Prognostic impact of permanent pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement

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老年人主动脉瓣置换术后病死率分析

目的 对年龄≥70岁的主动脉瓣狭窄患者主动脉瓣置换术后的病死率进行分析.方法 回顾性分析246例年龄≥70岁、并接受主动脉瓣置换的主动脉瓣狭窄患者的临床资料.其中高血压144例(58.5%),心房颤动42例(17.1%),肥胖27例(11.0%),有心脏手术史18例(7.3%).结果 手术30 d内死亡29例,病死率为...     

室间隔q波缺失与老年心力衰竭病人长期预后的关系

目的:观察老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF),病人心电图室间隔q波存在与否对长期预后的影晌。方法:共有145例,平均年龄71±6岁,NYHA功能分级Ⅱ-Ⅳ级、左室射血分数<45％的CHF病人纳入本研究。根据标准12导联心电图对导联I、aVI、V5和V6是否有q波进行分析。根据有关记录及随访资料(平均随访时间4年)分析病人的生存率。结果:无q波病人83例,有q波病人62例;总体死亡率为38％(54例);无室间隔q波病人组死亡率为50％(42％),有q波病人组死亡率为20％(12例);运用Cox比例危险模型分析,发现室间隔q波缺失是CHF不良预后的强有力标志(P=0.004,RR=1.50,95％CI=1.12-1.76);Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示q波的缺失是独立于年龄、NYHA功能分级、VO2峰值、及QRS时限的危险因素。结论:12导联标准心电图间隔q波缺失,可能标志病人存在器质性心脏病和心肌纤维化,是老年CHF病人不良预后的独立预测因子。     

感染性心内膜炎主动脉瓣置换手术方法探讨

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎主动脉瓣置换的手术方法。方法回顾分析我院手术治疗的3例感染性心内膜炎主动脉瓣病变患者的临床资料及间断全层缝合主动脉壁置换主动脉瓣的手术方法。术中均可见主动脉瓣赘生物,瓣叶裂,穿孔,主动脉瓣环水肿,主动脉内膜断裂,瓣周脓肿形成。切除病变主动脉瓣,清除坏死组织及赘生物,以碘伏涂抹主动脉根部并浸泡机械瓣膜及换瓣线,游离主动脉根部至瓣环水平,避免损伤冠状动脉,带垫片换瓣线自主动脉壁外进针,垫片置于主动脉壁外侧,16-20针间断缝合,机械瓣环上打结,置换机械瓣膜。结果3例患者术后恢复顺利,3个月至1年随诊,预后良好。结论间断全层缝合主动脉壁置换主动脉瓣方法可以预防复发感染性心内膜炎,减少瓣周漏的发生,安全、有效,远期效果良好。     

先天性主动脉瓣病变感染性心内膜炎的瓣膜置换术

目的　探讨先天性主动脉瓣病变继发感染性心内膜炎 (CAVE)的外科治疗。方法1990年 5月 1999年 8月间共收治 5 2例CAVE。男 37例 ,女 15例 ,平均年龄 33 3岁。平均心胸比率为 0 5 8,左室舒张末径为 5 3～ 94mm (平均 6 8mm)。瓣膜病理类型以主动脉二瓣化畸形为主 ,占6 8%。术前血培养阳性率为 36 4 %。超声心动图检查结合术后病理检查是诊断CAVE的主要方法。瓣膜赘生物阳性率为 80 8%。心功能 (NYHA)Ⅲ级 2 8例 ,IV级 11例。全组病例均在体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换术 ,均选用机械瓣 (St Jude和Medtronic Hall占 6 0 % )。结果　早期死亡 2例 ,1例死于脑栓塞 ,1例死于 2次瓣膜置换术后瓣周漏严重心功能衰竭。 2例完全性房室传导阻滞均安装永久性心脏起搏器。出院检查体温均正常。平均左室舒张末径为 5 5mm (P <0 0 1)。随访 4 6例 ,平均随访 38个月。 1例术后发生瓣膜功能障碍。无晚期死亡和心内膜炎复发。结论　强调对CAVE早期治疗。术中彻底清除感染病灶 ,结合术后有效抗生素的应用 ,是防止术后心内膜炎复发的关键     

Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common type of valvular heart disease in the elderly. Surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) has been the standard practice for treating severe, symptomatic AS, but recently new treatment options have emerged. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is now an established treatment option in patients at high surgical risk. In this review, we focus on recent developments and compare the two treatment methods in specific populations in terms of efficacy and safety (e.g., in patients with history of prior thoracic surgery, type of anesthesia employed, access site used or need for permanent pacing). The impact of comorbidities (pulmonary hypertension, arterial hypertension and obesity paradox), the cost-effectiveness of TAVR vs. SAVR and advances in transcatheter valve technology as well as issues that merit further investigation are further discussed. Moreover, outcomes and complications of TAVR in patients of different risk category (extremely high, high, intermediate and low risk) are analyzed. We strongly believe that during the following years, TAVR may evolve as the treatment of choice in a broader group of patients with symptomatic AS and beyond those with intermediate and high-risk features.     

高龄患者主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术38例临床总结

目的:探讨高龄主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术的临床特点。方法:2003年8月至2005年8月,我们对38例>70岁的主动脉瓣膜退行性病变的生物瓣膜置换手术者进行回顾性分析。结果:1例死于术后第二天主动脉破裂,1例脑栓塞合并左侧肢体偏瘫,1例完全性房室传导阻滞,置入永久心脏起搏器。手术后1年随访,心功能明显改善,生活质量满意。结论:高龄主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术临床效果满意。     

Multiple pseudo-abscesses following aortic valve replacement.

Prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis is associated with valve ring abscess, conduction abnormalities and a grave prognosis. Aortic root abscess is a serious complication of infective endocarditis with high mortality. We report a case of a patient who had echocardiographic features resembling aortic root abscess along with severe aortic regurgitation, 6 weeks following aortic valve replacement. Valvular dehiscence led to perivalvular abscess like appearance. Infective endocarditis was exluded. He underwent a successful redo aortic valve surgery with slow recovery.     

经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全

【摘要】 目的 探讨Venus-A支架瓣膜行经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的可行性。方法 回顾性调阅2018年12月至2019年12月在阜外医院接受经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术的15例单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的床资料。其中男性12例, 女性3例,年龄68—83岁,平均年龄(74.65±5.52)岁。患者术前均有左心功能不全症状,且术前心脏超声诊断均为单纯主动脉瓣重度返流。结果 患者行经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术。所有病例成功植入Venus-A支架瓣膜。全组病例无死亡。出院前对患者进行临床评估和超声心动图检查。术中行瓣中瓣治疗3例,少量瓣周返流2例。其余病人均无明显瓣周返流,并且顺利出院。结论 经股动脉经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗单纯主动脉瓣关闭不全患者是可行的,术后早期结果满意。     

主动脉瓣人工瓣膜置换术156例分析

目的总结成人主动脉瓣人工机械瓣膜置换手术的经验.方法1996年1月至2005年1月对156例成人行主动脉瓣置换,术中均行人工机械瓣膜置换,其中双叶瓣125例,单叶瓣31例.13例行瓣膜侧倾缝合,6例行主动脉瓣瓣环加宽.结果存活151例,死亡7例,死亡率4.48%.结论对主动脉瓣膜行人工机械瓣瓣膜置换手术术前充分估计瓣环大小,术中良好的灌注、心肌保护、选择合适瓣膜和恰当手术方法,可降低死亡率.     

Overestimation of aortic valve replacement risk by EuroSCORE: implications for percutaneous valve replacement

Aims: The EuroSCORE has been proposed to identify patients at highrisk for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) and estimatefor them the risk-benefit of percutaneous valve replacement.The aim of our study was to investigate the validity of thisproposal. Methods and results: From 1994 to March 2006, 1545 consecutive patients with aorticstenosis underwent isolated surgical AVR at the Department ofCardiac Surgery of Heidelberg. Both additive and logistic EuroSCOREswere calculated for each patient and summed for expected 30-daymortality. Expected and observed mortalities were compared,particularly with respect to ‘high-risk’ statusand era of operation. Overall, 30-day mortality was low (34/1545,2.2%) and substantially overestimated by both additive (6.1%)and logistic (9.3%) EuroSCOREs. Although both EuroSCOREs stratifiedpatients monotonically with respect to mortality risk, high-riskpatients had a 3.6% mortality (29/833), whereas additive andlogistic EuroSCOREs predicted 8.3 and 14.8%. Indeed, none ofthe 71 patients with a EuroSCORE of 11–20 (extremely highrisk) died. The more recent the era of operation, the more pronouncedwas the discrepancy between expected and observed mortalities. Conclusion: Although the EuroSCORE still successfully stratifies patientsundergoing surgical AVR relative to 30-day mortality, it hasbecome increasingly uncalibrated with absolute risk, resultingin overestimation of 30-day mortality. Inaccurately predictedmortality, especially in ‘high-risk’ patients, rendersit unsuitable for assessing risk reduction of percutaneous valvereplacement.     

Mitral valve repair versus replacement in simultaneous aortic and mitral valve surgery

BACKGROUND:

Double valve replacement for concomitant aortic and mitral valve disease is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Excellent results with valve repair in isolated mitral valve lesions have been reported; therefore, whether its potential benefits would translate into better outcomes in patients with combined mitral-aortic disease was investigated.

METHODS:

A retrospective observational study was performed involving 341 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with either mitral valve repair (n=42) or double valve replacement (n=299). Data were analyzed for early mortality, late valve-related complications and survival.

RESULTS:

The early mortality rate was 11.9% for valve repair and 11.0% for replacement (P=0.797). Survival (± SD) was 67±11% in mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement and 81±3% in double valve replacement at five years of follow-up (P=0.187). The percentage of patients who did not experience major adverse valve-related events at five years of follow-up was 83±9% in those who underwent mitral valve repair with aortic valve replacement and 89±2% in patients who underwent double valve replacement (P=0.412). Age >70 years (HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.1 to 4.9]; P=0.023) and renal dysfunction (HR 1.9 [95% CI 1.2 to 3.7]; P=0.01) were independent predictors of decreased survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients with double valve disease, both mitral valve repair and replacement provided comparable early outcomes. There were no significant differences in valve-related reoperations, anticoagulation-related complications or prosthetic valve endocarditis. Patient-related factors appear to be the major determinant of late survival, irrespective of the type of operation.     

Allograft aortic valve replacement in the adult: a review

Aortic valve replacement using an allograft has been used continuously for over 40 years. Its advantages are excellent haemodynamic function, low thrombogenicity, resistance to infection and avoidance of the complications of anticoagulation. The main concern is its long-term durability, with the high hazard phase for failure between 10 and 20 years. We have only recently been able to judge the true long-term behaviour of the contemporary allograft with two recently published series of patients having reached follow-up beyond 20 years in significant numbers. This review of allograft aortic valve replacement in the adult covers the areas of history, benefits, techniques of sterilisation and preservation, operative methods and outcomes.     

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in elderly patients

Aortic stenosis is the most common native valve disease, affecting up to 5% of the elderly population. Surgical aortic valve replacement reduces symptoms and improves survival, and is the definitive therapy in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. However, despite the good results of classic surgery, risk is markedly increased in elderly patients with co-morbidities. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) allows implantation of a prosthetic heart valve within the diseased native aortic valve without the need for open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, offering a new therapeutic option to elderly patients considered at high surgical risk or with contraindications to surgery. To date, several multicenter registries and a randomized trial have confirmed the safety and efficacy of TAVR in those patients. In this chapter, we review the background and clinical applications of TAVR in elderly patients.     

Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect in aortic valve prolapse and aortic regurgitation

ObjectiveTo report intermediate follow-up result of transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in presence of aortic valve prolapse (AVP) with or without aortic regurgitation (AR).MethodThis is a retrospective review of 19 patients with VSD with AVP with AR who underwent transcatheter closure in between September 2011–July 2014. Mean age was 8 years (1–16 years, standard deviation [SD] 4.08 years) and mean weight was 26.03 kg (9–81.5 kg, SD 16.57 kg). Among them 2 had subarterial VSD, 6 had subaortic VSD and 11 had perimembranous VSD. All of them had mild AVP and 13 of them had AR (trivial or mild). Median VSD size was 4.3 mm (4–6 mm). Transcatheter closure was done either by retrograde technique using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in 17 patients or antegrade technique using the Duct Occluder-I in 2 cases. Mean follow-up period was 18 months (12–36 months).ResultImmediate major complications were encountered in 2 (10.5%) cases. Significant aggravation of device related AR was seen in one case & device embolised to right pulmonary artery in another case and both of them were managed surgically.During follow up, 1 child had significant additional VSD requiring device closure. One child developed moderate AR, requiring surgery. None of the other had shown any increase in severity of AR.ConclusionDevice closure of VSD in presence of mild AVP and mild AR appears to be safe. Longer follow-up is necessary to draw final conclusion.     

超声心动图研究单纯主动脉瓣置换术后左心室的可复性

目的:观察单纯主动脉瓣置换术后左心室形态和功能的可恢复性。方法:回顾分析施行单纯主动脉瓣置换术后49例非心房颤动患者的超声心动图资料。结果:患者术前左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)较对照组明显扩大,LVEDD在术后早期(术后3周~6个月)及术后中期(术后1~2年)均有明显减小。收缩期室间隔厚度及收缩期左室后壁厚度在手术前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后早期及中期患者的左室射血分数及短轴缩短分数较术前均明显提高,达正常水平。结论:主动脉瓣置换术促进术前扩大受损的左心室恢复,术后左室射血分数及LVEDD明显改善。     

17-mm Regent瓣治疗狭小主动脉瓣环患者术后临床观察

目的评价17-mmRegent瓣置换主动瓣术后心功能、跨主动脉瓣压差变化。方法选择2008年7月至2010年7月住院的主动脉瓣环狭小的患者7例,均为女性,年龄49-65（54．0±10．8）岁,平均体表面积（BSA）（1．42±0．32）m2,心功能（NYHA）Ⅲ级5例、Ⅱ级2例,平均射血分数（EF）（0．45±0．12）。均在体外循环下用17-mm Regent（St．Jude Medical）瓣置换主动脉瓣,瓣环尺寸使用厂家的测瓣器测量,术前和术后心脏功能用超声方法进行评估。结果围手术期无死亡。术后心功功（NYHA）Ⅰ级4例、Ⅱ级3例。跨瓣压差较术前明显降低,平均（16．0±4．2）mmHg。结论17-mmRegent（St．Jude Medical）瓣对狭小主动脉瓣环患者是较好的选择,它能避免扩大主动脉瓣环所带来的困难和风险,而且未发现人瓣不匹配现象（PPM）。     

Aortic valve replacement with sutureless and rapid deployment aortic valve prostheses

Aortic valve stenosis is the most common valve disease in the western world. Over the past few years the number of aortic valve re-placement (AVR) interventions has increased with outcomes that have been improved despite increasing age of patients and increasing burden of comorbidities. However, despite such excellent results and its well-established position, conventional AVR has undergone great development over the previous two decades. Such progress, by way of less invasive incisions and use of new technologies, including transcatheter aortic valve implantation and sutureless valve prostheses, is intended to reduce the traumatic impact of the surgical procedure, thus fulfilling lower risk patients’ expectations on the one hand, and extending the operability toward increasingly high-risk patients on the other. Sutureless and rapid deployment aortic valves are biological, pericardial prostheses that anchor within the aortic annulus with no more than three sutures. The sutureless prostheses, by avoiding the passage and the tying of the sutures, significantly reduce operative times and may improve outcomes. However, there is still a paucity of robust, evidence-based data on the role and performance of sutureless AVR. Therefore, strongest long-term data, randomized studies and registry data are required to adequately assess the durability and long-term outcomes of sutureless aortic valve replacement.