前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的相关危险因素。方法选取2015年3月至2016年3月收治的120例前交通动脉动脉瘤作为观察组,另选取同期收治的100例无颅内动脉瘤病人作为对照组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果年龄≥55岁(OR=2.074,95%CI:1.193~3.513;P=0.009)、高血压病史(OR=2.1736,95%CI:1.261~3.744;P=0.005)、优势型A1解剖构象(OR=3.441,95%CI:1.881~6.297;P0.001)、缺如型A1解剖构象(OR=6.882,95%CI:1.970~24.040;P=0.003)是前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的独立危险因素。结论前交通动脉动脉瘤发生与病人年龄、高血压病史、前交通动脉解剖结构异常有关;具有上述危险因素的病人建议定期进行无创血管检查。     

手术治疗高血压脑出血患者再出血的相关因素研究

目的探讨手术治疗高血压脑出血患者再出血的相关因素。方法选取2012-03—2015-08于我院手术治疗的高血压脑出血患者138例,按是否发生再出血分为出血组22例和非出血组116例。统计患者临床资料,分析潜在危险因素。结果出血组和非出血组在术前GCS评分、术前收缩压、血肿量、术中止血困难和术后24h收缩压方面比较存在显著性差异(P0.05或P0.01);术前GCS评分(OR=2.012,95%CI:1.010~3.676)、术前收缩压(OR=1.698,95%CI:1.210~2.382)、血肿量(OR=3.522,95%CI:1.229~10.167)、术中止血困难(OR=3.901,95%CI:1.998~7.716)和术后24h收缩压(OR=2.301,95%CI:1.093~4.831)是高血压脑出血患者术后再出血的独立危险因素。结论影响高血压脑出血术后再出血的影响因素是多方面的,应多方面考虑术前、术中和术后的高危因素,根据术前临床指征,选择合适手术方式,有效控制术前、术后血压,对于有效降低术后再出血具有重要意义。     

基于CT灌注成像评估侧支循环在急性缺血性脑卒中取栓前后脑梗死进展及预后评估中的应用

目的探讨基于CT灌注成像(CTP)评估的侧支循环对急性前循环大动脉闭塞患者取栓前后脑梗死进展及临床预后的影响。方法回顾性分析浙江省人民医院神经内科自2018年5月至2019年9月收治的110例发病24 h以内的急性前循大动脉闭塞患者的资料。所有患者均完成取栓手术,采用区域性软脑膜侧支(rLMC)评分对四维CT血管造影(4D-CTA)上的全时相融合像(tMIP)进行侧支循环评估;根据CTP的核心脑梗死体积和术后1周内头颅MR的DWI影像结果,计算进展梗死体积;采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评估患者术后3个月时预后情况。结果(1)侧支循环好组患者56例,侧支循环差组患者54例。年龄(OR=0.951,95%CI:0.910~0.993,P=0.023)、心功能不全(OR=0.116,95%CI:0.018~0.731,P=0.022)、基线空腹血糖(OR=0.788,95%CI:0.646~0.961,P=0.019)、觉醒性卒中(OR=0.093,95%CI:0.023~0.380,P=0.001)及颈内动脉段闭塞(OR=7.604,95%CI:2.650~21.821,P=0.000)是侧支循环的独立影响因素。(2)侧支循环评分(95%CI:-2.947~-1.474,P=0.000)、缺血半暗带体积(95%CI:0.065~0.126,P=0.000)、脑组织水肿评分(95%CI:2.952~7.600,P=0.000)、出血转化(95%CI:8.966~23.114,P=0.000)及24 h美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分(95%CI:0.606~1.248,P=0.000)是进展梗死体积的独立影响因素。(3)预后良好组患者共59例,预后不良组患者共51例。出血转化(OR=0.019,95%CI:0.001~0.275,P=0.004)及进展梗死体积(OR=0.824,95%CI:0.756~0.897,P=0.000)是急性前循环大动脉闭塞取栓患者远期预后的独立影响因素。结论基于4D-CTA的rLMC侧支循环评分对发病24 h内急性前循环大动脉闭塞取栓患者的进展梗死体积有良好的预测作用,并可通过进展梗死体积进一步预测患者预后。     

蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑血管痉挛相关危险因素回顾性研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)患者发生脑血管痉挛(cerebral vasospasm,CVS)的相关危险因素。方法通过对174例SAH患者人口学因素、健康习惯、既往病史、急性期应激因素、急性期并发症、急性期评价指标、治疗时间和出血累及脑区等因素的多变量Logistic分析和Cox分析,确定CVS相关危险因素。结果糖尿病史(OR=1.454,95%CI1.051～2.012;P=0.024)是住院前CVS独立危险因素,白细胞计数增高(OR=1.148,95%CI1.056～1.247;P=0.001)是CVS预测因素;吸烟(HR=1.042,95%CI1.024～1.061;P0.001)、糖尿病(HR=1.162,95%CI1.025～1.317;P=0.019)和高血压病史(HR=1.042,95%CI1.001～1.083;P=0.042)、Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级(P0.11)和CVS发生次数(HR=5.594,95%CI3.769～8.303;P0.001)是住院期间CVS独立危险因素;应用尼莫地平(HR=0.983,95%CI0.973～0.993;P=0.001)可以显著降低CVS风险;血管内栓塞和手术夹闭组患者CVS风险差异无统计学意义(HR=1.126,95%CI0.474～2.675;P=0.787)。结论具有长期吸烟、糖尿病和高血压病史、入院时Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级及白细胞计数增高的SAH患者,CVS风险显著增加;应用尼莫地平可以显著降低CVS风险。     

单纯脑桥梗死危险因素、病因分型和临床特征研究

目的探讨单纯性脑桥梗死的危险因素、病因分型和临床表现特征。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月期间,在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院神经内科连续住院的急性脑梗死患者的资料,选择发病2周内、MRI的弥散加权成像(Diffusion Weighted Imaging,DWI)有阳性发现的病例,排除同时存在前后循环梗死或同时存在脑桥与其他脑干部位的梗死,收集患者的人口学资料、血管病危险因素、临床症状和体征,并进行病因分型;将单纯性脑桥梗死作为病例组,前循环脑梗死为对照组,以多因素logistic回归分析的方法,探讨单纯脑桥梗死的危险因素、病因分型和临床表现特征。结果与单纯桥脑梗死相关的危险因素有高糖化血红蛋白(OR 1.183,95%CI 1.007~1.389,P=0.041)。病因分型中,与单纯桥脑梗死相关的为穿支动脉疾病(OR 2.343,95%CI 1.086~5.057,P=0.030)。与单纯桥脑梗死相关的症状有头晕/眩晕(OR 1.827,,95%CI 1.024~3.259,P=0.041)、恶心呕吐(OR 2.631,95%CI1.267~5.464,P=0.009)、复视(OR 5.103,95%CI 1.342-19.404,P=0.017)、耳鸣(OR 10.512,95%CI1.119~98.714,P=0.040)、行走不稳(OR 2.547,95%CI 1.328~4.884,P=0.005)。与单纯脑桥梗死相关的体征为眼球震颤(OR 9.368,95%CI 3.251~26.991,P=0.000)、单侧肢体感觉障碍(OR 3.145,95%CI1.051~9.412,P=0.041)。结论单纯脑桥梗死的危险因素、临床特征和病因分型与前循环梗死不同,危险因素中的高糖化血红蛋白、病因分型中的穿支动脉疾病、临床表现中的头晕/眩晕、恶心呕吐、复视、行走不稳、眼球震颤、耳鸣和单肢感觉障碍更为突出。     

颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者手术前病情加重的多因素分析

目的探讨和分析颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者手术前病情加重的相关危险因素。方法选择2002年5月-2006年3月诊断明确的189例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,均于首次发病后2周内接受手术治疗。根据手术前Hunt-Hess分级分为颅内动脉瘤手术前病情加重组(27例)和手术前病情未加重组(162例)。通过Logistic回归方程对11项与蛛网膜下腔出血相关的危险因素进行分析,从中归纳总结出与手术前病情加重最为相关的危险因素。结果颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血首诊Hunt-Hess分级(OR=2.739,95%CI:1.721～4.359;P=0.000)、意识障碍(OR=4.863,95%CI:1.687～14.020;P=0.003)和运动功能障碍(OR=3.579,95%CI:1.064～12.042;P=0.039)等3项因素与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者手术前病情加重相关;而与性别、年龄、失语、脑积水、脑内或脑室出血及高血压病史等因素无关,两组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论首诊Hunt-Hess分级≥3级、意识障碍和运动功能障碍等项指标可以作为预测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者手术前病情加重的独立危险因素,对预测患者病情的变化具有重要临床意义。     

偏头痛伴发脑微出血的相关危险因素分析

目的分析偏头痛患者伴发脑微出血(CMBs)的临床特点及影响因素。方法连续收集178例临床确诊的偏头痛患者,根据头颅MRI有无CMBs表现分为两组,收集患者一般资料,头痛特点并进行比较。结果 (1)178例偏头痛患者中CMBs患者56例,偏头痛合并CMBs发生率为31.5%,其中单发病灶17例(30.4%),多发病灶39例(69.6%),单纯脑叶病灶31例(55.4%);(2)与无CMBs的偏头痛患者比较,合并CMBs的偏头痛患者更容易合并高血压(P=0.028),头痛病程长(P=0.002)、头痛发作频率高(P=0.001)且容易伴发先兆(P=0.036);(3)多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在校正年龄、性别及其他危险因素后,头痛病程(OR=1.166,95%CI:1.044~1.303,P=0.007)、头痛发作频率(OR=1.353,95%CI:1.116~1.640,P=0.002)和先兆偏头痛(OR=10.080,95%CI:1.630~62.329,P=0.013)与偏头痛发生CMBs相关。结论偏头痛病程长、发作频率高及伴有先兆是偏头痛发生CMBs的危险因素。     

良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕相关因素分析

目的探讨良性发作性位置性眩晕(BPPV)患者治愈后发生残余头晕的相关因素。方法选取我院神经内科行管石复位术并均复位成功的BPPV患者120例,对比头晕组和无头晕组的一般资料、临床特征、并发症等。结果单因素分析发现,年龄较高、BBPV时间较长、治愈次数较多的BPPV患者治愈后残余头晕的发生率较高,χ2趋势检验差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析发现,年龄(OR=1.320,95%CI=1.094~1.594)、BBPV时间(OR=1.439,95%CI=1.149~1.803)、治愈次数(OR=1.353,95%CI=1.147~1.595)是良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕的危险因素。结论年龄、BBPV时间、治愈次数是良性发作性位置性眩晕患者治愈后发生残余头晕的危险因素,管石复位术成功后残余头晕发生率较高,早期诊断和治疗有利于降低残余头晕的发生率。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂危险因素分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素。方法回顾分析2011年1月~2016年1月在我院确诊为颅内动脉瘤的373例患者的病历资料,根据动脉瘤破裂与否将研究对象分为破裂组(n=343)和未破裂组(n=30),对两组患者的临床资料及动脉瘤相关特征资料进行搜集,并进行单因素分析筛选,然后行Logistic回归分析。结果(1)经χ2分析及t检验示年龄、吸烟、饮酒、动脉瘤直径、动脉瘤部位等比较结果具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)经logistic回归分析示颅内动脉瘤发生破裂的相关危险因素有青年(OR=1.437,95%CI=0.542~3.813)、老年(OR=1.083,95%CI=0.619~1.895)、中等动脉瘤(OR=1.764,95%CI=0.611~5.096)、前交通动脉瘤(OR=2.839,95%CI=1.238~6.509)、后交通动脉瘤(OR=1.102,95%CI=0.624~1.944)、高血压(OR=1.04895%CI=0.585~1.877)、饮酒史(OR=1.286,95%CI=0.503~3.290)。结论青年、老年、高血压、饮酒史、中等动脉瘤、前交通动脉瘤、后交通动脉瘤是颅内动脉瘤破裂的相关危险因素。     

重症肌无力患者胸腺切除术围手术期重症肌无力危象的危险因素分析

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者胸腺切除术围手术期并发肌无力危象的危险因素。方法收集63例MG患者的临床资料,按照围手术期是否发生肌无力危象,分为发生危象组和未发生危象组,分析肌无力危象的危险因素。结果本组发生肌无力危象12例(19.0%)(发生危象组),未发生肌无力危象51例(81.0%)(未发生危象组)。与发生危象组比较,未发生危象组Osserman分型、术式、手术时间、术中出血量及病理类型差异有统计学意义(P0.05~0.01)。多变量Logistic回归分析显示,Osserman分型(Ⅱb+Ⅲ型)、手术时间(3 h)、术中出血量(100 ml)以及病理类型(侵袭性胸腺瘤)是肌无力危象的独立危险因素(OR=55.257,95%CI:7.953~383.909,P=0.000;OR=105.243,95%CI:8.570~1292.357,P=0.000;OR=14.008,95%CI:2.597~75.559,P=0.002;OR=18.552,95%CI:4.368~78.789,P=0.000)。结论 Osserman分型Ⅱb+Ⅲ型、手术时间3 h、术中出血量100 ml以及侵袭性胸腺瘤是胸腺切除术围手术期并发肌无力危象的独立危险因素。充分的术前评估准备、减少术中出血及缩短手术时间有助减少肌无力危象发生。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.