复发宫颈癌治疗的进展

近年来，复发宫颈癌的治疗有一定的进展，根据复发患者情况施用手术、放疗及化疗。对放疗后中央部复发施行盆腔清除术，盆壁复发行新的手术加放疗似为有效的根治方法，宫颈癌根治术后复发仍首选放疗；对在腹主动脉旁或盆壁复发的患者在减瘤术后行术中放疗作为治疗的一部分将术中放射野内的有效控制率和５年存活率。以异环磷酰胺和铂类化合物为基础的联合化疗也为复发宫颈癌患者提供了新的治疗希望。     

子宫颈癌放疗后盆腔复发手术治疗4例临床分析

目的探讨宫颈癌放疗后复发患者行手术治疗的安全性、可行性和近期效果。方法选取2016年7月至2017年3月因宫颈癌放疗后盆腹腔内复发于并本院行手术治疗的4例患者,其中2例行前盆腔廓清术,另外2例分别行病灶切除术,对其临床资料和术后随访进行回顾性分析。结果手术难度较大,平均手术时间(315±64.55)min,术中出血50~1500 ml,平均(587.5±651.12)ml,平均住院时间(16.75±6.60)d。术后1例患者出现双下肢静脉血栓、双肾积水、双输尿管狭窄;1例患者出现膀胱阴道瘘。平均随访6个月,均无瘤存活。结论宫颈癌放疗后盆腔复发患者的手术治疗安全可行,近期效果较好,但术后并发症较多,应引起重视。     

复发性宫颈癌盆腔廓清患者辅助治疗进展

对复发性宫颈癌患者,尤其是中央型盆腔复发宫颈癌患者,盆腔器官廓清术可能是唯一的治愈方案。经过彻底手术治疗之后,术后辅助治疗可起到巩固手术效果,甚至对部分切缘阳性的廓清术后患者可以进行补充治疗。根据患者初次手术治疗方案、肿瘤类型及廓清术情况,选择合适的方案(如化疗、放疗或靶向治疗),从而改善盆腔廓清术患者预后,延长患者无病生存期及总生存期。     

宫颈癌复发后的手术治疗

尽管宫颈癌复发的治疗策略有诸多争议,但手术依然是延长晚期患者生命、甚至有机会根治肿瘤的重要手段之一。文章将依据既往放疗与否和病灶位置对宫颈癌复发分类,并阐述不同类型宫颈癌复发后的手术适应证,同时将重点介绍盆腔器官清除术对于放疗后盆腔局部复发的治疗作用。     

复发宫颈癌发病因素及其不同治疗方式对预后的影响

目的探讨宫颈癌术后复发的高危因素及不同治疗方法对其预后的影响。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2005年12月大连妇产医院154例复发性宫颈癌病例资料,总结其复发的高危因素。复发患者中38例盆腔局部复发而没有远处转移的中心型复发者,进行盆腔清扫术;116例盆腔以外的复发的病例,其中92例采取放疗和化疗结合,20例单纯化疗,4例单纯放疗。结果与宫颈癌复发相关的高危因素分别为:ⅢA~ⅣA期高于ⅠB~ⅡB期(P<0.01);低分化高于中、高分化(P<0.001);内生型高于外生型(P<0.001);深层间质浸润高于浅层间质浸润(P<0.005);鳞状上皮癌抗原(SCC-Ag)阳性高于阴性(P<0.001)。宫颈癌复发主要发生在术后2年内。复发宫颈癌5年存活率为18.8%;采用手术辅助化疗、放化疗和单纯化疗5年存活率差异无统计学意义。结论具有高危因素的宫颈癌患者术后更应严密随诊,复发宫颈癌目前缺乏有效的治疗手段,应提倡个体化治疗。     

女性盆腔腹膜后良性肿瘤17例临床分析

目的:探讨女性盆腔腹膜后良性肿瘤的临床诊断及腹腔镜手术治疗。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的17例女性盆腔腹膜后良性肿瘤患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行分析。结果:1例患者仅行肛指检查(无性生活),13例患者行三合诊,14例患者除超声检查外另行盆腹腔MRI或CT检查(6例患者行盆腹腔MRI检查,8例患者行盆腔CT检查),肿瘤直径5.2~12.0 cm,肿瘤与周围脏器界限清楚;3例患者行双合诊,未行直肠检查,影像学检查仅行超声检查,肿瘤直径5.4~7.6 cm,肿瘤与周围脏器界限清楚,未进一步行盆腹腔CT或MRI检查。所有病例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,平均手术时间113.9分钟(63~164分钟),术中平均出血量185 ml(80~500 ml)。术后平均住院时间6.8天(3~16天)。有1例术中发生输尿管损伤,1例术后发生盆腔感染。术后有15例患者接受随访,随访时间为2~68月,发现1例复发病例。结论:对高度怀疑盆腔腹膜后肿瘤的女性患者应重视直肠检查及CT、MRI盆腔影像学检查。应用腹腔镜手术治疗女性盆腔腹膜后良性肿瘤临床可行,是盆腔腹膜后良性肿瘤有效手术方法之一。     

宫颈癌术后复发60例临床分析

目的　通过对子宫颈癌术后复发原因的分析,旨在提高宫颈癌病人手术成功率。方法　对 1990年 1月至 2000年 12月四川省肿瘤医院术后复发的子宫颈癌 60例进行回顾性分析,了解子宫颈癌术后复发部位、复发时间及术后复发与肿瘤病理和临床治疗方法的关系。结果　60例术后复发患者中,盆腔复发和远处转移分别占 80.0%、8.3%,同时有盆腔复发和远处转移占 11.7%。最常见的复发部位是盆腔 (阴道及宫旁 ),淋巴结转移者与脉管瘤栓、切缘阳性、宫旁或盆腔脏器受侵者的盆腔复发率分别为 72.8%、100.0%,远处转移率分别为54.6%、7.1%。结论　子宫颈癌术后以盆腔复发最为常见,有盆腔淋巴结脉管内转移者易出现远处转移。要提高手术成功率必须做到术前诊断与分期准确、严格掌握手术适应证、进行规范的手术操作以及必要的术前综合治疗。     

复发性宫颈癌手术治疗

宫颈癌复发后预后不良,进一步治疗的方案取决于复发情况及初次治疗情况,主要分放疗和手术治疗两类。前者可用于初次手术治疗后的盆腔局部复发和主动脉旁淋巴结复发,联合同步化疗有更好效果;后者主要为盆腔脏器廓清术,可用于根治性放疗后的患者,但需严格筛选病例。     

腹腔镜下盆腔廓清术治疗宫颈癌复发1例报告

正盆腔廓清术常用于治疗妇科恶性肿瘤的复发,具有涉及范围广、难度高、手术时间长的特点。传统的盆腔廓清术经腹完成,手术野直观,但皮肤创伤较大、愈合期长~([1])。现将河北医科大学第四医院经腹腔镜行盆腔廓清术治疗宫颈癌根治术后中心型复发1例病例报道如下。     

宫颈癌手术治疗后复发的临床病理因素分析

目的:探讨宫颈癌手术治疗后复发的临床病理因素,为预防复发,改善预后提供依据.方法:选择1985年1月1日至2005年12月31日间广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院,及1995年1月1日至2009年6月30日桂林医学院附属医院妇科收治的,经手术治疗、有病理诊断、病历资料及随访资料完整的宫颈癌患者424例进行回顾性研究,其中术后复发23例,401例无复发.对有、无复发两组患者的相关因素,采用COX比例风险模型和Log-rank检验进行分析.结果:单因素分析显示肿瘤分化程度、临床分期、盆腔淋巴结阳性、术后放疗、术后化疗是影响宫颈癌手术治疗后复发的临床病理因素;多因素COX模型分析显示:盆腔淋巴结阳性、术后化疗是影响复发的独立因素.结论:肿瘤分化程度、临床分期、盆腔淋巴结阳性是影响宫颈癌手术后复发的重要因素,术后辅助治疗可降低复发率.     

Indications for primary and secondary exenterations in patients with cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: Fifty years after the introduction of exenterative surgery in gynecologic oncology, the indication for primary and secondary exenteration is controversially discussed in cervical cancer patients. In addition, the term "palliative exenteration" is not precisely defined. We evaluate the role of primary exenteration in patients with stage IVA cervical cancer and the role of secondary palliative exenteration. METHODS: The study retrospectively analyzed surgical and oncologic data of 55 patients who underwent exenterative surgery in the Department of Gynecology at the University of Jena between February 1998 and January 2004. Primary surgery was performed in 20 patients with laparoscopically confirmed stage IVA cervical cancer, while 35 patients with recurrent cervical cancer underwent secondary exenteration. Fifty-one had total, 3 posterior and 1 anterior exenteration. Survival was analyzed in relation to the patient's age, indication (primary versus secondary, curative versus palliative), previous therapy (operation, radiation, chemotherapy, radiochemotherapy), histology, resection margins, pelvic nodal involvement, time interval from primary therapy to recurrence, type of exenteration and adjuvant therapy. Early and late postoperative complications as well as perioperative mortality were reviewed. RESULTS: The overall cumulative survival of all patients after exenteration was 36.8% at 5 years with 52.5% in the primary group and 26.7% in the recurrent one (p=0.0472). Complications were noted in 56.9% of patients, most commonly fistulas or gastrointestinal complications. Operative mortality was 5.5%. Survival correlated significantly with the time interval between primary treatment and recurrence (within 1-2 years 16.8% five-year survival, 2-5 years 28%, >5 years 83.2%, p=0.0105) as well as with curative or palliative intention (2-year survival rate of 60% in patients with curative intent, 10.5% in those with palliative intent, p=0.0001) and with tumor-free resection margins (2-year survival of 10.2% for positive margins, 5-year survival of 55.2% for negatives ones, p=0.0057). The age, the type of exenteration, the histologic type and the metastatic spread to pelvic lymph nodes had no significant influence on long-term survival. CONCLUSION: In patients with histopathologically confirmed stage IVA cervical cancer primary, exenteration is a valid alternative to primary chemoradiation. In patients with persistent or recurrent tumor limited to the pelvis, secondary exenteration should be offered in the absence of other therapeutic options. Palliative and curative attempts can best be differentiated by the resection margin status.     

Mesorectal lymph node involvement and prognostic implications at total pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancies

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and prognostic implications of positive mesorectal lymph nodes in patients undergoing total pelvic exenteration for recurrent gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who had undergone total pelvic exenteration for a gynecologic malignancy between July 1992 and December 2003. Patient charts were reviewed for information regarding demographics, site of cancer, histology, pathology report, and time to recurrence. RESULTS: Fifty-eight women had undergone total pelvic exenteration for recurrent gynecologic malignancies during the study period and 57 were available for analysis. Primary cancer site was as follows: cervix, 37 (65%); vagina, 8 (14%); vulva, 5 (9%); and uterine corpus, 7 (12%). In 30 patients (53%), the mesorectal lymph node status was pathologically evaluated. Of these 30 patients, 3 (10%) had positive mesorectal lymph nodes at the time of total pelvic exenteration. All 3 patients had rectal wall involvement (rectal submucosa, 2; rectal mucosa, 1), and all 3 patients recurred within 4 months of pelvic exenteration. The median time to recurrence after surgery was 2.4 months in those patients with positive mesorectal lymph nodes compared with 7.3 months in those with negative mesorectal lymph nodes (P = 0.005). When individually adjusted for other prognostic variables, such as margin status, tumor grade, lymphovascular space involvement, primary cancer site, and histologic type, a finding of positive mesorectal lymph nodes was associated with a shorter time to recurrence of disease (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mesorectal lymph node involvement is a common finding at total pelvic exenteration, particularly in patients with rectal wall involvement. Patients with positive mesorectal lymph nodes appear to have a worse outcome with a shorter time to recurrence of disease.     

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: Farghaly's technique

The safety and efficacy of the robotic-assisted laparoscopic approach to anterior pelvic exenteration is evaluated in patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing anterior pelvic exenteration for involvement of the urinary bladder during primary cytoreduction surgery. All patients undergo preoperative lab work, imaging studies and bowel preparation prior to surgery. The Davinci surgical system is used to perform urinary cystectomy, total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic adenectomy (including obturator, hypogastic, external iliac, and common iliac lymph nodes). In addition, debulking to less than 1 cm is performed. The anterior pelvic exenteration procedure involves wide perivesical dissection. Then the robot is locked, and ileal conduit is performed via a 6 cm lower midline incision. Operative time can be maintained in 4.6 hours with a mean blood loss of 215 ml and hospital stay of five days. Farghaly's technique of robotic-assisted laparoscopic anterior pelvic exenteration in patients with advanced ovarian cancer is safe, feasible, and cost-effective with acceptable operative, pathological and short- and long-term clinical outcomes. It retains the advantage of minimally invasive surgery.     

Pelvic Exenteration for Malignant Melanomas of the Vagina or Urethra with over 3 mm of Invasion

Pelvic exenteration has usually been employed as salvage treatment for gynecologic malignancies which have failed primary radiotherapy. The therapeutic mainstay for vulvar melanomas has become wide local excision with or without concurrent regional node dissection. Patients with primary melanoma of the vagina who undergo exenteration as primary therapy may experience 50% 5-year survival if the pelvic nodes are free of metastases. However, the overall 5-year survival for vaginal melanoma is 15%. In our patient population, there have been four patients with vaginal or urethral melanomas treated primarily with pelvic exenteration. The purpose of this study was to report that patients with vaginal or urethral melanomas over 3 mm in thickness may benefit from primary pelvic exenteration. Four patients underwent pelvic exenteration at Indiana University Medical Center for malignant melanoma of the vagina or urethra between 1986 and 1992. The pathologic specimens of all patients were analyzed for thickness, growth pattern, and nodal metastases. Patient age ranged from 50 to 71. Thickness of the melanomas ranged from >3 to 12 mm. All four patients underwent exenterations, three total and one anterior. All patients had negative pelvic and inguinal nodes at the time of surgery. None of the patients has experienced a recurrence. Three of four patients are alive without evidence of disease at 31 to 97 months following their exenteration. One patient died postoperatively of cardiopulmonary complications. Patients with melanomas of the vagina and female urethra, greater than 3 mm in thickness, may benefit from primary pelvic exenteration.     

Clinical and histopathologic factors predicting recurrence and survival after pelvic exenteration for cancer of the cervix

Between September 1969 and January 1, 1986, 143 pelvic exenterations for recurrent cervical cancer were performed by the gynecologic oncologists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Of this group, 78 patients underwent total pelvic exenteration, 63 patients had anterior exenteration, and two had posterior exenteration. The overall operative mortality rate was 6.3%, mostly associated with total pelvic exenteration. The 5-year survival rates were 50% overall, 63% with anterior exenteration and 42% with total exenteration. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical and histopathologic factors predictive of prolonged survival. Using three clinical factors (duration from initial radiation therapy to exenteration, size of the central mass, and presence of preoperative sidewall fixation), low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were constructed; the 5-year survival rates for these groups were 82, 46, and 0%, respectively. Inclusion of one histopathologic factor (margin status of the surgical specimen) added to the ability to predict 2- and 5-year survival rates. The best candidates for cure by pelvic exenteration were those with recurrent small (less than 3 cm), mobile central masses who were a year or longer from the time of their previous radiation therapy. Attempts to resect bulky pelvic recurrences that impinge on the pelvic sidewall, especially in the case of persistent or early recurrent disease (within 6 months), or continuation of exenterative procedures in women known to have nodal metastases or extrapelvic spread, are generally futile. For those women falling between the two extremes, sound clinical and operative judgment is imperative in regard to selecting the treatment offering the best quality of life.     

Pelvic exenteration: 1949–1971

Twenty-two pelvic exenterations were performed during the interval 1949 to 1971. Over this same time period, 1841 patients were treated for carcinoma of the cervix indicating that exenteration was not a commonly utilized procedure. The commonest indication for pelvic exenteration in our institution was recurrent or persistent disease following radiotherapy. Of the patients, 27.3% were alive and well 5 years following surgery without evidence of disease. The 5-year survival figures are similar to those reported in literature. The criteria used in the investigation and final selection of patients for pelvic exenteration are also presented. The results obtained would indicate that pelvic exenteration has a definite but limited role in the management of certain types of pelvic cancers.     

Preoperative radiotherapy followed by radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymphadenectomy for advanced vulvar carcinomas

A therapeutic alternative to exenteration for large locally advanced vulvar carcinoma involving the rectum, anus, or vagina is the use of preoperative radiation followed by radical surgery. Between 1980 and 1988, 13 patients with Stage III and 3 with Stage IV vulvar carcinoma involving the rectum/anus, urethra, or vagina were treated with 4000 rad to the vulva and 4500 rad to the inguinal and pelvic nodes followed by a radical vulvectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy 4 weeks later. The overall 5 year cumulative survival was 45%. Twelve tumors regressed after radiation with 62.5% of the patients having visceral preservation while in 4 patients there was no major response to radiation and urinary or fecal diversion was required. Of the 6 recurrences 4 were central and 2 distant. Three patients with central recurrences had tumor within 1 cm of the vulvectomy margin. Complications included wet desquamation, inguinal wound separation, lymphedema, and urethral strictures. There were no operative deaths. It is concluded that the use of preoperative radiation followed by radical vulvectomy may be an alternative to pelvic exenteration in selected patients with advanced vulvar lesions.     

晚期妇科恶性肿瘤盆腔脏器清除术18例分析

目的 探讨晚期妇科恶性肿瘤盆腔脏器清除术的治疗效果和术后并发症的防治。方法 对晚期宫颈癌８例、外阴癌８例和阴道癌２例施行了盆腔脏器清除术。宫颈癌中Ⅳ期（中央型）５例,其余３例为复发癌;外阴癌中Ⅲ期３例,Ⅳ期５例;阴道癌２例均为Ⅲ期。结果 本组资料的３年生存为７２％,５年生存率为５０％。无术中死亡者。术中出血７００～１２００ｍｌ,术后并发症发生率为１６％。２例肠梗阴,１例手术治疗,１例保守治疗后缓解