躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍与事件相关电位P300相关分析

目的:探讨躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍与事件相关电位P300的相关性. 方法:随机将年龄18 ～65岁、符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版躯体形式障碍诊断标准的患者42例作为研究组,选择40名健康者作为对照组.两组均进行多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)测评和事件相关电位P300检测,并将结果加以分析比较. 结果:与对照组相比,研究组CZ、PZ点N1、P2、N2、P3潜伏期明显延长(t =2.028 ～5.649;P ＜0.05或P＜0.01),研究组CZ、PZ点N2、P3波幅明显降低(t=2.928～5.010;P＜0.01).研究组TAS-20总分及各因子分均高于对照组(t=2.322 ～9.656;P ＜0.05或P＜0.01).相关分析显示,研究组PZ点N2、P3潜伏期与TAS-20总分及各因子分正相关(r=0.32 ～0.46;P＜0.01或P＜0.05),PZ点N2、P3波幅与TAS-20总分及各因子分负相关(r=-0.31～-0.51;P＜0.05或P＜0.01). 结论:躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍的产生可能与认知功能受损有关.     

创伤后应激障碍军人患者多导睡眠图和事件相关电位P300特征

目的:探讨创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)军人患者多导睡眠图(PSG)和事件相关电位P300特征。方法:对36例PTSD军人患者(研究组)PSG和P300检测,并与随机抽取某部32名官兵(对照组)进行比较。结果:PSG检测示:研究组较对照组总睡眠时间缩短,睡眠效率(SE)降低,觉醒次数(AT)增加,慢波睡眠(SWS)S1期延长,S3和S4期缩短,快眼动睡眠(REM)缩短,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。P300检查示:与对照组比较,研究组N2和P3潜伏期(PL)显著延长,P3波幅(Amp)显著降低(P均0.01);研究组N2、P3潜伏期与AT和睡眠潜伏期(SL)呈正相关(r=0.21~0.28,P0.05或P0.01),与SE和REM呈负相关(r=-0.22~-0.39,P0.05或P0.01);P3Amp与AT和SL呈负相关(r=-0.22~-0.23,P均0.05),与SE和REM呈正相关(r=0.25~0.28,P0.05或P0.01)。结论:PTSD军人患者存在睡眠结构紊乱和认知功能损伤,且二者相互影响。     

强迫症患者听觉事件相关电位P300的研究

目的 探讨听觉事件相关电位（ERP） P300与强迫症患者各项指标的相关性.方法 将63例强迫症患者作为研究组,选取63名身心健康正常人为对照组,采用自制的一般状况调查表了解两组人员的基本情况,对两组人员分别进行事件相关电位P300的检测,对强迫症患者采用耶鲁布朗强迫症量表评估其病情.结果 研究组ERP各项指标中N2、P3潜伏期长于对照组（t分别为-1.568,-2.602;P＜0.05）,N1、P2、N2、P3波幅均小于对照组（t分别为2.505,2.646,3.029,4.904;P＜0.05）.强迫思维组N2、P3潜伏期长于强迫行为组（t分别为3.301,2.580;P＜0.05）,P3波幅低于强迫行为组（t=-5.240,P＜0.01）.经相关分析显示事件相关电位P300的P3波幅与强迫思维分及强迫行为分呈负相关（r分别为-0.384,-0.512;P＜0.05）,N2和P3潜伏期均与强迫思维分呈正相关（r分别为0.448,0.405;P＜0.05）.结论 听觉事件相关电位P300可以客观反映强迫症的认知功能.     

男性缺陷型精神分裂症患者面孔情绪认知与述情障碍的对照研究

目的:探讨男性缺陷型精神分裂症(DS)和非缺陷型精神分裂症(NDS)患者面孔情绪认知缺陷和述情障碍以及与临床症状的相关性。方法:采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阴性症状量表(SANS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)评定DS患者(DS组37例)和NDS患者(NDS组57例)的精神症状;使用中国人面孔情绪测验(CFET)和多伦多述情障碍量表-20(TAS-20)评估DS组、NDS组和招募的54名健康人(正常对照组)面孔情绪认知缺陷和述情障碍并进行比较。结果:相比正常对照组,DS组和NDS组显示出更严重的面孔情绪认知损害(除NDS组对喜的面孔识别以外)和更高的述情障碍成绩。DS组对恐的识别正确数、CFET总成绩与TAS-20因子3(外向性思维)呈负相关(恐:r=-0.339,P=0.038;CFET总成绩:r=-0.324,P=0.047);DS组中TAS-20总成绩与BPRS阴性症状分和SANS评分呈正相关(BPRS:r=0.455,P=0.005;SANS:r=0.339,P=0.043);相反,NDS组TAS-20总成绩/因子分与精神症状(BPRS、SAPS及SANS)无相关性。结论:DS和NDS存在不同的面孔情绪认知损害模式,述情障碍与DS阴性症状有关。     

军人失眠症患者探究性眼动与事件相关电位研究

目的:探讨探究性眼动(EEM)和事件相关电位(ERP)对军人失眠症患者认知功能评估的临床价值.方法:采用EEM和ERP对某三级甲等部队医院心理科收治的48例失眠症官兵(研究组)和随机抽取某部50名官兵(对照组)进行测定,并将结果进行比较.结果:①军人失眠症患者EEM凝视点数(NEF)、反应探索评分(RSS)及D值与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);②军人失眠症患者ERP测定,N2、P3波潜伏期较对照组延长,P3波幅较对照组降低,两者比较差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.01);③相关分析显示,研究组N2、P3波潜伏期与NEF、RSS呈负相关(r=-0.19～-0.42,P＜0.05或0.01),与D值呈正相关(r=0.30,0.48,P＜0.01);P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关(r=0.38,0.51,P＜0.01),与D值呈负相关(r=-0.32,P＜0.01).结论:EEM和ERP测定具有良好的一致性,可作为判断失眠症患者认知功能的重要指标.     

精神分裂症患者述情障碍与应付方式的相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者述情障碍与应付方式特征及其相关性。方法本研究为单纯随机对照研究。将62例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者作为研究组,选取70名正常健康者为对照组。采用多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)和应付方式问卷(CSQ)对两组进行测评。结果研究组TAS-20各项因子评分高于对照组(P0.05或0.01),研究组CSQ的退避、幻想、自责因子评分高于对照组(P0.01),合理化和解决问题因子评分低于对照组(P0.01)。相关分析显示,研究组TAS-20的P1因子与CSQ的幻想、自责、合理化因子呈正相关(r=0.352~0.488,P0.05),与解决问题因子呈负相关(r=-0.327,P0.05);P2因子与CSQ的合理化因子呈正相关(r=0.256,P0.05),与解决问题因子呈负相关(r=-0.349,P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者存在述情障碍和消极的应付方式,且述情障碍与应付方式存在一定的相关性。     

躯体形式障碍患者述情障碍的相关因素分析

目的 探讨躯体形式障碍（SD）患者述情障碍的影响因素.方法 采用自编的躯体症状报告单、贝克抑郁问卷（BDI）、认知情绪调节问卷（CERQ-C）、多伦多述情量表（TASk0）、儿童期受虐经历问卷（CTQ-SF）对115例SD患者（研究组）进行评定,使用TASk0量表对101名健康志愿者（对照组）进行评定.结果 纳入研究的109例研究组患者TAS-20总分及各因子分均高于对照组（P＜0.01）.躯体症状报告单、CERQ-C、CTQ-SF及BDI多个因素中与TAS-20总分及TAS-20因子Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ有相关性（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.躯体症状报告单总分、躯体忽视、呼吸系统症状和睡眠障碍依次进入TAS-20总分的回归方程;BDI总分、泌尿生殖系统症状、积极重新关注依次进入TAS-20因子Ⅰ的回归方程;躯体症状报告单总分与情感虐待依次进入TAS-20因子Ⅱ的回归方程.结论 SD有明显的述情障碍.SD述情障碍的不同纬度影响因素不同,躯体化症状、抑郁情绪等为SD患者述情障碍的重要影响因素.     

伴攻击行为的男性精神分裂症患者听觉事件相关电位与探索性眼动研究

目的 研究有攻击行为的男性精神分裂症患者听觉事件相关电位与探索性眼动的特征.方法 纳入63例有攻击行为的精神分裂症住院患者为研究组,无暴力攻击行为的精神分裂症住院患者75例为对照组,进行听觉事件相关电位(ERP)和探索性眼动(EEM)检测,比较两组间的差异.结果 与对照组相比,研究组EEM凝视点数(NEF)和反应探索评分值(RSS)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ERP中N2、P3波潜伏期均延长和P3波幅降低,差异有统计学意义(P(0.01);ERP的靶P3波潜伏期显著延长(P<0.05),提示研究组的认知信息加工过程速度减慢.研究组N2、P3波潜伏期与NEF、R5S呈负相关(r为-0.29～-0.36,P均小于0.01),P3波幅与NEF、RSS呈正相关(r为0.32～0.33,P均小于0.01).结论 有攻击行为的精神分裂症患者的ERP和EEM均有异常并相关,他们可能作为攻击行为的预测指标.     

伴与不伴述情障碍抑郁症患者认知功能的比较

目的:探讨伴与不伴述情障碍的抑郁症患者认知功能的差异。方法:按20条目多伦多述情障碍量表(20-item Toronto alexithymia scale,TAS-20)评分,收集56例伴述情障碍的抑郁症患者(述情障碍组)和51例不伴有述情障碍的抑郁症患者(非述情障碍组);采用词汇流畅、视觉再生、数字广度、连线试验A、木块图、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST) 6项神经心理测试工具评测认知功能;对两组患者的认知功能进行比较,分析TAS-20评分与认知功能的相关性。结果:述情障碍组的认知功能评测成绩均较非述情障碍组差(t/Z=-7. 13～6. 99,P均0. 01); TAS-20总分及各因子分与词汇流畅、视觉再生、数字广度、木块图、WCST正确数、WCST完成分类数呈负相关(r=-0. 758～-0. 195,P 0. 01或P 0. 05),TAS-20总分及各因子分与连线A、WCST错误总数、WCST持续错误数呈正相关(r=0. 286～0. 739,P均0. 01)。结论:述情障碍对抑郁症的认知功能有负面影响。     

精神病风险综合征事件相关电位P300研究

目的探讨精神病风险综合征(clinical high risk of psychosis,CHR)者听觉事件相关电位P300波幅、潜伏期以及认知功能的特征。方法采用Oddball范式,对36例CHR者(研究组)和35名正常对照(对照组)进行事件相关电位P300测定,利用MATRICS成套认知测试评估两组被试认知功能,中文版精神病风险综合征定式访谈中精神疾病高危症状量表(scale of psychosis-risk symptoms,SOPS)评估CHR者临床症状。结果研究组信息处理速度、注意/警觉性、工作记忆、词语学习、视觉学习、推理和问题解决以及社会认知等7个领域认知功能得分均差于对照组(P0.01)。研究组Fz、Cz、Pz导联P300波幅比对照组降低(P0.05),Pz导联P300潜伏期延长(P0.05)。研究组Cz点P300潜伏期与SOPS阳性症状得分呈正相关(r=0.544,P=0.001),P300波幅与信息处理速度(言语流畅性)得分呈正相关(r=0.339,P=0.043)。结论 CHR者认知功能、事件相关电位P300存在异常。P300与CHR精神病症状、认知缺陷存在一定的相关性,提示其在精神病风险监控中的作用值得重视。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.