = 0.39,95％CI:0.28～0.55）、抗生素使用（OR = 1.95,95％CI:1.21～3.12）、并发症（OR = 3.01,95％CI:2.40～3.77）、留置尿管（OR = 4.24,95％CI:2.59～6.93）方面有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 年龄、住院时间、病程、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、性别、抗生素使用、并发症、留置尿管是2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染的危险因素。     

糖化血红蛋白与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系研究

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、空腹血糖(FBG)与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法对89例2型糖尿病患者进行HbA1C、FBG检测及眼底检查或荧光素造影检查。其中糖尿病正常眼底(NDR)组49例,糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组40例。结果 HbA1C水平有糖尿病视网膜病变组较无视网膜病变组高(t=5.310,P0.01),HbA1C水平越高,视网膜病变发生率越高(χ2=12.59,P0.05),HbA1C≥7%时视网膜病变发生率明显升高;而FBG水平DR组与NDR组差异无统计学意义(t=0.438,P0.05)。结论 HbA1C测定可作为DR发生、发展的重要指标,且将HbA1C控制在7%以下,对预防糖尿病视网膜病变的发生和发展极为重要,降低糖化血红蛋白水平有助于降低视网膜病变的危险。     

链式分层管理模式对糖尿病患者血糖控制情况及其影响因素

目的 探讨链式分层管理模式对糖尿病患者血糖控制情况及其影响因素.方法 2007年始建立糖尿病患者健康管理档案库并进行链式分层管理,截至2011年共陆续管理2型糖尿病患者1010例,分析糖尿病患者血糖达标情况,运用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析血糖控制的影响因素.结果 1010例2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)为(8.21±2.70)％,血糖达标者487例,占48.22％,血压达标者303例,占30.00％,血脂达标者245例,占24.26％,血压、血脂、血糖同时达标者76例,占7.52％.多因素分析结果显示,职业(OR=2.521,95％CI:1.871～3.397)、文化程度(OR=1.890,95％ CI:1.642～2.174)、病程(OR=1.035,95％CI:1.016～1.055)、收缩压(OR=1.016,95％ CI:1.007～1.025)、三酰甘油(OR=1.204,95％ CI:1.063～1.365)是影响血糖控制的危险因素(P值均＜ 0.01).结论 链式分层管理模式有助于2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制,应结合血压、血脂、糖尿病病程等相关危险因素对2型糖屎病患者进行综合防治.     

少数民族地区2型糖尿病视网膜病变社区筛查分析

目的 探讨延边朝鲜族自治州2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的患病率及相关影响因素,为社区卫生服务进行早期眼底检查和干预提供理论依据.方法 对社区门诊260例2型糖尿病患者作眼底检查,结合年龄、病程、血压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等指标进行分析.结果 260例2型糖尿病患者中,DR 92例(35.3％),其中汉族49例(37.6％)、朝鲜族43例(33.％).病程＜5年有DR者32例(22.3％),病程5～10年有DR者41例(45.5％),病程＞10年有DR者19例(70.3％).有关DR的各项影响因素中,病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；年龄、血压、空腹血糖、血脂比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 2型糖尿病视网膜病变的发生与糖尿病的病程、血糖控制、血压、血脂等因素密切相关,是糖尿病社区防控的重点.应对这些患者进行长期随访和早期干预.     

常州市武进区2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白控制状况及其影响因素研究

目的 分析武进区糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）控制状况及其影响因素。方法 基于区域卫生信息系统,收集武进区2018年10月—2020年9月在管的2型糖尿病患者（T2DM）基本信息和糖化血红蛋白检测数据,采用多因素logistic回归分析影响糖化血红蛋白控制状况及其影响因素。结果 共11 644例数据完整的糖尿病患者纳入分析,男性5 016例,女性6 628例,HbA1c达标（＜7%）人数4 586人（39.39%）。不同年龄组（χ2 = 35.254,P＜0.001）、不同吸烟状态组（χ2 = 16.789,P＜0.001）、不同饮酒频率组（χ2 = 6.155,P = 0.046）、不同医保类型组（χ2 = 25.213,P＜0.001）、不同糖尿病病程组（χ2 = 71.716,P＜0.001）、不同体质指数组（χ2 = 11.518,P = 0.009）和不同季节（χ2 = 25.213,P＜0.001）达标率差异有统计学意义。多元logistic回归显示较高年龄组（以＜60岁组为参照,60～69岁组OR = 0.793,95%CI:0.710～0.884;70～79岁组OR = 0.642,95%CI:0.573～0.720;≥80岁组OR = 0.542,95%CI:0.466～0.630）、较高文化程度（以文盲为参照,初中组OR = 0.692,95%CI:0.517～0.927;高中及以上组OR = 0.619,95%CI:0.454～0.846）、城镇职工医保（OR = 0.844,95%CI:0.767～0.929）、秋季（OR = 0.829,95%CI:0.737～0.932）和冬季（OR = 0.861,95%CI:0.776～0.955）是HbA1c控制不达标的保护因素,吸烟（OR = 1.227,95%CI:1.091～1.381）和戒烟（OR = 1.434,95%CI:1.096～1.874）、超重（OR = 1.130,95%CI:1.040～1.228）和肥胖（OR = 1.144,95%CI:1.023～1.280）、较长糖尿病病程（以＜2年组为参照,2～5.9年组OR = 1.126,95%CI:1.015～1.248;6～7.9年组OR = 1.587,95%CI:1.432～1.758;≥8年组OR = 1.737,95%CI:1.540～1.958）是HbA1c控制不达标的危险因素。结论 武进区糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白达标率低,尤其是低年龄、超重和肥胖、吸烟或戒烟、糖尿病病程长、文化程度低和城镇居民医保患者,应采取相应措施提高糖化血红蛋白达标率。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白和视网膜病变关系

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白和糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法:对118例妊娠期糖尿病中伴有糖尿病视网膜病变的患者30例、未伴有糖尿病视网膜病变的患者88例进行糖化血红蛋白测定,分析妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白和糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。结果:伴有糖尿病视网膜病变组(DR组)糖化红蛋白显著高于未伴有糖尿病视网膜病变组(NDR组)(P<0.01),且糖化血红蛋白越高糖尿病视网膜病变发病率越高(P<0.01)。结论:妊娠期糖尿病视网膜病变可能与血中糖基化血红蛋白增高有关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变防治重点目标人群的调查研究

目的:为了解糖尿病人群相关危险因素对糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发病的影响,从而为开展DR的防治工作提供对策和依据。方法:收集588例2型糖尿病患者的眼底检查情况及其它临床资料。根据眼底检查结果将患者分为糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)组398例及糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组190例,并检测相关生化指标。结果:两组间比较,DR组病程较长,且收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(P2BG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)均高于NDR组(P<0.05)。结论:应加强DR防治知识的普及,尤其是病程较长,SBP、DBP、FPG、P2BG和HbA1c较高的糖尿病患者应作为重点目标人群。     

2型糖尿病患者血糖控制与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性研究

目的 探讨社区2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者血糖控制与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)的关系.方法 对北京市3个农村社区40岁及以上T2DM患者进行糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)及血生化指标的检测、CIMT测量、其他体格检查以及一般人口学资料的问卷调查.以HbA1c为血糖控制指标,分析其与CIMT的相关性.结果 本次分析共纳入720名T2DM患者,平均年龄为(59.06±7.50)岁,中位糖尿病病程6.3年.相关性分析显示CIMT与HbA1c呈正相关(rs =0.182,P＜0.001).血糖控制良好组(HbA1c ＜6.5％)、控制一般组(6.5％≤HbA1c ＜8.0％)和控制不良组(HbA1c≥8.0％)CIMT增厚率分别为21.98％、28.94％和38.11％(x2=13.78,P=0.001).Logistic回归显示,调整年龄、性别、心脑血管病史、血压、血脂、糖尿病用药及病程因素后,HbA1c仍为CIMT增厚的危险因素(OR=1.18,95％ CI:1.07～1.31);与血糖控制良好组相比,血糖控制不良仍为CIMT增厚的危险因素(OR =2.17,95％ CI:1.34～3.51).结论 T2DM患者血糖控制水平与CIMT显著相关;HbA1c≥8.0％可能为T2DM患者动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,且作用独立于血压、血脂水平.     

2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者发生糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关危险因素.方法 对168例2型糖尿病患者可能诱发DR的危险因素如体重指数、收缩压、舒张压、空腹及餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、24 h尿微量白蛋白等因素进行研究.并用单因素t检验和非条件多因素Logistic回归分析筛选和判定DR发生的危险因素.结果 经非条件Logistic多因素回归分析显示糖化血红蛋白、收缩压、24 h尿微量白蛋白与DR有显著相关.结论 糖化血红蛋白和尿白蛋白含量增高、高血压是影响2型糖尿病患者发生DR的重要危险因素.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.