急性冠脉综合征IL-6与MMP-1的意义及相关性

目的观察急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者血清炎性介质白介素-6（IL-6）、金属基质蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）水平变化及其相互问的关系。方法将138例入院患者行冠状动脉造影后分为4组，稳定型心绞痛（SA）30例、不稳定型心绞痛（CA）44例、急性心肌梗死（AMI）34例，冠状动脉造影元狭窄为对照组30例。根据冠脉造影结果将ACS分为单支、双支和三支病变。用ELISA法测定患者外周静脉血清IL-6和MMP-1水平；分析各组IL-6和MMP-1水平及冠状动脉狭窄程度与IL-6、MMP-1水平的关系，分析在ACS中IL-6与MMP-1的相关性。结果①各组血清IL-6、MMP-1水平显示，UA组和AMI组明显高于对照组和SA组，且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；UA组与AMI组、对照组与SA组差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）；两者在单支、双支、三支病变之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②在ACS中，IL-6与MMP-1成正相关（r=0．673，P〈0．01）。结论IL-6、MMP-1反映冠脉病变的不稳定性，并不反映冠脉病变狭窄程度，IL-6促进MMP-1释放降解斑块基质引起斑块的不稳定。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1及hs-CRP的观察

目的探讨金属肽酶含血小板反应蛋白元-1(metal peptidase containing platelet reactive protein-1,ADAMTS-1)、氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,OX-LDL)和高敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平对急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者诊断价值。方法选取经冠状动脉造影检查确诊为冠心病组208例,其中不稳定型心绞痛(unstable angina pectoris,UAP)组87例,急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)组90例,稳定型心绞痛(stable angina pectoris,SAP)组31例;选取冠状动脉造影证实冠状动脉无狭窄病变48例为对照组。采集研究对象入院24小时内静脉血,检测OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1、hs-CRP、低密度脂蛋白(low densith lipoprotein,LDL)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)指标。结果 ACS组患者外周血清中ADAMTS-1、hs-CRP、OX-LDL水平与对照组比较,明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);AMI组OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1、hs-CRP显著高于UAP、SAP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);UAP组hs-CRP、OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1显著高于SAP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ACS组患者ADAMTS-1的敏感性高于OX-LDL、hs-CRP;hs-CRP特异性高于OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1。结论联合检测OX-LDL、ADAMTS-1、hs-CRP有助于对ACS的诊断。     

冠状动脉病变与白细胞介素-6受体及金属肽酶含血小板反应蛋白基元-1的相关性

目的探讨冠状动脉病变程度与外周血白细胞介素-6受体(IL-6R)和金属肽酶含血小板反应蛋白基元-1(ADAMTS-1)相关性。方法以272例冠心病患者为研究对象,包括急性心肌梗死(AMI)105例、不稳定型心绞痛(UA)126例、稳定型心绞痛(SA)41例,其中单支病变120例,双支病变72例,多支病变80例;选取冠状动脉粥样斑块72例,冠状动脉无狭窄56例为对照组。采用ELISA法检测术前外周血IL-6R、ADAMTS-1水平,并测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)指标。结果冠心病患者血清IL-6R、ADAMTS-1水平显著高于冠状动脉粥样斑块组、对照组(P0.05),且AMI、UA患者血清IL-6R、ADAMTS-1水平显著高于SA(P0.05);冠状动脉粥样斑块组血清IL-6R、ADAMTS-1水平与对照组相比无显著性差异(P0.05);多支病变、双支病变及单支病变组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 IL-6R、ADAMTS-1对冠心病具有预测价值,与冠心病血管病变支数无关。     

不稳定型心绞痛与急性心肌梗死危险因素及冠状动脉造影病变特点的比较

根据临床和冠状动脉造影结果将122例冠心病患者分为不稳定型心绞痛（UA）组60例和急性心肌梗死（AMI）组62例，对UA与AMI危险因素及病变特点进行比较分析。结果：冠心病的危险因素年龄、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病和吸烟等在UA组及AMI组经统计学处理均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。冠状动脉造影：单支病变在UA组明显多于AMI组，多支病变在UA组明显少于AMI组，两组间数据经统计学处理均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；回旋支、右冠状动脉病变在AMI组明显高于UA组，两组间数据经统计学处理有显著性差异（P＜0．05）；完全阻塞和狭窄≥95％在AMI组明显高于UA组，两组间数据经统计学处理有显著性差异（P＜0．001和P＜0．005）。结论：冠心病的危险因素年龄、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、吸烟及其病程与冠心病的病变程度无相关性；冠状动脉造影显示UA和AMI病变特点有显著性差异。     

强化降糖治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征合并糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗预后的影响

目的评价强化降糖治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征合并糖尿病（ACS＋DM）患者冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的效果和预后。方法选择2005年1月至2007年6月行PCI的ACS患者278例,按是否合并糖尿病分为ACS＋DM组（91例）和非糖尿病ACS组（NDMACS组,187例）,ACS＋DM组患者严格控制血糖水平,使HbAbl〈6．5％。两组均应用DES支架行PCI术治疗,ACS＋DM组和NDMACS组分别行急诊PCI术20例（22．0％）和49例（26．2％）,分别行择期PCI术71例（78．0％）和138例（73．8％）。随访36-48个月,观察手术成功率,住院期间和远期心血管事件发生率。结果ACS＋DM组患者中女性比例和三支血管病变明显高于NDMACS组,差异有统计学意义（62．6％比46．0％,P〈0．05;58．2％比33．2％,P〈0．05）。ACS＋DM组和NDMACS组PCI术成功率分别为96．7％和97．3％。两组术后并发症、住院期间心血管事件发生率和随访期间心血管事件发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论强化降糖治疗可使ACS＋DM患者PCI术后获得与NDMACS患者同样的疗效和预后。     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板聚集率的影响

目的检测急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)和血小板聚集率的变化并探讨ox-LDL对ACS患者血小板聚集率的影响。方法收集经冠状动脉造影确诊的48例稳定型心绞痛(SA)患者,59例不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者以及51例急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者外周血标本,同时收集同期住院且冠状动脉造影正常的60例患者外周血标本作为对照组,通过ELISA检测血浆ox-LDL的表达水平,通过血小板聚集仪检测血小板聚集率的变化,通过体外实验加入ox-LDL检测ox-LDL对ACS患者血小板聚集率的影响。结果与对照组相比,UA组和AMI组血浆ox-LDL和血小板聚集率显著升高(P0.05),而SA组与对照组及UA组与AMI组相比血浆ox-LDL和血小板聚集率并无显著性变化(P0.05),同时ACS患者(UA和AMI)血浆ox-LDL水平与血小板聚集率呈明显正相关(r=0.651,P0.01),体外实验进一步证实ox-LDL可明显提高生理激动剂二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的ACS患者血小板聚集率(P0.01)。结论 ACS患者血浆ox-LDL水平升高与血小板高聚集状态密切相关,高水平的ox-LDL可能是ACS患者血栓形成的重要危险因素,因此检测ox-LDL水平对ACS患者预后判断有重要价值。     

辛伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清IL-6和TNF-α水平的影响

将56例急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者随机分为辛伐他汀组和常规组，各28例，两组均予溶栓剂、抗凝剂、B受体阻滞剂等常规治疗，辛伐他汀组在此基础上口服辛伐他汀分别于治疗前及治疗4周后检测血清IL-6和TNF-α。另选同期健康体检者30例作为对照组，同法测上述指标。结果ACS患者治疗前血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）；辛伐他汀组治疗后血清IL-6、TNF-α水平明显低于治疗前（P〈0．05）。但仍高于对照组（P〈0．05）；常规组治疗后血清IL-6、TNF-α降低不明显（P〉0．05）。认为血清IL-6、TNF-α水平升高与ACS发病密切相关，辛伐他汀可降低ACS患者血清IL-6、TNF-α水平，即有减轻病变部位炎症反应和保护内皮细胞的作用。     

老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者UAER、LP（a）的检测及其与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系

目的通过测定老年急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者的脂蛋白（a）[LP（a）]、尿蛋白排泄率（UAER）水平,探讨其与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性。方法 ACS患者87例,其中不稳型心绞痛（UA）组48例,急性心肌梗死（AMI）组39例;正常对照组37例。所有病例入院后测定LP（a）、UAER水平;对患者进行冠状动脉造影,采用Gensini积分系统对各支冠状动脉狭窄程度进行定量分析。结果与对照组比较,UA组和AMI组LP（a）、UAER水升高（P〈0.05）;LP（a）、UAER均与冠状动脉积分正相关（P〈0.05）,前两者间亦呈正相关（P〈0.01）。结论 LP（a）和UAER可能参与了老年ACS的发生和发展,且与冠状动脉病变严重程度相关。     

心绞痛患者白细胞介素-6受体、ADAMTS-1浓度与冠状动脉病变程度及稳定性的研究

目的探讨心绞痛患者血清白细胞介素-6受体(interleukin-6 receptor,IL-6R)及含N型血小板结合蛋白基序的解聚蛋白样金属蛋白酶-1(a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motifs,ADAMTS-1)浓度与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度及冠状动脉斑块稳定性的关系。方法本实验共选取患者223例:心绞痛患者167例,其中不稳定型心绞痛(unstable angina,UA)126例,稳定型心绞痛(stable angina,SA)41例;对照组56例。依据心绞痛患者冠状动脉造影结果进行Gensini评分,分为4个亚组(冠状动脉病变轻度、中度、重度、极重度亚组)。应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清IL-6R、ADAMTS-1浓度,并测定血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白浓度。结果 UA组IL-6R与ADAMTS-1浓度较SA组明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。心绞痛不同冠状动脉病变程度4个亚组中血清IL-6R、ADAMTS-1浓度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论外周血IL-6R与ADAMTS-1浓度与冠状动脉病变的严重程度无明显相关性,与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性相关。     

普罗布考对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血管内皮损伤的干预效应

目的 观察普罗布考早期治疗对急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者的血管内皮功能的影响。方法 49例ACS患者随机分为两组,普罗布考组（P组,n=24）和常规治疗组（C组,n=25）,检测外周血氧化低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）、一氧化氮（NO）及循环内皮细胞（CEC）数量,应用高频超声测肱动脉内皮依赖血管舒张功能（FMD）,用药治疗3个月,观察治疗前后指标变化。结果 P组患者治疗后与治疗前相比,外周血中ox-LDL和CEC水平明显降低（P〈0．01）,NO含量明显升高（P〈0．01）,FMD明显升高（P〈0．05）。P组患者治疗后与C组相比,外周血中ox-LDL和CEC水平明显降低（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,NO明显升高（P〈0．01）,FMD明显升高（P〈0．05）。C组CEC、NO含量及FMD含量治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。P组治疗后血浆ox-LDL与CEC呈正相关（r=0．385,P〈0．01）,与NOFMD呈负相关（r=-0．517,P〈0．01）。结论 普罗布考具有抗氧化、降低ox-LDL,提高ACS患者血管内皮功能的作用。     

Grading the angiographic extent of collateral filling

Angiography frequently demonstrates a collateral circulation in severe coronary artery disease. An easily applicable method to quantify collateral flow might be a useful adjunct for the assessment of the hemodynamic effects of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to validate a visual scaling of the extent of angiographic collateral filling by comparison with flowmeter- and microsphere-derived measurements of collateral flow. In 12 open-chest dogs, collaterals from the circumflex artery were angiographically visualized (n = 80) by creating acute critical left anterior descending artery occlusion. The extent of collateral filling was graded in four levels from 0 = no visible filling to 3 = complete epicardial filling. Collateral filling correlated with the change in flow of the collateral supplying circumflex artery (Q; r = 0.84) which was + 5.3 ±4.6% with grade 1, + 9.1 ±3.5% with grade 2 and + 14.6 ±4.7% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). In parallel, coronary flow reserve decreased from 4.1 ±0.8 with grade 0 to 2.9 ±0.2 with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Colored microspheres were injected subselectively into the circumflex artery of 9 dogs (45 injections). The ratio of microspheres counted in the collateralized myocardium of the left anterior descending artery to the total number injected increased from 0.6 ±0.9% for grade 0 to 17.1 ±2.8% with grade 3 (p < 0.01). Absolute collateral flow derived from microsphere counts averaged 5.5 ±0.9 ml/min with grade 3 and closely correlated with collateral filling grade (r = 0.88). Semiquantitative grading of angiographic collateral filling in response to acute coronary occlusion in a canine model correlates with an increase in collateral source artery flow, absolute collateral flow and a decrease in source artery flow reserve. These data suggest that this scale might be a simple but useful adjunct tool to assess the hemodynamic significance of a collateral circulation.This work was supported by a grant from the NLHBI 1 R01 HL40865. Dr. Schuhlen is the recipient of a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (#Schu657/1-1 and 1–2).     

Provisional T-stenting and kissing balloon in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: results of the French multicenter "TULIPE" study.

BACKGROUND: In previous prospective studies, a strategy of (a) stenting of the main branch, (b) provisional T-stenting of the side branch, and (c) final kissing balloon inflation, was associated with high success and low target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates on the long-term. OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of this strategy in a multicenter study. METHODS: Consecutive patients were treated at 14 French medical centers for de novo coronary bifurcation lesions with the same technique used. Immediate results and clinically-driven TLR at 7 months were examined. RESULTS: The mean reference diameters of the main and side branches were 3.2 +/- 0.6 mm and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. The side branch was stented in 34% of patients. A <30% residual stenosis in the main branch was achieved in 99%, <50% in the side branch in 90%, and both in 89% of procedures. The in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event were a Q-wave and 5 non-Qwaves MI (0.54% and 2.7%). At 7 months of follow-up, 3 patients (1.76%) had died, 1 suffered a non-Q-wave MI (0.59%), and 28 (15.88%) underwent TLR. By multivariate analysis, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.934), moderate calcifications (OR: 7.86), and non-use of the "jailed" wire technique (OR: 4.26) were associated with reinterventions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of provisional T-stenting with a tubular stent and final kissing balloon angioplasty for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions was safe and associated with a low TLR rate at 7 months. This strategy should be applicable to the new era of drug eluting stents.     

Embolization complicating coronary angioplasty in the presence of an intracoronary thrombus

Two cases of coronary occlusion and subsequent embolization during percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are described. Prior to PTCA, angiographic evidence of intracoronary thrombus was present. Abrupt reclosure after dilation was treated by successful redilation. However, coronary embolization of thrombus debris occurred downstream in one patient and into an adjacent coronary branch in the second patient.     

Angiographic demonstration of coronary sinus thrombosis: A potential consequence of trauma to the coronary sinus

Abnormalities of the coronary sinus are rarely encountered. A case is presented demonstrating for the first time the angiographic appearance of coronary sinus thrombosis. This may have been the result of surgical trauma during mitral valve replacement or inadvertent cannulation of the coronary sinus during right heart catheterization or pacemaker insertion. Although the clinical significance of coronary sinus thrombosis is uncertain, obstruction of coronary sinus blood flow should not be deleterious because of multiple anastomoses between the coronary sinus system and the anterior cardiac veins. Difficulty in cannulating the coronary sinus for physiologic studies should suggest the possibility of coronary sinus thrombosis, especially in patients who have undergone mitral valve replacement. This may be confirmed by observing the venous phase of selective left coronary arteriography. Finally, coronary sinus thrombosis may be important as a source of pulmonary emboli. The prevalence of this serious complication requires further study.     

Treatment of ruptured coronary aneurysm with a novel covered stent

Coronary artery aneurysms are relatively rare but have been diagnosed with increasing frequency since the advent of coronary arteriography. Their reported incidence varies from 1.5% to 5% with male dominance and a predilection for the right coronary artery (RCA), accounting for over 40% of all cases. The most common etiology amongst adults remains atherosclerosis accounting for 50% of coronary aneurysms. We describe the first use of a novel flexible pericardium covered stent for successful treatment of a ruptured coronary aneurysm in 76 year old lady. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Concept of the homemade coronary stent: Experimental results and initial clinical experience

To defray the escalating cost of coronary stenting, we handmade a balloon expandable coil stent with stainless steel wire. Preliminary comparison with the Palmaz-Schatz stent showed that, when implanted in porcine illac arteries, there was no difference in immediate angiographic results or in the degree of foreign body reaction at 6 wk. Subsequently, a total of 73 stents were implanted in 52 patients, either as a bailout device (54%) or for suboptimal angiographic results (46%). All but two implantations were successful. The postprocedural regimen consisted of heparin 1,000 IU/hr, aspirin 250 mg daily, and ticlopidine 500 mg daily. In-hospital complications were limited to two groin hematomas, one necessitating blood transfusion. Importantly, stent thrombosis was not observed. While 6-mo follow-up is pending, we already conclude that a balloon expandable coil stent can be handmade easily at low cost and implanted safely in patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Association of coronary calcification with obstructive disease in coronary arteries in Indian patients

A total of 1150 consecutive patients (1052 males and 98 females; age 51.2 +/- 10.1 years) with suspected coronary artery disease (Group I) were subjected to fluoroscopy for detection of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and coronary angiography. Another group (Group II) of 120 patients (95 males and 25 females; age 51.4 +/- 9.4 years) catheterized for cardiac diseases other than coronary artery disease (CAD) were subjected to the same protocol of fluoroscopy and coronary angiography to exclude incidental CAD in view of their age. CAC was present in 240 patients (20.0%) in Group I. Of these, 200 (83.4%) had triple-vessel disease (TVD); 20 (8.3%) had double-vessel disease (DVD); 19 (7.9%) had single-vessel disease (SVD); and 37 (15.4%) patients had left main coronary disease (LMCAD). Only one of these patients had insignificant CAD considered as "normal" coronary arteries (NC). Incidence of LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC in patients without CAC was 4.4%, 56.3%, 18.2%, 14.0%, and 11.5%, respectively. Incidence of CAC in patients with LMCAD, TVD, DVD, SVD, and NC was 48.1%, 28.1%, 10.8%, 13.0%, and 1.0% respectively. In Group II (n = 120), 24 patients (20%) had CAD, CAC was present in 5 patients with CAD (20.9%), and in two patients without CAD (2%). CAC is relatively uncommon in Indian CAD patients. Its presence, however, indicates severe multivessel disease.     

Survival with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Significance of the collateral circulation

Four patients with total occlusion of the left main coronary artery are described. Angina pectoris was severe (NYHA class 3-4) and had lasted 20 months to seven years. Three patients had experienced a myocardial infarction. All displayed large collaterals arising from a nearly normal right coronary artery and feeding both the left anterior descending and the left circumflex arteries. The left ventricular ejection fractions ranged from 20% to 65%, and all patients had varying degrees of left ventricular asynergy. Coronary artery bypass surgery resulted in a marked improvement in three patients; one patient who underwent an aneurysmectomy died two months after the operation. The data show that total occlusion of the left main coronary artery is compatible with survival if adequate collateral supply develops from the right coronary artery. In this rare angiographic subset collateral circulation is clearly functionally significant.     

Nonatherosclerotic causes of coronary artery narrowing—Part II

Part II of this three-part article on nonatherosclerotic causes of coronary heart disease focuses on myocardial bridges, coronary artery aneurysms, emboli, coronary dissection, and spasm as causes of luminal narrowing.     

Terminology and anatomy of angulated coronary arteriography

Angulated views in coronary arteriography have been increasingly utilized because of their superiority in demonstrating lesions not well seen in standard right and left oblique projections. The importance of these angulated views has been repeatedly demonstrated. It is the purpose of this article to review some basic coronary anatomy angulation terminology, and then to describe the particular advantages of the angulated views in coronary arteriography. Illustrations of these particular views of both coronary systems will be provided.