帕瑞昔布钠对下肢手术后镇痛效果的影响

目的 观察帕瑞昔布钠对下肢手术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 45例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级全麻下行下肢矫形手术的患者随机分为三组,A组全麻诱导前静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,B组缝合伤口时静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,C组为对照组.三组患者于缝皮时开启皮下自控镇痛(PCSA)泵(100 ml溶液含芬太尼2.0 mg).记录苏醒后即刻(T1)、术后4 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、36 h(T4)的VAS评分,记录术后4 h及24 h内PCSA按压次数,术后24 h芬太尼用量,观察头晕、恶心呕吐发生率.结果 T1～T3时A、B组VAS评分均显著低于C组(P<0.05);T1、T2时A组VAS评分显著低于B组(P<0.05).A和B组术后24 h PCSA泵按压次数、芬太尼总量及术后恶心呕吐发生率显著低于C组(P<0.05).结论 下肢手术中使用帕瑞昔布钠具有良好的镇痛作用和超前镇痛作用.     

加速康复外科策略中使用帕瑞昔布钠对胃癌根治术患者术后恢复的影响

目的探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)策略中围术期使用帕瑞昔布钠对胃癌根治患者术后恢复的影响。方法选择2016年6月至2017年5月胃癌根治术患者60例,男40例,女20例,年龄18～65岁,BMI 18～30kg/m2,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法随机分为帕瑞昔布钠组(P组)和对照组(S组),每组30例。P组术前30min帕瑞昔布钠40mg+生理盐水稀释至5ml缓慢静推,术后每间隔12h静推帕瑞昔布钠40mg,连续使用3d;S组术前30min生理盐水5ml缓慢静推,术后每间隔12h静推生理盐水5ml,连续使用3d。两组围术期均采用ERAS策略,术后均给予舒芬太尼PCIA。记录两组患者术前(T0)、术后12h(T1)、24h(T2)和48h(T3)静息和咳嗽时VAS评分,术后24h内PCIA有效按压次数和舒芬太尼用量;检测术后2、5d炎性因子和癌胚抗原(CEA)浓度;记录术后排气时间、术后住院时间、术后切口感染、炎性肠梗阻和肺部感染等并发症的发生情况。结果 T1和T2时P组静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于S组(P0.05);术后24h内P组PCIA有效按压次数和舒芬太尼用量明显少于S组(P0.05)。术后2dP组白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度明显低于S组(P 0.05);术后5dP组IL-1β浓度、TNF-α浓度、中性粒细胞绝对数、前列腺素E2(PGE2)和CEA浓度明显低于S组(P0.05)。P组术后排气时间和术后住院时间明显短于S组(P0.05)。两组术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论 ERAS策略中使用帕瑞昔布钠能有效减轻胃癌根治术患者术后疼痛和炎症反应,促进术后恢复和缩短术后住院时间,且不增加术后并发症风险。     

帕瑞昔布钠用于颅脑手术患者的镇痛效果及对血浆β-内啡肽的影响

目的观察帕瑞昔布钠不同时点用于颅脑手术患者的镇痛效果及对血浆β-内啡肽的影响。方法择期行神经外科肿瘤手术患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机均分为三组,A组麻醉前10min缓慢静注帕瑞昔布钠40mg;B组术毕时缓慢静注帕瑞昔布钠40mg;C组未施行镇痛。三组术后均未行自控镇痛。分别于术后2、6、12、24h记录镇痛评分(VAS评分)和镇静评分(Ramsay评分),记录24h满意度和不良反应;于术前、术毕、术后6、12、24h抽取外周静脉血,采用放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆β-内啡肽和胃泌素浓度。结果 A、B组术后各时点VAS评分明显低于C组(P<0.05),A组术后12、24h时明显低于B组(P<0.05),A组24h满意度最高。B、C组术毕后各时点血浆β-内啡肽浓度明显高于A组(P<0.05);B、C两组差异无统计学意义。三组各时点胃泌素组间差异无统计学意义。结论帕瑞昔布钠可安全有效地应用于颅脑手术的术后镇痛,术前使用可有效减少术后患者血浆β-内啡肽的生成,抑制应激反应。     

术前使用帕瑞昔布钠对神经外科手术术后镇痛及凝血功能的影响

目的观察术前使用帕瑞昔布钠对神经外科手术术后镇痛及凝血功能的影响。方法择期全麻下神经外科开颅患者90例,按照随机数表法,均分为两组:帕瑞昔布组钠(P组)和对照组(C组)。P组在手术开始前30min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg,C组在手术开始前30min静脉注射生理盐水5ml。两组术后均采用舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)。PCIA配方为舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼0.2mg/kg,加生理盐水至120ml。记录两组患者术后2、4、16、24、48h的VAS评分、Ramsay评分,术后48h内PCIA总按压次数及有效按压次数,于帕瑞昔布钠给药前和给药后2h、48h测定凝血功能,并观察术后不良反应发生情况。结果 C组术后2、4、16、24、48hVAS评分明显高于P组(P0.05),术后2hP组镇静满意率明显高于C组(P0.05)。静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠前和注射2h及48h后,两组各凝血指标差异无统计学意义;术后48h内,C组总不良反应发生率明显高于P组(P0.05)。结论静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg用于神经外科术后镇痛可增强舒芬太尼PCIA的镇痛效应,减少不良反应发生率,同时不影响凝血功能。     

帕瑞昔布钠对老年腹腔镜手术患者炎性因子及认知功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠对老年腹腔镜手术患者炎性细胞因子及术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的影响. 方法 择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的老年患者80例,年龄≥65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,体重45 kg～70 kg,性别不限.采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:帕瑞昔布钠组(P组)和对照组(C组),每组40例.全身麻醉诱导前,P组静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于术前24 h、术后24 h和术后72 h采用简易智能状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)进行患者认知功能评分;分别于诱导前(T0)、切皮后即刻(T1)、二氧化碳气腹后0.5 h(T2)、手术结束即刻(T3)、术后第1天(T4)、术后第3天(T5)抽取静脉血样,采用酶联免疫吸附剂测定(enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清中白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的水平;记录72 h内POCD的发生情况. 结果 与术前24 h MMSE评分[C组(28.2±1.2)分、P组(28.8±1.0)分]比较,C组和P组患者术后24 h的MMSE评分[(23.0±2.5)、(25.0±2.8)分]均下降(P＜0.05);P组[(25.0±2.8)分]术后24h时MMSE评分高于C组[(23.0±2.5)分](P＜0.05);P组72 h内的POCD发生率较C组低(P＜0.05).与C组比较,T3～时P组血清TNF-α[(11.8±1.7)、(13.8±1.3)、(12.3±1.6)ng/L]和IL-6[(40±12)、(48±11)、(50±13) ng/L]浓度降低(P＜0.05);与To比较,两组T3～T5时血清TNF-α和IL-6浓度升高(P＜0.05). 结论 帕瑞昔布钠可减少老年腹腔镜胆囊切除患者POCD的发生,其机制可能与抑制炎症反应有关.     

帕瑞昔布钠对直肠癌患者肾功能和术后镇痛舒芬太尼消耗量的影响

为探讨帕瑞昔布钠短期应用对直肠癌患者术后镇痛和肾功能的影响,本研究选取150例择期直肠癌根治术患者（ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级）随机分为三组,即帕瑞昔布钠组（A组）、帕瑞昔布钠复合病人自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）组（B组）和安慰剂复合PCIA组（C组）。对比分析各组术前、静注帕瑞昔布钠前即刻及静注帕瑞昔布钠后1h、2h、6h、12h、24h、36h和48h的血肌酐和血尿素氮含量;采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）法测定静注帕瑞昔布钠后1h、2h、6h、12h、24h、36h和48h时的疼痛程度;记录各相邻时间点之间舒芬太尼的消耗量。结果显示,三组患者血肌酐、血尿素氮含量组间和组内差异均无统计学意义,P〉0．05;与C组比较,A组患者静注帕瑞昔布钠后1h、2h、6h和12h VAS评分升高,B组患者静注帕瑞昔布钠后1h、2h和6h VAS评分降低,B组患者静注帕瑞昔布钠后1h、2h、6h、12h、24h和36h舒芬太尼各时段消耗量减少。结果表明,短期、少量使用帕瑞昔布钠对肾功能正常的直肠癌患者的肾功能无影响。术后PCIA复合应用帕瑞昔布钠使镇痛更完善,并可减少舒芬太尼术后镇痛消耗量。     

羟考酮联合帕瑞昔布钠对胃癌根治术术后镇痛的影响

目的观察羟考酮联合帕瑞昔布钠对胃癌根治术术后镇痛的影响。方法选择择期胃癌根治术患者60例,采用随机数字表法均分为两组:帕瑞昔布钠+羟考酮组(PO组)和帕瑞昔布钠+吗啡组(PM组)。两组术前30min均给予帕瑞昔布钠40mg预先镇痛,术后均给予患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)。PO组缝皮前缓慢静推羟考酮0.03mg/kg,术后羟考酮0.6mg/kg和格拉司琼3mg,生理盐水稀释至100ml入泵。PM组缝皮给予吗啡0.03mg/kg,术后吗啡0.6mg/kg和格拉司琼3mg,生理盐水稀释至100ml入泵。记录两组术后3、12、24和48h患者的静息和咳嗽时VAS评分,术后48h内PCA有效按压次数,镇痛药物追加和上腹部不适感等不良反应发生情况。结果与PM组比较,术后不同时点PO组静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显降低(P0.05),术后48h内PCA有效按压次数、镇痛药物追加例数明显减少(P0.05),上腹部不适感、恶心呕吐、嗜睡和皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论羟考酮联合帕瑞昔布钠给胃癌根治术患者提供安全有效的镇痛,且不良反应发生较少。     

帕瑞昔布钠对肺癌根治术患者术后镇痛的影响

目的 观察帕瑞昔布钠对肺癌根治术患者术后镇痛效果的影响.方法 拟行肺癌根治术患者40例,随机分为两组,每组20例,分别在麻醉诱导后(研究组)和术毕(对照组)静注帕瑞昔布钠40 mg.术毕患者均行PCIA(吗啡1 mg/ml),并于术后12、24、36 h注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg.记录患者安静痛和咳嗽痛VAS评分及Ramsay镇静评分;记录PCA需求按压次数、有效按压次数及药物用量.采用放免法测定血浆白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8及TNF-α浓度.结果 术后6、12 h研究组安静痛和咳嗽痛VAS评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).两组Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义.术后6、12h研究组镇痛药用量均显著少于对照组(P＜0.05).手术结束时至术后24 h研究组IL-6与TNF-α浓度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).术后12、24 h研究组IL-8浓度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 术前应用帕瑞昔布钠40 mg可对肺癌根治术患者产生良好的镇痛效果.     

右美托咪定复合帕瑞昔布钠对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛的影响

目的观察右美托咪定复合帕瑞昔布钠对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛的影响。方法择期腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者45例,随机均分为三组:右美托咪定复合帕瑞昔布钠组(DP组)、帕瑞昔布钠组(P组)和对照组(C组)。术前30min DP组静注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg和帕瑞昔布钠20mg;P组静注帕瑞昔布钠40mg;C组静注5ml生理盐水。监测并记录入室时、插管即刻、气腹5min、气腹30min、拔管即刻的MAP和HR,记录丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、苏醒时间、拔管时间、恶心、呕吐发生率和患者满意度。并记录术后2h(T1)、6h(T2)、12h(T3)、24h(T4)静态、动态(剧烈咳嗽或突然翻身时)疼痛数字等级评分(numerical rating scale,NRS)和Ramsay镇静评分。结果入室时、插管即刻、气腹5min、气腹30min、拔管即刻时三组患者MAP、HR差异无统计学意义。三组患者丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量、苏醒时间和拔管时间差异均无统计学意义。与C组比较,T1~T3时DP组和P组静态NRS评分明显降低(P0.05);T1~T4时DP组和T1、T2时P组动态NRS评分明显降低(P0.05)。与DP组比较,T1、T2时P组和C组Ramsay镇静评分明显降低(P0.05)。DP组2例需用阿托品,1例需用麻黄碱;P组1例需用阿托品,1例患者麻黄碱;C组2例NRS评分≥7分,肌注盐酸布桂嗪100mg后NRS评分≤5分,1例需用阿托品,2例需用麻黄碱。与DP组比较,P组和C组满意度明显降低(P0.05)。三组患者恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。结论术前30min静注帕瑞昔布钠20mg复合0.5μg/kg右美托咪定减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后急性疼痛,效果优于单用帕瑞昔布钠。     

帕瑞昔布钠对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者血清肺表面活性蛋白A和炎症反应的影响

目的探讨应用不同剂量帕瑞昔布钠对胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者血清肺表面活性蛋白A(surfactant protein A,SP-A)和炎症反应的影响。方法择期全麻下行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者62例,性别不限,年龄65~78岁,体重51~79kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,随机分为三组:帕瑞昔布0.3mg/kg组(P1组,n=21)、帕瑞昔布0.6 mg/kg组(P2组,n=21)和对照组(C组,n=20)。P1、P2组患者在麻醉诱导前即刻和术后12h分别静脉推注帕瑞昔布钠0.3、0.6mg/kg,C组静脉推注同容量生理盐水。分别于麻醉诱导前即刻(T0)、手术结束(T1)、术后12h(T2)、术后24h(T3)采集中心静脉血,采用ELISA法测定血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8浓度。记录术后72h肺部并发症的发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1~T3时三组患者血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度明显升高(P0.05);T_1~T_3时P1和P2组血清SP-A、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8浓度明显低于C组(P0.05)。三组患者术后72h肺部并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论胸腔镜下肺叶切除术老年患者围术期应用帕瑞昔布钠0.3mg/kg可明显抑制血清SP-A浓度升高,减轻炎症反应。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.