下腔静脉加压法与Valsalva动作在提高卵圆孔未闭检出率中的对比研究

目的 探讨下腔静脉加压法与Valsalva动作在经食道超声心动图(Transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)对卵圆孔未闭(Patent foramen ovale,PFO)检出率中的差异。方法 回顾性分析手术证实的PFO患者114例,包括对比增强经颅多普勒超声(Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasonography,c-TCD)少量右向左分流(Right-to-left shunt,RLS)(n=51)组、中量RLS(n=37)组、大量RLS(n=26)组,记录常规TEE超声、Valsalva动作配合下TEE检查、PFO封堵术前无痛TEE下下腔静脉加压检测,分析3组房间隔右向左一过性分流信号发生率的不同和其它临床因素在3组间的差异。结果 3组身体质量指数(Body mass index,BMI)、高血压病、高脂血症及冠心病的比例无明显差异(P>0.05); 大量RLS组患者年龄明显小于少量RLS及中量RLS组(P<0.05)。少量RLS及中量RLS组患者Valsalva动作和下腔静脉加压后较常规TEE下PFO的显示率均有提高(P<0.01); 大量RLS组患者Valsalva动作和下腔静脉加压后PFO显示率改变不明显(P>0.05)。结论 大量RLS患者较少量及中量RLS患者的年龄小,更容易早期出现临床症状; 下腔静脉加压法可以替代Valsalva动作提高TEE超声对PFO的检出率。     

不明原因中青年脑梗死RLS诊断cTCD和cTTE对比研究

目的对比增强经颅多普勒(contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler,cTCD)和经胸超声心动图声学造影(contrast enhanced transthroracic echocardiography,cTTE)对于不明原因中青年脑梗死患者右向左分流(right-to-left shunts,RLS)的诊断价值,探讨对于不明原因中青年脑梗死患者RLS的诊断方法。方法选取2015-01—2017-09洛阳市中心医院收治的不明原因中青年脑梗死患者166例,以激活生理盐水作为造影剂,选取肘前静脉注射,并结合Valsava动作,所有患者均同时进行cTCD和cTTE,诊断是否存在RLS,依据静息状态和Valsava动作是否存在分流分为固有型分流和潜在型分流,如果固有型分流Valsava动作后等级增高,则采用增高后的等级。结果166例患者中cTCD检测出RLS 80例(48.19%),cTTE检测出RLS 68例(40.96%),差异有统计学意义(P0.005)。cTCD静息状态下检测出RLS 27例(16.27%),Valsalva动作后检测出RLS 80例(48.19%)。Valsalva动作后RLS检出率明显高于静息状态(P0.005)。cTTE静息状态下检测出RLS 28例(16.87%),Valsalva动作后检测出RLS 68例(41.76%)。Valsalva动作后RLS检出率明显高于静息状态(P0.005)。cTCD半定量分级结果:Ⅰ级少量分流26例(15.66%),Ⅱ级中量分流26例(15.66%),Ⅲ级大量分流28例(16.87%);cTTE半定量分级结果:Ⅰ级少量分流27例(16.27%),Ⅱ级中量分流19例(11.45%),Ⅲ级大量分流22例(13.25%)。两种检查方法的分级结果差异有统计学意义(Bowker检验值14.818,P=0.011),cTCD较cTTE检出RLS级别高。结论 cTCD和cTTE均可发现患者是否存在右向左分流,判断右向左分流的程度,但cTCD和cTTE相比阳性率更高,Valsalva动作后RLS检出率明显高于静息状态,半定量分级结果有差异,cTCD较cTTE检出RLS级别高。cTCD更适合作为RLS的初筛手段。     

对比不同体位对经颅多普勒增强试验诊断偏头痛患者右向左分流的影响研究

目的 对比平卧位与坐位时,经颅多普勒增强试验（contrast enhanced transcranial Doppler,cTCD）对 于偏头痛患者右向左分流（right-to-left shunt,RLS）的筛查及定量分析的影响。 方法 纳入2014年7月-2017年2月门诊就诊的偏头痛患者。收集患者基线信息及临床特征。所有入 组患者均于平卧位及坐位时行cTCD检查。每个体位均行两步操作,包括平静呼吸及配合Valsalva呼 吸。比较坐位和平卧位cTCD及不同呼吸状态下RLS栓子出现的时间和数量。 结果 研究纳入254例患者,其中143例存在RLS（56.3%）。与平卧位相比,坐位平静呼吸（38.6% vs 31.1%）和Valsalva呼吸（56.3% vs 45.3%）情况下RLS的诊断阳性率都有所提升。与平卧位相比,坐 位明显缩短了平静呼吸、Valsalva呼吸第一个栓子出现的时间（7.56±2.12 s vs 9.89±2.31 s,P =0.003; 5.94±1.28 s vs 7.34±2.23 s,P＜0.001）及增加了栓子出现的数量[2（0～6）vs 5（4～9）个;9（4～14） vs 10（6～33）个,均P＜0.001）。同时,与平静呼吸相比,Valsalva呼吸缩短了平卧位、坐位第一个栓子 出现的时间（均P＜0.001）及增加了栓子出现的数量（均P＜0.001）。 结论 与传统平卧位比较,坐位更有助于cTCD检查中RLS的筛查及定量。     

TCD发泡试验对偏头痛合并卵圆孔未闭患者的筛查及封堵治疗后评价的意义

目的 观察TCD发泡试验(c-TCD)对偏头痛患者筛查卯圆孔未闭(PFO)的价值及封堵PFO后的疗效.方法 偏头痛患者126例,男45例,女81例,平均年龄42.3 ±3.6岁,其中先兆偏头痛(MA)78例,非先兆偏头痛(MO)48例.所有患者均行c-TCD、食道超声心动图(TEE)及头部CT检查.对诊断为卵圆孔未闭且同意封堵治疗的患者进行经皮穿刺介入封堵治疗,并在封堵术后1m、3m行c-TCD及常规经胸心脏超声心动图(TrE)检查,在术后6m行TTE联合TCD声学造影及头部CT检查.结果 126例偏头痛患者中,46例(36.5％) c-TCD提示心脏存在右向左分流且TEE证实存在卵圆孔未闭,其中MA 32例,MO 14例;12例(MA 8例,MO 4例)接受介入封堵治疗,其中10例封堵术后偏头痛症状消失,2例封堵术后患者偏头痛症状明显改善;4例封堵术后3m内c-TCD提示存在右向左分流,较术前明显减少,其中2例仅在Valsalva动作后出现.封堵术后6m c-TCD联合TTE声学造影检查,2例(均为术后3m常规c-TCD阳性)患者仍存在右向左分流,所有头部CT无新发梗死病灶.结论 c-TCD对PFO的筛查及介入封堵术后随访具有重要指导价值;介入封堵治疗可明显改善合并PFO患者的偏头痛症状;封堵治疗6m后仍有部分患者存在残余右向左分流.     

经颅多普勒增强实验结合经食管超声鉴别肺动静脉瘘与卵圆孔未闭所致隐源性卒中的研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒增强实验（contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD）结合经食管超声（transesophageal echocardiography,TEE）对于鉴别肺动静脉瘘（pulmonary arteriovenous fistula,PAVF）与卵圆孔未闭 （patent foramen ovale,PFO）所致隐源性卒中的意义。 方法 收集4例隐源性卒中患者（PAVF组2例,PFO组2例）的临床资料,行cTCD、TEE检查,比较两组的 检查结果差异。 结果 PAVF组cTCD结果显示患者平静呼吸时即见雨帘样栓子信号,Valsalva动作（Valsalva maneuver, VM）后栓子数量变化不明显;TEE彩色多普勒（color Doppler flow image,CDFI）未见异常,右心声学造 影VM后5个心动周期左房内肺静脉开口处见大量微泡。PFO组cTCD结果显示,一例平静呼吸时可见4 个栓子,VM后雨帘样栓子信号,VM作用消失后第40个心动周期有2个栓子信号。一例平静呼吸时无 栓子信号,VM后可见>50个栓子信号,VM作用消失后无栓子信号。TEECDFI示原发隔继发隔间裂隙左 向右过隔血流,右心声学造影VM后2～3个心动周期卵圆孔附近的左心房内见数个微气泡。 结论 cTCD结合TEE鉴别诊断PFO和PAVF敏感性高,易于操作。二者主要鉴别点在于cTCD平静呼吸时 是否出现大量栓子及是否受VM影响。     

经颅多普勒发泡试验与中青年隐源性脑卒中病因的筛查

目的探讨经颅多普勒发泡试验(cTCD)在筛查隐源性脑卒中(CS)病因中的应用价值。方法分析北京华信医院神经内科47例中青年CS患者的临床特征,进行c TCD、经食管超声心动图(TEE)检查,行反常性栓塞量表(RoPE)评分,评价cTCD与TEE两种检查方法在诊断卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的阳性率及cTCD阳性结果与RoPE评分的相关性。结果 47例患者中,cTCD检出22例PFO阳性患者,TEE检出16例PFO阳性患者,两种方法对PFO检出率高度吻合,且c TCD阳性率高于TEE。cTCD检出PFO阳性患者的梗死病灶多出现于皮质。随着RoPE评分的增加,cTCD阳性率逐渐升高。结论 PFO是CS的常见病因,cTCD可作为中青年CS病因筛查的首选。     

卵圆孔未闭伴房间隔膨出瘤与先兆偏头痛关系的超声心动图研究

目的 应用经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiograghy,TEE)联合右心声学造影评估卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)伴房间隔膨出瘤(atrial septal aneurysm,ASA)与先兆偏头痛(migraine with aura,MA)的关系.方法 回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院2018-01—2021-05接受经食道超声心动图联合右心声学造影的988例患者的检查图像及临床资料.超声检查前,采用经过验证的头痛问卷,由两位神经科医生根据国际头痛标准诊断是否有先兆偏头痛,由超声医生在不知患者是否有偏头痛的前提下进行超声心动图检查,进行RLS分级,对无FPO和ASA组、PFO组、ASA组和PFO伴ASA组进行偏头痛及先兆偏头痛的单因素分析,并对有无先兆偏头痛患者的RLS分级进行比较.结果 孤立的PFO占15.38％,孤立的ASA占3.04％,PFO合并ASA占7.29％.偏头痛发生率19.03％,MA发生率8.20％.与无PFO和ASA组比较,PFO伴ASA组无先兆偏头痛(OR=2.324,95％CI:1.225～4.41,P=0.008)及有先兆偏头痛(OR=5.533,95％CI:3.031～10.1,P<0.001)患病率显著增高.偏头痛患者中,PFO伴ASA组有先兆发生的患病率显著增高(OR=2.381,95％CI:1.095～5.176).在RLS分级中,2级和3级分流在MA及MA—患者之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.912,P=0.005);PFO伴ASA组2级和3级分流显著高于PFO组(χ2=7.023,P=0.008).结论 PFO合并ASA与MA显著相关,且出现右向左分流的程度增高,PFO引起的偏头痛研究应集中于这种特殊的心房异常.     

基于经食管超声心动图的卵圆孔未闭形态与隐源性卒中的关系研究

目的 应用经食管超声心动图（tran s e so p h ageal e ch o card iograp hy,TEE）检查评估隐源性卒中 （cryptogenic stroke,CS）患者卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale,PFO）的形态学特征,探讨PFO形态与 CS发生的关系。 方法 回顾性选取2015年3月-2020年1月于大连医科大学附属大连市中心医院行PFO封堵治疗的患 者95例,其中CS患者52例（CS组）,偏头痛患者43例（偏头痛组）。所有患者均于术前行TEE检查,静 息状态测量PFO宽度、PFO通道长度,评估PFO合并房间隔膨出瘤、永存下腔静脉瓣情况,Valsalva状态 测量PFO宽度,根据TCD发泡实验（contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler,c-TCD）判断PFO右向左分流量, 以c-TCD双侧微泡栓子信号成帘状或淋浴型为大量右向左分流。比较CS和偏头痛患者PFO上述指标的 差异。 结果 CS组静息状态PFO宽度[1.6（1.1～2.0）mm]与偏头痛组[1.6（0.9～2.0）mm]比较,差异无统计学 意义,Valsalva状态PFO宽度（2.18±0.64 mm）大于偏头痛组（1.84±0.82 mm）（P =0.026）。CS组静息状 态PFO通道长度（9.63±4.42 mm）与偏头痛组（10.15±4.06 mm）比较差异无统计学意义,PFO合并房 间隔膨出瘤患者比例（44.2%）高于偏头痛组（20.9%）（P =0.017）,PFO合并永存下腔静脉瓣患者比 例（36.5%）高于偏头痛组（16.3%）（P =0.027）。CS组c-TCD大量右向左分流患者比例（90.4%）与偏 头痛组（76.7%）比较差异无统计学意义。logistic回归分析结果显示,Valsalva状态PFO宽度（OR 2.261, 95%CI 1.191～4.291,P =0.013）是CS发生的独立预测因子。 结论 Valsalva状态PFO宽度与CS发生有关,Valsalva状态PFO宽度是识别CS的有效参数。     

c-TCD联合c-TTE在卵圆孔未闭右向左分流诊断中的应用

目的探讨联合应用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(c-TCD)和经胸超声心动图声学造影(c-TTE),对诊断卵圆孔未闭(PFO)相关的右向左分流(RLS)的临床价值。方法纳入2016-01—2018-10,至郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院神经内科就诊的隐源性脑卒中患者及偏头痛患者413例,同时行c-TCD联合c-TTE检查,对两者方法的检出差异和分流等级差异进行比较。进一步选取两种检查方法均阳性且c-TCD分级为2～3级,并拟进一步治疗的40例患者行TEE检查。结果 413例入组者中c-TCD和c-TTE检查RLS阳性率分别为44.07%、41.67%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。c-TCD和c-TTE方法检查RLS分级结果有统计学差异(Bowker值14.106,P=0.028),c-TCD检出级别高。40例行TEE检查的患者,均发现存在卵圆孔未闭。结论 c-TCD方法检查RLS敏感性高。c-TCD和c-TTE联合检查方法可提高PFO-RLS诊断的准确性。     

经食管超声心动图右心声学造影与对比增强TCD检查在检测隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的效果比较

目的比较经食管超声心动图右心声学造影与对比增强TCD检查在检测隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的效果。方法选取2016年9月至2017年9月佛山市第一人民医院收治的隐源性脑卒中患者82例,所有患者均进行经食管超声心动图右心声学造影和对比增强TCD检查。对比两种检查方法对于隐源性脑卒中患者右向左分流的检出率及半定量分流分级程度。结果对比增强TCD对右向左分流的检出率[58. 5%(48/82)]显著高于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影[30. 2%(25/82)](P 0. 05)。对比增强TCD对右向左分流的半定量分级明显高于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影(均P 0. 05)。经食管超声心动图右心声学造影后出现吞咽疼痛3例,食管穿孔2例,声音麻痹3例,血压异常5例,合计并发症发生率为15. 9%(13/82),而对比增强TCD后未见相关并发症。结论相对于经食管超声心动图右心声学造影技术,对比增强TCD检查对隐源性脑卒中右向左分流检出率更高,半定量分流程度更高,具有更广阔的应用空间。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.