量化评价血肿形态对脑出血血肿扩大危险因素分析

目的 采用不规则指数(R)量化评价不规则血肿形态,分析血肿扩大的相关危险因素.方法 收集深圳市数家医院发病6h内行第1次头部CT检查,48h内复查头部CT的非手术脑出血病例资料,共120例,分为两组:(1)血肿扩大组31例;(2)血肿无扩大组89例.计算出评价血肿不规则程度的不规则指数(R).采用统计学方法分析患者的年龄、性别、发病到入院时间、入院时的收缩压、舒张压、出血量、出血部位、纤维蛋白原浓度、不规则指数R与血肿扩大的关系.结果 120例脑出血患者中有31例患者发生血肿扩大,发生率为25.8%.多因素Logistic回归分析提示:早期就诊头部CT扫描(OR 0.342,95%CI 0.169～0.693,P=0.003)、入院时的高收缩压(OR 3.897.95%CI 1.458～10.416,P=0.007)、不规则指数R≥1.3(OR 2.974,95%CI 1.128～7.845,P=0.028)均是脑出血肿扩大的独立危险因素.结论 早期就诊头部CT扫描、入院时的高收缩压(>175mmHg)、血肿不规则指数R≥1.3时的患者血肿扩大发生率高,是血肿扩大的相关因素.     

外周血淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值与高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的关系

目的探讨外周血淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)与高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的关系。方法回顾性分析2013~2015年收治的175例高血压性脑出血的临床资料。入院48 h内复查CT示血肿体积较前增加6 ml或血肿体积较前增加30%以上为血肿扩大。结果 175例中,发生血肿扩大62例(血肿扩大组),未发生血肿扩大113例(血肿未扩大组)。血肿扩大组初始血肿体积、入院时舒张压、入院时收缩压、INR、APTT均明显高于血肿未扩大组(P0.05),而LMR和入院时GCS评分则明显低于血肿未扩大组(P0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线分析表明单核细胞计数、LMR、初始血肿体积、入院时GCS评分、入院时收缩压预测血肿扩大的临界值分别为0.55×109/L、1.62、28.41 ml、11分、195 mm Hg。多因素Logistic回归分析显示初始血肿体积≥28.41ml[比值比(OR)=3.78,95%可信区间(CI)为1.009~9.164;P=0.003)、LMR1.62(OR=0.283,95%CI为0.119~0.674;P=0.004)、入院时GCS评分11分(OR=0.249,95%CI为0.097~0.641;P=0.004)是血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结论高血压性脑出血血肿扩大与LMR水平有关。     

脑白质疏松与自发性脑出血早期血肿扩大的相关性研究

目的探讨脑白质疏松与自发性幕上脑出血早期血肿扩大的关系。方法回顾性连续入组2015年10月-2017年10月于中国医科大学附属第一医院神经内科住院治疗的自发性幕上脑出血患者,全部患者需在发病12 h之内完成首次头部CT且48 h内复查头部CT。应用Image J软件计算两次的血肿体积,采用Van Swieten量表评价脑白质疏松严重程度。比较早期血肿扩大组与未扩大组在血肿部位、血肿形态、脑白质疏松程度等临床、影像、实验室资料等的差异;判断脑白质疏松是否为早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结果 94例(33.3%)发生早期血肿扩大,多因素Logistic回归分析显示VSS评分(OR=1.358,95%CI 1.139～1.619,P=0.001)、吸烟程度(OR=1.286,95%CI 1.029～1.606,P=0.027)是自发性幕上脑出血早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结论脑白质疏松与自发性幕上脑出血早期血肿扩大密切相关,即脑白质疏松程度越严重,早期血肿扩大发生率越高。     

脑出血早期血肿扩大危险因素的临床研究

目的探讨急性脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素。方法回顾性分析138例急性高血压性脑出血患者临床资料,血肿扩大者与血肿未扩大患者资料进行对比分析。结果 138例脑出血患者中有50例出现血肿扩大,单因素分析显示,两组的发病距首次行头部CT检查时间、入院格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)评分、入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分和凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(APO-A1)、血糖及胱抑素C(Cys C)水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示较短的发病距首次行头部CT检查时间(OR=1.374,95%CI=1.044~7.666,P0.05)、低入院GCS评分(OR=0.222,95%CI=0.092~0.533,P0.01)、高入院NIHSS评分(OR=1.735,95%CI=1.762~2.624,P0.01)、血清高水平HDL-C(OR=1.726,95%CI=1.546~2.313,P0.05)及血糖(OR=1.410,95%CI=1.027~1.934,P0.05)与脑出血急性期血肿扩大独立相关。结论低入院GCS评分、高入院NIHSS评分、血清高水平HDL-C及高血糖为脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素,脑出血发病后尽早行头部CT检查可提高血肿扩大发现率。     

手术治疗高血压脑出血患者再出血的相关因素研究

目的探讨手术治疗高血压脑出血患者再出血的相关因素。方法选取2012-03—2015-08于我院手术治疗的高血压脑出血患者138例,按是否发生再出血分为出血组22例和非出血组116例。统计患者临床资料,分析潜在危险因素。结果出血组和非出血组在术前GCS评分、术前收缩压、血肿量、术中止血困难和术后24h收缩压方面比较存在显著性差异(P0.05或P0.01);术前GCS评分(OR=2.012,95%CI:1.010~3.676)、术前收缩压(OR=1.698,95%CI:1.210~2.382)、血肿量(OR=3.522,95%CI:1.229~10.167)、术中止血困难(OR=3.901,95%CI:1.998~7.716)和术后24h收缩压(OR=2.301,95%CI:1.093~4.831)是高血压脑出血患者术后再出血的独立危险因素。结论影响高血压脑出血术后再出血的影响因素是多方面的,应多方面考虑术前、术中和术后的高危因素,根据术前临床指征,选择合适手术方式,有效控制术前、术后血压,对于有效降低术后再出血具有重要意义。     

自发性脑出血发生血肿扩大的影响因素分析

目的探讨自发性脑出血患者发生血肿扩大的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2018年9月至2019年9月苏州大学附属第一医院神经外科收治的224例自发性脑出血患者的临床资料。所有患者入院时行首次头颅CT平扫(发病时间≤8 h),并于24 h后复查头颅CT,将复查时血肿量增加≥33%或增加≥12.5 ml定义为血肿扩大,并分为血肿扩大组(n=70)与血肿未扩大组(n=154)。收集两组年龄、性别、糖尿病史、初始血肿量、入院时收缩压、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)以及是否有凝血功能异常等临床资料。判读首次头颅CT平扫时是否存在血肿边缘不规则混合密度征、黑洞征、漩涡征、分叶征、混杂征。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析法判断影响血肿扩大的因素。结果224例患者中,CT显示血肿边缘不规则混合密度征71例,黑洞征56例,漩涡征51例,分叶征53例,混杂征58例。血肿未扩大组与血肿扩大组患者的年龄、性别以及初始血肿量的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。与血肿未扩大组比较,血肿扩大组有糖尿病史者和凝血功能异常者占比均高,入院时GCS低、收缩压高以及头颅CT显示有血肿边缘不规则混合密度征、黑洞征、漩涡征、分叶征、混杂征者占比均高(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,有糖尿病史、入院时GCS低、入院时收缩压高、凝血功能异常以及头颅CT显示有血肿边缘不规则混合密度征、黑洞征、漩涡征、分叶征、混杂征均为脑出血患者发生血肿扩大的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论既往有糖尿病史、入院时GCS低、收缩压高、凝血功能异常以及有CT影像学特征性表现的自发性脑出血患者发生血肿扩大的风险高。     

高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值

目的探究高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值。方法回顾性收集2014年10月至2018年10月在我院就诊的高血压脑出血患者106例,根据入院后头颅CT检查结果显示是否出现血肿扩大将患者分为扩大组(29例)及未扩大组(77例),比较两组患者一般资料,分析高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素。采用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的价值。结果两组患者性别、年龄、血肿部位、入院时舒张压及长期吸烟史比较无明显差异(P0. 05);入院时GCS评分、入院时收缩压、空腹血糖、血肿形态及长期饮酒史比较存在明显差异(P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。入院时GCS评分、血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大时ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0785和0. 819,明显低于两者联合预测时的AUC(0. 886,P 0. 05)。结论低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素,入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大具有较高的临床价值。     

高血压脑出血血肿扩大相关因素分析

目的通过对比分析明确幕上高血压脑出血血肿扩大的危险因素。方法将幕上高血压脑出血患者313例,根据是否存在血肿扩大,分为血肿扩大组和非血肿扩大组,明确血压、早期使用甘露醇、血肿特点、发病时搬动与血肿扩大的关系。结果 (1)血肿扩大组入院时收缩压200mmHg者占40.34%,非血肿扩大组占12.37%;血肿扩大组入院时舒张压110mmHg者占57.14%,非血肿扩大组占26.80%,两组比较,血肿扩大组血压明显高于非血肿扩大组,差异显著(P0.01)。(2)血肿扩大组早期(发病6h内)使用甘露醇者占85.71%,非血肿扩大组占54.12%,差异显著(P0.01)。(3)血肿扩大组丘脑出血占38.66%,显著多于非血肿扩大组的26.28%(P0.05);血肿扩大组出血量20ml者58.82%,显著高于非血肿扩大组的16.50%(P0.01);血肿扩大组血肿形态不规则者93.28%,显著高于非血肿扩大组的61.34%(P0.01)。(4)血肿扩大组存在搬动史者57.98%,非血肿扩大组41.75%,差异显著(P0.01)。结论血压升高(收缩压200mmHg和/或舒张压110mmHg)、发病早期(6h内)使用甘露醇、丘脑出血、出血量大于20ml、血肿形态不规则、发病早期存在搬动是脑出血血肿扩大的危险因素。     

老年脑出血后血肿扩大的相关影响因素

目的分析老年脑出血后血肿扩大的相关影响因素。方法选取167例脑出血患者为研究对象,其中出现血肿扩大的99例患者为病例组,未出现血肿扩大的68例患者为对照组。对2组患者的首次CT距发病时间、脑出血部位、血肿形态,入院时及发病次日的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP),入院时血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平、空腹血糖(FBG)、呕吐情况、意识障碍情况、NIHSS评分,饮酒史、吸烟史、糖尿病史、高血压史及早期(入院6h内)应用甘露醇情况进行对比。结果 2组首次CT距发病时间、血肿形态、发病次日SBP和DBP水平、HDL水平、FBG水平、入院时意识障碍、入院时NHISS评分、饮酒史、早期应用甘露醇等差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic多元回归分析显示,不规则血肿形态(OR=6.367)、发病次日SBP(OR=4.688)、入院时HDL水平(OR=2.057)、入院时NIHSS评分(OR=1.452)、饮酒史(OR=1.363)、早期应用甘露醇(OR=1.208)与老年脑出血后血肿扩大的发生具有相关性(P0.05)。结论老年脑出血后血肿扩大的发生与多种因素具有相关性,应全面把握患者的高危因素,及时采取干预措施,以达到预防血肿扩大、改善患者预后的目的。     

自发性脑出血破入脑室与否的预后比较分析

目的探讨自发性脑出血破入脑室与否对患者预后的影响及其相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院2010年1月—2016年12月收治的1 342例s ICH患者的临床资料。根据出血是否破入脑室分为破入脑室组(455例,33. 9%)与未破入脑室组(887例,66. 1%),比较分析两组患者预后的差异及其影响因素。结果破入脑室组的平均住院时间为(25. 1±26. 7) d、出院时mRS评分4(3,5)分、死亡率14. 1%,未破入脑室组分别为(20. 9±21. 8) d、3(2,4)分及2. 5%,两组的差异均有统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,破入脑室(OR=2. 521,P=0. 000)为s ICH患者预后不良的独立危险因素。对未破入脑室组与破入脑室组预后相关影响因素分别进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病程 24 h(OR=0. 566,P=0. 001 vs OR=0. 547,P=0. 032)均为两组保护因素;入院格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分≤8分(OR=5. 146,P=0. 004 vs OR=11. 013,P=0. 000)、血肿形态不规则(OR=2. 053,P=0. 000 vs OR=3. 648,P=0. 000)、肺部感染(OR=2. 356,P=0. 000 vs OR=1. 994,P=0. 012)均为危险因素。对患者年龄、性别、血肿量、血肿部位、血肿形态、密度、入院GCS评分作森林图亚组分析,仅血肿部位亚组差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论自发性脑出血破入脑室患者预后总体差于未破入脑室者,破入脑室是影响自发性脑出血患者预后的独立危险因素。不同出血部位破入脑室与未破入脑室患者的预后有明显不同;病程 24 h为破入脑室和未破入脑室预后的保护因素,而入院GCS评分≤8分、肺部感染、血肿形态不规则为预后不良的危险因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.