初发2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者血清网膜素及脂联素水平的变化

目的探讨初发2型糖尿病(T2DM)及肥胖患者血清网膜素和脂联素水平的变化及意义。方法 100例T2DM和80例正常糖调节者(NGR),按体重指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2分为正常体重和肥胖亚组,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测空腹血清网膜素及脂联素水平,同时检测空腹血糖(FPG),口服糖耐量试验2 h血糖(OGTT-2 h PG),糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血脂各项指标及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,计算BMI、腰臀比值(WHR),并以稳态模型(HOMA-model)计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 T2DM组的血清网膜素、脂联素水平均低于NGR组(均P0.05),其中两组中的肥胖亚组均低于非肥胖者(均P0.05),且T2DM-OW组明显低于NGR-OW组。相关分析显示,血清网膜素水平与BMI、WHR、FPG、2h PG、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC/HDL呈负相关,与性别、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、脂联素呈正相关;血清脂联素水平与收缩压(SBP)、BMI、WHR、FPG、2 h PG、TG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC/HDL呈负相关,与HDL、网膜素呈正相关。多元逐步回归分析,TC/HDL、HDL和HOMAIR是血清网膜素的独立相关因素。FPG、BMI、TC/HDL和HOMA-IR是血清脂联素的独立相关因素。结论网膜素及脂联素可能通过多种途径参与了糖尿病及肥胖的病理过程;网膜素可能协同脂联素在T2DM及肥胖患者中发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

对58例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者及30例健康者进行血清脂联秉(APN)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)测定,分析APN与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的相关性.结果 显示,T2DM患者血清APN明显低于健康者(P<0.01);血清APN与体质量指数、FPG、FINs、胰岛素抵抗指数均呈负相关(P<0.05,<0.01).提示T2DM患者血清APN水平明显降低,低脂联素血症与IR密切相关.     

脂联素与2型糖尿病及其大血管并发症的相关性研究

目的 探讨脂联素(APN)与T2DM及其大血管并发症的相关性.方法 测定正常人群(NC组)与单纯T2DM患者(T2DM组)及其大血管病变患者(T2DM+MA组)血清APN、胰岛素、血糖、血脂水平.结果 (1)血清APN水平T2DM组及T2DM+MA组较NC组降低,T2DM+MA组较T2DM组更低,差异有统计学意义;(2)APN水平与BMI、WHR、HOMA-IR、FIns、HbA_1c、TG负相关.结论 T2DM及其大血管病变患者血清APN水平的降低,可能与T2DM及其大血管并发症的发生发展密切相关.     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆网膜素的变化及其相关因素

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)及T2DM伴视网膜病变(DR)患者血浆网膜素水平变化及其与体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血糖、血脂、血清空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)等的关系。方法 62例T2DM,根据有无DR进一步分为伴DR和不伴(NDR)两组。同时选择健康成人28例作为正常对照组。采用酶联免疫法测定了空腹血浆网膜素水平,并分析血浆网膜素与BMI、WHR、血脂、血糖、血浆胰岛素水平及TNF-α等的关系。结果 T2DM病人血浆网膜素水平明显低于正常人(P<0.01),伴有DR组病人又明显低于无DR的病人(P<0.01)。血浆网膜素水平与BMI、WHR、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、TNF-α、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、HOMA-IR、FINS和甘油三酯(TG)呈明显负相关(r=-0.415～-0.241,P<0.01或P<0.05),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈明显正相关(r=0.424,P<0.01)。HOMA-IR是影响T2DM患者血浆网膜素水平的独立相关因素,HOMA-IR和TNF-α是影响DR患者血浆网膜素水平的独立相关因素。结论血浆网膜素与糖脂代谢紊乱、炎症反应及肥胖引起的胰岛素抵抗有关,并可能在T2DM及DR的发生和发展中具有一定的作用。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子-21与氧化应激和脂联素的关系及意义

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血浆成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-21水平变化及与脂联素、氧化应激的关系。方法测定初诊T2DM患者及正常人(NC组)糖脂代谢参数、血浆FGF-21、脂联素、氧化应激指标,并分析血浆FGF-21水平与糖脂代谢参数、脂联素、氧化应激指标间的关系。结果 T2DM组的体重指数(BMI)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛系抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)显著高于NC组(P<0. 01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显低于NC组(P<0. 01)。T2DM组血浆FGF-21、丙二醛(MDA)水平显著高于正常对照组(P<0. 001);血浆脂联素、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平明显低于NC组(<0. 001)。血浆FGF-21与脂联素呈负相关(P<0. 001);与MDA、HOMA-IR、Hb A1c均呈显著正相关(P均<0. 005);血浆脂联素、HOMA-IR是血浆FGF-21独立相关因素(r=0. 513、r=0. 286,P均<0. 05)。结论初诊2型糖尿病患者的血清FGF-21水平显著升高,与胰岛素抵抗有关;脂联素与其密切相关,可能为其下游调控激素。     

2型糖尿病脂联素水平与心脑血管病变关系的研究

目的探讨血清脂联素与2型糖尿病(T2DM)心脑血管病变的关系。方法选健康体检者(A组)35例,单纯糖尿病(B组)42例,糖尿病合并心脑血管病变(C组)38例,测定各组血清脂联素水平及其血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素等指标,计算胰岛素抵抗数;测定反映心脑血管粥样硬化的早期指标-颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT),进行统计学分析。结果 (1)B组脂联素水平低于A组(P0.01),C组脂联素水平低于A组及B组(P0.01),B、C组患者均比A组存在明显的代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗。(2)脂联素与CIMT的变化呈显著负相关(P0.01)。(3)多元线性逐步回归分析提示:脂联索及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低、甘油三酯增高是T2MD患者CIMT增厚的危险因素。结论血清脂联素水平降低是2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因子之一,能够改善胰岛素抵抗、调节血糖血脂、降低血压、延缓T2DM的大血管动脉粥样硬化等作用,对糖尿病心脑血管病变起到保护作用。     

炎症因子与糖尿病及其大血管并发症的相关性及干预治疗的效果

选择正常对照组105例、单纯2型糖尿病(T2DM)组98例、糖尿病合并大血管病变组127例(并发症组),并将并发症组随机分成常规治疗组和普伐他汀治疗组,检测受试者的脂联素、血清超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)及血脂水平.结果 :①T2DM组和并发症组的血清hsCRP水平较正常对照组升高,脂联素水平较正常对照组降低(P均<0.05);②并发症组血清hsCRP水平较T2DM组升高,脂联素水平较T2DM组降低(P均<0.05).③2周后普伐他汀治疗组血清hsCRP水平明显下降(P<0.05).认为D2M及其大血管病变患者血清脂联素水平降低,hsCRP水平升高;普伐他汀治疗可降低血清hsCRP,其抗炎作用独立于降脂作用之外.     

糖尿病肾病患者血清白脂素水平与肾功能和糖代谢指标的相关性研究

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DKD）患者血清白脂素（asprosin）水平与肾功能和糖代谢指标及临床意义。 方法选取2020年1月至2021年2月于惠州市中心人民医院就诊的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者共84例,诊断为T2DM的患者共43例（T2DM组）,诊断为T2DM合并DKD的共41例（T2DM并DKD组）,健康体检的对照参与者40例作为对照组。收集所有参与者的体质量指数（BMI）、2型糖尿病病程、患者的收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）、空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,采用ELISA检测血清asprosin水平,并分析asprosin与相关指标的关系。 结果T2DM组的血清asprosin、Cr、FPG、HbAlc、FINS和HOMA-IR水平显著高于对照组,T2DM并DKD组的血清asprosin、Cr、FPG、HbAlc、FINS和HOMA-IR水平显著高于T2DM组和对照组（P<0.01）;血清asprosin水平与Cr、FPG、HbAlc、FINS的水平呈显著的正相关（P<0.01）,与年龄、BMI、SBP、DBP和BUN的水平没有显著的相关性（P>0.05）。 结论T2DM合并DKD患者的血清asprosin水平显著升高,且与肾功指标和糖代谢指标正相关。     

T2DM合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者血清游离脂肪酸和脂联素的变化

目的探讨T2DM合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)和脂联素(APN)的表达及意义。方法选取T2DM患者40例、T2DM合并NAFLD患者40例、健康对照组20例,测定三组静脉血空腹血糖(FPG)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)以及血清FFA和APN水平。结果与对照组比较,T2DM组的BMI、FPG、FINS、HbA1c水平和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)增高(P均<0.05)。T2DM合并NAFLD组BMI、FPG、FINS、TC、TG、ALT、AST、GGT、FFA水平和HOMA-IR均显著高于T2DM组,APN水平低于T2DM组(P均<0.01)。APN水平与BMI、FPG、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、ALT、AST、GGT、FFA水平呈负相关(P均<0.01)。结论 FFA的升高与APN的降低可能是T2DM合并NAFLD关键的发病机制之一。     

血清鸢尾素与老年2型糖尿病及其代谢参数的相关性

目的探讨血清鸢尾素与老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其代谢参数的相关性。方法选择老年T2DM患者80例作为T2DM组、老年健康体检者80例作为对照组,测定血清鸢尾素及代谢参数水平。结果 T2DM组患者血清鸢尾素水平低于对照组(P<0.05),T2DM组甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素抵抗指数均高于对照组(P<0.05);T2DM患者血清鸢尾素与FPG、2 h PG、Hb A1c、FINS、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关(P<0.05),与TG、TC、LDL-C无明显相关性(P>0.05);FINS和胰岛素抵抗指数是血清鸢尾素的独立负影响因素(P<0.05)。结论老年T2DM患者血清鸢尾素水平降低,血清鸢尾素和多种代谢参数呈负相关,FINS和胰岛素抵抗指数是血清鸢尾素的独立负影响因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.