小剂量左氨氯地平、替米沙坦及氢氯噻嗪同时或不同时给药降压及逆转非杓型高血压的临床分析

目的探讨小剂量左氨氯地平、替米沙坦及氢氯噻嗪同时或不同时给药降压及逆转非杓型血压的效果。方法选择300例收缩压（SBP）〈180mmHg,舒张压（DBP）91～109mmHg,年龄〉45岁的非杓型高血压患者,随机分为两组,I组（不同时给药组）晨服替米沙坦40mg和氢氯噻嗪10mg,晚服左氨氯地平2．5mg;Ⅱ组（同时给药组）以上3种药物均晨服,所有病例治疗前及治疗8周后进行动态血压监测。结果（1）治疗8周后,I组和Ⅱ组的24hSBP／DBP分别降低14．92／9．96和15．04／10．66mmHg,日间SBP／DBP分别降低13．90／10．60和16．06／11．70mmHg,均较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．01）;两组24h和日间SBP／DBP治疗后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）I组夜间SBP／DBP降低25．44／19．48mmHg,与治疗前相比差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。（3）Ⅱ组夜间SBP／DBP降低17．68／14．76mmHg,与治疗前差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）治疗后夜间SBP／DBP降幅I组较Ⅱ组差异更明显（P〈0．01）。（5）I组逆转率为88．16％,Ⅱ组为55．41％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论小剂量左氨氯地平、替米沙坦及氢氯噻嗪两种服药方法均能有效地控制24h血压和日间血压,而不同时给药能更好地逆转非杓型高血压。     

高血压和糖尿病患者餐后状态血压及脉压变化特征的研究

目的：研究高血压病、2型糖尿病和高血压合并糖尿病患餐后状态血压和脉压变化的特点，探讨其可能机制。方法：328例住院患，分为高血压病组（EH组，116例）、2型糖尿病组（DM组，100例）和高血压伴糖尿病组（EH＋DM组，112例），行24小时态血压（ABPM）检测，其中30例患再行有创桡动脉压测量，观察餐前和餐后收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和脉压（PP）变化特点。结果：EH组餐后SBP和DBP升高（P＜0．01），而以SBP升高更明显，列后PP升高（P＜0．01）。DM组SBP和DBP均下降（P＜0．05），但餐后PP无明显变化（P＞0．05）。结论：EH＋DM组和DM组患各餐后SBP和DBP降低，其中EH＋DM组餐后DBP下降较显，餐后PP也增大。而H组患餐后SBP和DBP升高，而以SBP升高较显，餐后PP也增大。DM组患各餐后SBP和DBP降低幅度相似，其餐后PP无明显变化。三组患餐后血压和脉压变化各有其特征，其机制可能与大动脉硬化程度、外周血管舒缩功能及糖尿病自主神经病变等因素有关。     

长期口服避孕药妇女血压变化及其影响的分析

目的：研究长期服用避孕药对血压的影响。方法：对3400例使用国产避孕药3－25岁的健康育龄妇女及10684例同期应用宫内节育器的血压变化和和影响因素进行了分析。结果：长期服用避孕药用妇女的血压值为SBP／DBP127．0／83.5mmHg，高于应用宫内节育器组的120／79．5mmHg（P＜0．01）。长期服药期间有4．2％的妇女患高血压，是使用宫内节育器发女上的4．88倍（0．025＞P＞0．01）。多元回归分析显示，妇女年龄对血压的高低有较大影响，长期服用避孕药15年以上者血压的升高危险性更为明显。结论：长期服用避孕药物可能导致血压轻度升高。     

叶酸、维生素B12对老年高血压伴高同型半胱氨酸血症患者血清同型半胱氨酸、一氧化氮、血压水平的影响

目的探讨叶酸、维生素B12对老年高血压伴高同型半胱氨酸血症患者的血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、一氧化氮（No）及血压（BP）水平的影响。方法选择63例血清Hcy水平增高的高血压患者（Hcy≥15μmol／L，收缩压140～159mmHg和／或舒张压90～99mmHg），随机分为对照组（30例，仅服用降压、他汀类及阿司匹林等基础药物，不服用叶酸等影响Hcy的药物）、干预组（33例，除基础用药外加用叶酸5mg／d、维生素B12 250μg／d口服）。治疗前（基线水平）及治疗后4W测定患者空腹血清Hcy、NO水平，同时测量患者收缩压（SBP）及舒张压（DBP）。所有数据应用STATA8．0软件包进行统计学处理。结果干预组患者Hcy水平与治疗前相比显著降低（P=0．0000）；NO水平与服药前相比明显升高（P=0．0002）；4W后对照组Hcy及NO水平亦有变化，但无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组患者SBP及DBP基线水平相比无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；干预组患者SBP及DBP值与治疗前相比显著降低（P=0．0000）。结论口服叶酸、维生素B12可以显著改善老年高血压伴高Hcy血症患者的内皮功能及自主神经功能，有一定的降压作用。     

老年人群血清谷氨酰转移酶与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的探讨老年人群血清谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）水平与代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法调查在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院进行常规体检的1444例老年人群,检测体质量指数（BMI）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、尿酸（UA）等。结果与非MS组相比,MS组GGT、BMI、SBP、DBP、TG、ALT、UA均明显升高（P〈0．01）,HDL-C显著减低（P〈0．01）;随着GGT四分位间距的递增,MS发生率、MS各组分（肥胖、血压异常、血糖异常、血脂异常）的发生率均显著增加,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;多元线性回归分析提示,GGT与DBP、TG、ALT、uA、MS组分个数呈正相关（P〈0．01）,而与HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0．05）：多因素Logistic回归分析表明GGT是MS发生的危险因素之一（OR=1．008,95％CI1．0001．024,P=0．046）。结论老年人群血清GGT水平与MS关系密切,其水平的升高能够反映MS的发生风险;在排除肝脏疾病以后GGT可以作为MS发生风险的筛选指标。     

健康入、糖尿病及高血压患者24小时动态血压比较

155例研究对象，分为正常组，糖尿病组高血压组（轻中度）。采用TM-2421动态血压监测仪监测记录24小时ABP。结果：（1）三组ABP均呈勺型变化，糖尿病和高血压组SBP水平显著高于正常组（P〈0．01．P〈0．05）。高血压组DBP水平显著高于正常组和糖尿病组（P〈0．01，或P〈0．05）。余弦法证实三组ABP变化的显著昼夜节律性，糖尿病和高血压组的夜间血压（SBP、DBP）下降率明显低于正常组（P〈0．01，或P〈0．05）。（2）ABP参数：糖尿病和高血压组ABP均值和负荷明显高于正常组（P〈0．01，或P〈0．05）；ABP变异性三组之间无显著性差异；高血压组ABP曲线下面积显著性高于正常组（P〈0．01），与糖尿病组无显著性差别。结论：高血压和临床正常血压的糖尿病患者均出现ABP部分参数与正常对照组的显著性差异。提示：糖尿病患者在临床明确诊断高血压前已发生血压调节的明显改变。     

老年高血压危象的治疗

1基本概念 老年高血压患者易患重症高血压的原因：从一项对100万高血压患者的回顾性分析发现，与年轻的患者比较，在同样血压水平，心脑血管事件的死亡率随着年龄的老化而进行性升高。因此，老年人患高血压时发生心脑血管事件的可能随着血压升高而增大。Staessen等荟萃分析了8项临床试验（共15693例）对年龄≥60岁、收缩压（SBP）≥160mmHg、舒张压（DBP）≤95mmHg，统计发现SBP与总死亡率呈显著正相关（P=0．0001），DBP与总死亡率呈负相关（P=0．05）。     

冠心病与非冠心病患者运动试验血压变化的研究

目的：研究运动实验中冠心病（CHD）与非冠心病（NCHD）血压（BP）变化特点，方法：将130例患分成正常，CHD，高血压，高血压伴CHD4组，观察各组在实验过程中收缩压（SBP），SBP变异指数，舒张压（DBP），DBP变异指数的变化特点。结果：运动SBP多升高，SBP，SBP变异指数在CHD与NCHD之间无差异。运动中DBP多下降，正常组的DBP较CHD组的下降更明显（P＜0．01）。结论：运动实验中CHD的DBP较运动前下降程度比正常人少。     

高血压脂代谢异常与高胰岛素血症的关系

对35例原发性高血压患者的血糖（BG）、血清胰岛素S）、C-肽（CP）和血脂测定结果与12例正常血压者进行比较分析。高血压组与正常血压组血糖均在正常范围。血清IS以高血压组明显增高（P＜0．01）。胰岛素释放指数亦以高血压组为高（P＜0．05）。高血压组HDL／LDL、ApoA／ApoB均明显低于正常血压组（P＜0．01）；前者血清IS水平与ApoA／ApoB比值呈显著负相关（r=-0．409，P＜0．01），血清胰岛素释放指数（IS／BG）与ApoA／ApoB比值也呈明显负相关（r=－0.298．P＜0．05）。     

不同血压分级的原发性高血压患者心率变异性分析

目的 探讨不同高血压分级患者的心率变异性（HRV）特征,了解高血压对自主神经功能的影响.方法 纳入2011年6月-2012年6月我院心内科高血压患者（n=167）及健康对照组（n=50）,进一步根据〈中国高血压防治指南〉血压分级标准将高血压组分为：高血压1级组[140 mmHg≤收缩压（SBP）＜160 mmHg和/或90 mmHg≤舒张压（DBP）≤100 mmHg,n=45]、高血压2级组（160≤SBP＜180 mmHg和/或100 mmHg≤DBP≤110 mmHg,n=57）、高血压3级组（SBP≥180 mmHg和/或DBP≥110 mmHg,n=65）,采用24小时动态心电图记录的各组研究对象的HRV资料,分析和比较各组间HRV的5项时域指标SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数、RMSSD、PNN50之间的差异.结果 3组高血压组的5项HRV时域指标均低于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组三组之间的5项时域指标依次降低,其中SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数在对照组、高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组任意两组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.结论 高血压患者存在自主神经功能受损,并且随着血压分级水平的升高,自主神经受损逐渐加重.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.